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Subspecies and Distribution. P.g.gossypinusLeConte,1853—SEVirginia,ENorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,EC&SLouisiana,SMississippi,SAlabama,Georgia,andNFlorida,USA. P.g.allapaticolaSchwartz,1952—knownonlyfromthetypelocalityinextremeSFlorida,USA. P.g.anastasaeBangs,1898—CumberlandI,Georgia,andAnastasiaI,Florida,USA. P.g.megacephalusRhoads,1894—SEMissouri,SIllinois,SWKentucky,SEOklahoma,Arkansas,Tennessee,ETexas,N&WLouisiana,NMississippi,NAlabama,andNWGeorgia,USA. P.g.palmariusBangs,1896—ShalfofFlorida,USA. P.g.restrictusA.H.Howell,1939—knownonlyfromthetypelocalityinCWFlorida,USA. P. g. telmaphilus Schwartz, 1952 — SW edge of Florida, USA. in Cricetidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.g.gossypinusLeConte,1853—SEVirginia,ENorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,EC&SLouisiana,SMississippi,SAlabama,Georgia,andNFlorida,USA. P.g.allapaticolaSchwartz,1952—knownonlyfromthetypelocalityinextremeSFlorida,USA. P.g.anastasaeBangs,1898—CumberlandI,Georgia,andAnastasiaI,Florida,USA. P.g.megacephalusRhoads,1894—SEMissouri,SIllinois,SWKentucky,SEOklahoma,Arkansas,Tennessee,ETexas,N&WLouisiana,NMississippi,NAlabama,andNWGeorgia,USA. P.g.palmariusBangs,1896—ShalfofFlorida,USA. P.g.restrictusA.H.Howell,1939—knownonlyfromthetypelocalityinCWFlorida,USA. P. g. telmaphilus Schwartz, 1952 — SW edge of Florida, USA.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.p.pinetorumLeConte,1830—SVirgin-1a,extremeETennessee,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,SEMississippi,SAlabama,andmostofGeorgia,USA. M.p.auricularisBailey,1898—SIndiana,SWOhio,extremeSEMissouri,mostofKentucky,E&SArkansas,mostofTennessee,ETexas,Louisiana,Mississippi,NAlabama,andNWGeorgia,USA. M.p.carbonariusHandley,1952—extremeSEOhio,extremeWWestVirginia,EKentucky,andETennessee,USA. M.p.nemoralisBailey,1898—extremeSEMinnesota,SWWisconsin,Iowa,SENebraska,EKansas,Missouri,EOklahoma,Arkansas,andNETexas,USA. M.p.parvulusA.H.Howell,1916—SGeorgiaandNFlorida,USA. M.p.scalopsoidesAudubon&Bachman,1841—extremeSOntarioandextremeSQuebec,Canada,andfromSWisconsinandIllinoisEtotheAtlanticcoastfromextremeSWMainetoSVirginia,USA. M. p. schmidti H. H. T. Jackson, 1941 — WC Wisconsin, USA. in Cricetidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.p.pinetorumLeConte,1830—SVirgin-1a,extremeETennessee,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,SEMississippi,SAlabama,andmostofGeorgia,USA. M.p.auricularisBailey,1898—SIndiana,SWOhio,extremeSEMissouri,mostofKentucky,E&SArkansas,mostofTennessee,ETexas,Louisiana,Mississippi,NAlabama,andNWGeorgia,USA. M.p.carbonariusHandley,1952—extremeSEOhio,extremeWWestVirginia,EKentucky,andETennessee,USA. M.p.nemoralisBailey,1898—extremeSEMinnesota,SWWisconsin,Iowa,SENebraska,EKansas,Missouri,EOklahoma,Arkansas,andNETexas,USA. M.p.parvulusA.H.Howell,1916—SGeorgiaandNFlorida,USA. M.p.scalopsoidesAudubon&Bachman,1841—extremeSOntarioandextremeSQuebec,Canada,andfromSWisconsinandIllinoisEtotheAtlanticcoastfromextremeSWMainetoSVirginia,USA. M. p. schmidti H. H. T. Jackson, 1941 — WC Wisconsin, USA.

Subspecies and Distribution. S.a.aquaticusLinnaeus,1758—Massachusetts,SENewYork,Connecticut,RhodeIsland,EPennsylvania,NewJersey,Maryland,Delaware,WestVirginia,Virginia,EKentucky,WNorthCarolina,ETennessee,NWSouthCarolina,andNGeorgia(USA). S.a.alleniR.H.Baker,1951—SCTexas(USA). S.a.anastasaeBangs,1898—AnastasiaI,Florida(USA). S.a.aereusBangs,1896—SKansas,Oklahoma,NETexas,Arkansas,andLouisiana(USA). S.a.australisF.M.Chapman,1893—SEGeorgiaandmostofFlorida(USA). S.a.bassiA.H.Howell,1939—knownonlyfromthetypelocalityinS.a.County,EFlorida(USA). S.a.carytH.H.T.Jackson,1914—SSouthDakota,SEWyoming,NEColorado,W&CNebraska,andNWKansas(USA). S.a.howelliH.H.T.Jackson,1914—Mississippi,SELouisiana,Alabama,extremeNWFlorida,W&NGeorgia,mostofNorthandSouthCarolina,andextremeSCVirginia(USA). S.a.inflatusH.H.T.Jackson,1914—extremeSTexas(USA)andNETamaulipas(Mexico). S.a.machrinoidesH.H.T.Jackson,1914—SMinnesota,ENebraska,Iowa,EKansas,Missouri,NEOklahoma,andNArkansas(USA). S.a.machrinusRafinesque,1832—SOntario(Canada)andWisconsin,Michigan,IIlinois,Indiana,Ohio,W&CKentucky,WWestVirginia,andW&CTennessee(USA). S.a.montanusR.H.Baker,1951—NCoahuila(Mexico)andadjacentTexas(USA). S.a.nanusW.B.Davis,1942—ETexas(USA). S.a.parvusRhoads,1894—EFlorida(USA). S.a.porteriSchwartz,1952—SFlorida(USA). S. a. texanusJ. A. Allen, 1893 — Presidio County, SW Texas (USA). in Talpidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S.a.aquaticusLinnaeus,1758—Massachusetts,SENewYork,Connecticut,RhodeIsland,EPennsylvania,NewJersey,Maryland,Delaware,WestVirginia,Virginia,EKentucky,WNorthCarolina,ETennessee,NWSouthCarolina,andNGeorgia(USA). S.a.alleniR.H.Baker,1951—SCTexas(USA). S.a.anastasaeBangs,1898—AnastasiaI,Florida(USA). S.a.aereusBangs,1896—SKansas,Oklahoma,NETexas,Arkansas,andLouisiana(USA). S.a.australisF.M.Chapman,1893—SEGeorgiaandmostofFlorida(USA). S.a.bassiA.H.Howell,1939—knownonlyfromthetypelocalityinS.a.County,EFlorida(USA). S.a.carytH.H.T.Jackson,1914—SSouthDakota,SEWyoming,NEColorado,W&CNebraska,andNWKansas(USA). S.a.howelliH.H.T.Jackson,1914—Mississippi,SELouisiana,Alabama,extremeNWFlorida,W&NGeorgia,mostofNorthandSouthCarolina,andextremeSCVirginia(USA). S.a.inflatusH.H.T.Jackson,1914—extremeSTexas(USA)andNETamaulipas(Mexico). S.a.machrinoidesH.H.T.Jackson,1914—SMinnesota,ENebraska,Iowa,EKansas,Missouri,NEOklahoma,andNArkansas(USA). S.a.machrinusRafinesque,1832—SOntario(Canada)andWisconsin,Michigan,IIlinois,Indiana,Ohio,W&CKentucky,WWestVirginia,andW&CTennessee(USA). S.a.montanusR.H.Baker,1951—NCoahuila(Mexico)andadjacentTexas(USA). S.a.nanusW.B.Davis,1942—ETexas(USA). S.a.parvusRhoads,1894—EFlorida(USA). S.a.porteriSchwartz,1952—SFlorida(USA). S. a. texanusJ. A. Allen, 1893 — Presidio County, SW Texas (USA).

Distribution. SW & SC USA (from S California E to extreme W Arkansas and from SE Colorado and Utah S to Texas) and N & C Mexico (Baja California Peninsula, including San Martin I, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, N Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, E Jalisco, and Hidalgo). in Soricidae

Distribution. SW & SC USA (from S California E to extreme W Arkansas and from SE Colorado and Utah S to Texas) and N & C Mexico (Baja California Peninsula, including San Martin I, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, N Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, E Jalisco, and Hidalgo).

Subspecies and Distribution. B.h.hulophagaElliot,1899—NEColorado,SNebraska,Kansas,Missouri,SIllinois,Oklahoma,Arkansas,NETexas,andNLouisiana(ECUSA);exactdistributionallimitsareuncertain. B. h. plumbea W. B. Davis, 1941 — Bastrop and Aransas counties, SE Texas (S USA). in Soricidae

Subspecies and Distribution. B.h.hulophagaElliot,1899—NEColorado,SNebraska,Kansas,Missouri,SIllinois,Oklahoma,Arkansas,NETexas,andNLouisiana(ECUSA);exactdistributionallimitsareuncertain. B. h. plumbea W. B. Davis, 1941 — Bastrop and Aransas counties, SE Texas (S USA).

Subspecies and Distribution. B.c.carolinensisBachman,1837—SEUSA,EoftheMississippiRiver(SIllinois,WKentucky,WTennessee,Mississippi,SELouisiana,SAlabama,SGeorgia,NFlorida,SouthCarolina,ENorthCarolina,andSEVirginia). B. c. minima Lowery, 1943 — SE USA, W of the Mississippi River (SE Missouri, Arkansas, most of Louisiana, and E Texas). in Soricidae

Subspecies and Distribution. B.c.carolinensisBachman,1837—SEUSA,EoftheMississippiRiver(SIllinois,WKentucky,WTennessee,Mississippi,SELouisiana,SAlabama,SGeorgia,NFlorida,SouthCarolina,ENorthCarolina,andSEVirginia). B. c. minima Lowery, 1943 — SE USA, W of the Mississippi River (SE Missouri, Arkansas, most of Louisiana, and E Texas).

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dryad32/100

Armadillo detections in Northwest Arkansas

<p>As the human footprint upon the landscape expands, wildlife seeking to avoid human contact are losing the option of altering their spatial distribution and instead are shifting their daily activity patterns to be active at different times than humans. In this study, we used game cameras to evaluate how human development and activity were related to the daily activity patterns of the nine-banded armadillo (<i>Dasypus novemcinctus)</i> along an urban to rural gradient in Arkansas, USA during the winter of 2020-2021. We found that armadillos had substantial behavioral plasticity in regard to the timing of their activity patterns; >95% of armadillo activity was nocturnal at six of the study sites whereas between 30 and 60% of activity occurred during the day at 3 other sites. The likelihood of diurnal armadillo activity was best explained by the distance to downtown Fayetteville (the nearest population center) and estimated ambient sound level (both indices of human activity) with armadillos being most active during the day at quiet sites far from Fayetteville. Furthermore, armadillo activity occurred later during the night period (minutes after sunset)at sites near downtown and with higher anthropogenic sound. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the observed activity shift may be in response to not only human activity but the presence of domestic dogs. Our results provide further evidence that human activity has subtle nonlethal impacts on even common, widespread wildlife species. Because armadillos have low body temperatures and basal metabolism, being active during cold winter nights likely has measurable fitness costs. Nature reserves near human population centers may not serve as safe harbors for wildlife as we intend, and managers could benefit from considering these nonlethal responses in how they manage recreation and visitation in these natural areas.</p>

FIGURE 5 in Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri

FIGURE 5. Photo of the type locality of Faxonius roberti, new species, taken on the mainstem of the Spring River, 135 meters upstream of the Bayou Access boat ramp (36.433959, -91.527190,WGS84).

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri

FIGURE 4. Faxonius roberti, new species; all from holotype male Form-I (CMNH 38749), except D and E from morphotype male Form-II (CMNH 38751), and I from allotype female (CMNH 38750). A) lateral aspect of carapace; B–C) mesial and lateral aspect of Form-I male gonopod, respectively; D–E) mesial and lateral views of Form-II male gonopod, respectively; F) mesial view of entire gonopod of male Form-I gonopod; G) dorsal aspect of antennal scale; H) dorsal veiw of carapace; I) ventral aspect of the female annulus ventralis; J) dorsal aspect of merus of first pereiopod (=cheliped) showing location of spines; K) dorsal aspect of distal podomeres of the right cheliped. Plate by Guenter A. Schuster.

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri

FIGURE 3. Dorsal view of Faxonius roberti new species, holotype, male form-I (CMNH 38749) from the type locality.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri

FIGURE 1. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) graphs showing similarity among specimens. A). All specimens in the dataset, generated by dropping any ratios that were non-significant or sex-related. B). Females only, generated by dropping non-significant and male only ratios. C). Form-I males only and D). Form-II males only. Colored lines were drawn by hand and circumscribe the region that contains all of the data points for the indicated species.

FIGURE 7 in Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri

FIGURE 7. Faxonius wagneri, new species; all from holotype male Form-I (CMNH 38752), except D and E from morphotype male Form-II (CMNH 38754), and I from allotype female (CMNH 38753). A) lateral aspect of carapace; B–C) mesial and lateral aspect of Form-I male first pleopod, respectively; D–E) mesial and lateral views of Form-II male first pleopod, respectively; F) mesial view of entire first pleopod of male Form-I gonopod; G) dorsal aspect of antennal scale; H) dorsal veiw of carapace; I) ventral aspect of the female annulus ventralis; J) dorsal aspect of merus of first pereiopod (=cheliped) showing location of spines; K) dorsal aspect of distal podomeres of the right cheliped. Plate by Guenter A. Schuster.

FIGURE 2 in Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri

FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogeny depicting relationships among the new species and several other members of the genus from the Ozark Highlands. Numbers at the nodes indicate bayesian posterior probabilities. Clades A and B as discussed in text.

FIGURE 6 in Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri

FIGURE 6. Dorsal view of Faxonius wagneri, new species, morphotype, male form-II (CMNH 38752) from near Dalton, Arkansas.

FIGURE 9. Faxonius eupunctus Williams, 1952 in Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri

FIGURE 9. Faxonius eupunctus Williams, 1952; all from a recently collected male Form-I (CMNH 38755), except D and E from a male Form-II (CMNH 38757), and I from a female (CMNH 38756). A) lateral aspect of carapace; B–C) mesial and lateral aspect of Form-I male first pleopod, respectively; D–E) mesial and lateral views of Form-II male first pleopod, respectively; F) mesial view of entire first pleopod of male Form-I gonopod; G) dorsal aspect of antennal scale; H) dorsal veiw of carapace; I) ventral aspect of the female annulus ventralis; J) dorsal aspect of merus of first pereiopod (=cheliped) showing location of spines; K) dorsal aspect of distal podomeres of the right cheliped. Plate by Guenter A. Schuster.

FIGURE 10 in Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri

FIGURE 10. Map showing the location of museum specimens lots that were examined and measured morphologically as part of this study. Faxonius roberti lots examined are shown as red open circles and the type locality is depicted as an open red circle with a cross. Recent historical locality records (specimens not measured) for F. roberti are indicated with black circles with squares. Faxonius wagneri lots are shown as purple closed circles and the type locality is indicated with a purple closed circle with a cross. Black circles with diamonds indicate other known localities for F. wagneri that were not measured as a part of this study. Black arrows indicate the location of the type localities for both species. Orange lines indicate county boundaries. Black lines indicated HUC8 watershed boundaries. Blue lines indicate major rivers. Map was generated using Google MyMaps.

FIGURE 8 in Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri

FIGURE 8. Photo of Eleven Point River just downstream of the Dalton boat ramp (36.421044, -91.139249,WGS84). This is the location where the morphotype of Faxonius wagneri was collected, just five kilometers south (downstream) of the type locality.

FIG. 3 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 3. Estimated probability of occupancy (black bars) and detection (gray bars) for salamander species along Spavinaw Creek, Benton County, Arkansas, USA. Estimates are based on three 10 min nocturnal visual surveys per site. Error bars represent 95% credible intervals.

FIG. 5 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 5. Effect of microhabitat PC1 on occupancy probability of E. lucifuga and E. longicauda along Spavinaw Creek. Solid lines represent the mean relationship between PC1 scores and occupancy probability and dashed lines are the 95% credible intervals for estimates of the covariate effect.

FIG. 4 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 4. Effect of distance upstream of Oklahoma border on occupancy probability of D. monticola along Spavinaw Creek, Arkansas, USA. Solid line represents the mean relationship between distance and occupancy probability and dashed lines are the 95% credible intervals for estimates of the covariate effect.