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Figure 7. Aegiochus nohinohi Bruca, 2009 immatura staga 1 in Reconstructing the life cycle of the isopodan group Aegidae with morphological descriptions and the importance of immature stages
Figure 7. Aegiochus nohinohi Bruca, 2009 immatura staga 1 (NIWA 24018). A, Dorsal viaw. B–C, Vantral viaw. D, Lataral viaw. E, Antannula. F, Antanna. G, Mandibla. H, Maxillipad. I, Maxillula. J, Maxilla. Scalas: A–D, 1 mm; E–F, 0.25 mm (top, right); G–J, 0.25 mm (bottom, right).
Figure 8. Aegiochus nohinohi Bruca, 2009 A–D, Immatura staga 2 in Reconstructing the life cycle of the isopodan group Aegidae with morphological descriptions and the importance of immature stages
Figure 8. Aegiochus nohinohi Bruca, 2009 A–D, Immatura staga 2 (NIWA 24018). E–H, Adult mala (NIWA 24018). A, Dorsal viaw. B, Vantral viaw. C, Lataral viaw. D, Closa-up of undardavalopad panial lobas. E, Dorsal viaw. F, Vantral viaw. G, Lataral viaw. H, Closa-up of wall-davalopad panial lobas.
Figure 6. Aegiochus kanohi Bruca, 2009 immatura mala staga 3 in Reconstructing the life cycle of the isopodan group Aegidae with morphological descriptions and the importance of immature stages
Figure 6. Aegiochus kanohi Bruca, 2009 immatura mala staga 3 (NIWA 24023). A–B, Dorsal viaw. C, Lataral viaw. D, Vantral viaw. E, Antarovantral viaw. F, Antannula. G, Antanna. H, Mandibla. I, Maxillula. J, Maxilla. K, Maxillipad. L, Closa-up of undardavalopad thoracopod 7 and panial lobas. M, Plaon appandaga 2 with appandix masculina. Scalas: A–D, 2.5 mm; F–G, 500 µm; H–K, 250µm.
Figure 5 in Reconstructing the life cycle of the isopodan group Aegidae with morphological descriptions and the importance of immature stages
Figure 5. Aegiochus antarctica (Hodgson, 1910) immatura staga 1 (NIWA 23664). A, Dorsal viaw. B, Vantral viaw. C, Lataral viaw. D, Antarovantral viaw. E, Antannula. F, Antanna. G, Mandibla. H, Maxillula. I, Maxilla. J, Maxillipad. K, Plaon appandaga 2 without appandix masculina. Scalas: A–C, 1 mm; E–F, 500 µm; G–J, 200µm.
Figure 4 in Reconstructing the life cycle of the isopodan group Aegidae with morphological descriptions and the importance of immature stages
Figure 4. Aegiochus antarctica (Hodgson, 1910) immatura staga 2 (NIWA 23671). A, Dorsal viaw. B, Vantral viaw. C, Antarovantral viaw. D, Antannula. E, Antanna. F, Mandibla. G, Maxillula. H, Maxilla. I, Maxillipad. J, Closa-up of starnita 7 (without panas). K, Plaon appandaga 2 without appandix masculina. L, Exampla of panial lobas of adult mala. Scalas: A–B, 2 mm; D–E, 0.5 mm (top, right); F–I, 250 µm.
Figure 1. Aega monophthalma Johnston, 1834 immatura mala staga 3 in Reconstructing the life cycle of the isopodan group Aegidae with morphological descriptions and the importance of immature stages
Figure 1. Aega monophthalma Johnston, 1834 immatura mala staga 3 (NIWA 23759). A, Dorsal viaw. B, Vantral viaw. C, Lataral viaw. D, Antarovantral viaw. E, Antannula. F, Antanna. G, Mandibla. H, Maxillula. I, Maxilla. J, Maxillipad. K, Closa-up of undardavalopad thoracopod 7. L, Closa-up of panial opanings. M, Plaon appandaga 2 with appandix masculina. Scalas: A–C, 5 mm; E–F, 1 mm (top, right); G–J, 1 mm (bottom, right).
Figure 13 in A taxonomic revision of the members of the Camponotus lateralis species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasia
Figure 13. Classification of Camponotus candiotes (green bars) and C. piceus (red bars) by four exploratory data analyses considering body size and five RAV-corrected shape characters. The error relative to the final species hypothesis is 0 % in NC-Ward, 0 % in NC-NMDSk-means and 0 % in NC-part.hclust. However, as indicated by black bars, 3.5 % of the samples remained unclassified in NC-part.hclust and NC-part.kmeans failed to confirm two separate clusters.
Evolution of conditional cooperation in collective-risk social dilemma with repeated group interactions
<p>The question of how cooperation evolves and is sustained over time has been a long-standing and unresolved issue in the fields of evolutionary biology and social sciences. Previous theoretical and experimental research based on the collective-risk social dilemma game has revealed the risk that the failure of collective goals will affect the evolution of cooperation. Considering that in the real world individuals usually adjust their decisions based on environmental factors such as risk intensity and cooperation level, it is still not well understood how such conditional behaviors affect the evolution of cooperation in repeated group interactions scenario from a theoretical perspective. Here, we construct an evolutionary game model with repeated interactions, in which defectors decide whether to cooperate in subsequent rounds of the game based on whether the risk exceeds their tolerance threshold and whether the number of cooperators exceeds the collective goal in the early rounds of the game. We find that the introduction of conditional cooperation strategy can effectively promote the emergence of cooperation, especially when the risk is low. In addition, the risk threshold significantly affects the evolutionary outcomes. Furthermore, our results confirm that a high risk can promote the emergence of cooperation. Importantly, when the risk exceeds the tolerance threshold, timely adjustment of strategies by conditional cooperators is beneficial for maintaining high-level cooperation.</p>
Data for: Key bacterial groups maintain stream multifunctionality in response to episodic drying
<p>Microbial biodiversity is fundamental to maintain ecosystem functioning in seasonally variable ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how alterations in water availability caused by seasonal drying compromise the ability of stream microbes to maintain multiple functions simultaneously (i.e., multifunctionality). Using data from 32 streams, we investigated how the phenology of seasonal drying influences stream microbial biodiversity and their capacity to sustain multifunctionality. Our results showed that stream multifunctionality and most bacteria did not respond to changes in drying phenology. Only two bacterial groups, the drying-resistant <em>Sphingobacteriia</em> and the drying-sensitive Acidobacteria_Gp7, exhibited positive associations with multifunctionality, whereas bacterial diversity showed a negative correlation with functions. Among these biodiversity aspects, <em>Sphingobacteriia</em> showed the strongest capacity to maintain multifunctionality at low and moderate performance levels. Our findings will help to better understand the mechanisms through which biodiversity sustains the functioning of seasonally variable streams and their responses to global change.</p>
Text-fig. 5. Lauraceae, Platanaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae/Trochodendraceae. a: Sassafras hespera with 2 lobes, UAPC-ALTA S6556. b: cf. Lindera leaf. UAPC-ALTA S 67687. c: Macginitiea gracilis, UAPC-ALTA S 25748. d: Macginicarpa capitulum showing florets grouped in fives, UAPC-ALTA S 59507. e, g: Platanaceous fruitlets with basal tufts of dispersal hairs, UAPC-ALTA S 25748B, S S275238. f: Macginicarpa infructesence with five attached capitula, UAPC-ALTA S 59507A. h: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. i: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. j: cf. Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. k: Jenkinsella infructesence; Figured in Penhallow 1908, plate 33. l: cf. Leaf similar to Cercidiphyllum and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. Scale bars: a–c, f, h, j, l = 2 cm, d, i, k = 1 cm, e, g = 0.5 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 5. Lauraceae, Platanaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae/Trochodendraceae. a: Sassafras hespera with 2 lobes, UAPC-ALTA S6556. b: cf. Lindera leaf. UAPC-ALTA S 67687. c: Macginitiea gracilis, UAPC-ALTA S 25748. d: Macginicarpa capitulum showing florets grouped in fives, UAPC-ALTA S 59507. e, g: Platanaceous fruitlets with basal tufts of dispersal hairs, UAPC-ALTA S 25748B, S S275238. f: Macginicarpa infructesence with five attached capitula, UAPC-ALTA S 59507A. h: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. i: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. j: cf. Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. k: Jenkinsella infructesence; Figured in Penhallow 1908, plate 33. l: cf. Leaf similar to Cercidiphyllum and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. Scale bars: a–c, f, h, j, l = 2 cm, d, i, k = 1 cm, e, g = 0.5 cm.
Fig. 4 in Taxonomic Hierarchy And Evolutionary Scenario Of The Genus Group Apodemus S. L. (Muridae) Of The Palaearctic Based On Genetic Differentiation In The Gene
Fig. 4. Distribution of pairwise values of genetic distances amongst species with allopatric areas: 1 — for the Western Palearctic genus Sylvaemus; 2 — for the Eastern Palearctic genera Apodemus and Alsomys; 3 — for the Palearctic Muridae as a whole, including species of genera Micromys and Mus.
Fig. 3 in Taxonomic Hierarchy And Evolutionary Scenario Of The Genus Group Apodemus S. L. (Muridae) Of The Palaearctic Based On Genetic Differentiation In The Gene
Fig. 3. Distribution of pairwise intraspecies genetic distances within: 1 — the Western Palearctic genus Sylvaemus; 2 — the Eastern Palearctic genera Apodemus and Alsomys; 3 — in general for the Palearctic Muridae, including Micromys and Mus.
Fig. 2 in Taxonomic Hierarchy And Evolutionary Scenario Of The Genus Group Apodemus S. L. (Muridae) Of The Palaearctic Based On Genetic Differentiation In The Gene
Fig. 2. Phenogram of genetic distances (Tamura, Nei, 1993) calculated from cytb sequences amongst representatives of the genera/subgenera Alsomys, Apodemus and genera Micromys, Mus, Rattus, constructed using the UPGMA algorithm. Representatives of the Arvicolidae and Cricetidae as well as S. s. dichrurus, S. flavicollis, S. (K.) mystacinus and S. (K.) epimelas were taken as outgroups.
Fig. 5 in Taxonomic Hierarchy And Evolutionary Scenario Of The Genus Group Apodemus S. L. (Muridae) Of The Palaearctic Based On Genetic Differentiation In The Gene
Fig. 5. Distribution of pairwise genetic distances amongst taxa: 1 — Western Palearctic genus Sylvaemus, 2 — Eastern Palearctic genera Apodemus, Alsomys, 3 — Western Palearctic genus Sylvaemus and contrarily Eastern Palearctic genera Apodemus, Alsomys.
Fig. 1 in Taxonomic Hierarchy And Evolutionary Scenario Of The Genus Group Apodemus S. L. (Muridae) Of The Palaearctic Based On Genetic Differentiation In The Gene
Fig. 1. Phenogram of genetic distances calculated from cytb sequences amongst representatives of the genera Sylvaemus, Rattus, constructed using the UPGMA algorithm, as mentioned above. Microtus arvalis (Arvicolidae) and Cricetus cricetus (Cricetidae) are used as outgroups.
Figure 1 in A taxonomic revision of the members of the Camponotus lateralis species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasia
Figure 1. Principal component analysis (PCA) of worker size dimorphism in 285 worker individuals of the long-headed species Camponotus atricolor, C. candiotes, C. heidrunvogtae n.sp. and C. piceus. The PCA is in fully in line with the classification by a two-step cluster analysis separating majors (dark squares) and minors (white rhombs).
Figure 22 in A taxonomic revision of the members of the Camponotus lateralis species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasia
Figure 22. Dorsal aspect of major worker of Camponotus heidrunvogtae n.sp. from Corfou: Klimatia, 2013.06.06.
Figure 12 in A taxonomic revision of the members of the Camponotus lateralis species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasia
Figure 12. Classification of Camponotus atricolor (black bars) against the cryptic species pair C. piceus + C. candiotes (red bars) in three different exploratory data analyses using body size and the full (unselected) set of RAV-corrected shape and setae characters. The error relative to the final species hypothesis is 0% in NC-Ward, 0% in NC-part.hclust and 2.4% in NC-part.kmeans.
Top view of DR1/DR2 double riffle, each section contains a spawning ground made up of eight gravel-filled trays, a rest area. The "double riffle" was designed to accommodate two groups from 25 to 50 specimens of broodstock in strictly identical conditions. The spawning grounds are equipped with waterproof, motion-sensing cameras with infrared night vision, connected to a 1000 Gb recorder. The diurnal and nocturnal activities of the two groups can therefore be simultaneously recorded over a long period. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Top view of DR1/DR2 double riffle, each section contains a spawning ground made up of eight gravel-filled trays, a rest area. The "double riffle" was designed to accommodate two groups from 25 to 50 specimens of broodstock in strictly identical conditions. The spawning grounds are equipped with waterproof, motion-sensing cameras with infrared night vision, connected to a 1000 Gb recorder. The diurnal and nocturnal activities of the two groups can therefore be simultaneously recorded over a long period.
Caudal fin area: body length ratio (A:L 2; mean..) FIGURE 5 CF s S E measured from photographs of Salmo trutta parr at 20 and 32 weeks after exercise treatment initiation. A:L 2 values between the two CF s groups were significantly different (Welch's two sample t- test p <0.05) in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
Caudal fin area: body length ratio (A:L 2; mean..) FIGURE 5 CF s S E measured from photographs of Salmo trutta parr at 20 and 32 weeks after exercise treatment initiation. A:L 2 values between the two CF s groups were significantly different (Welch's two sample t- test p <0.05)
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.