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Data from: Relevance of heterokaryosis for adaptation and azole-resistance development in Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus fumigatus causes a range of diseases in humans, some of which are characterized by fungal persistence. A. fumigatus, being a generalist saprotroph, may initially establish lung colonisation due to its physiological versatility and subsequently adapt through genetic changes to the human lung environment and antifungal treatments. Human lung-adapted genotypes can arise by spontaneous mutation and/or recombination and subsequent selection of the fittest genotypes. Sexual and asexual spores are considered crucial contributors to the genetic diversity and adaptive potential of aspergilli by recombination and mutation supply respectively. However, in certain Aspergillus diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, A. fumigatus may not sporulate but persist as a network of fungal mycelium. During azole therapy, such mycelia may develop patient-acquired resistance and become heterokaryotic by mutations in one of the nuclei. We investigated the relevance of heterokaryosis for azole-resistance development in A. fumigatus. We found evidence for heterokaryosis of A. fumigatus in patients with chronic Aspergillus diseases. Mycelium from patient-tissue biopsies segregated different homokaryons, from which heterokaryons could be reconstructed. Whereas all variant homokaryons recovered from the same patient were capable of forming a heterokaryon, those from different patients were heterokaryon-incompatible. We furthermore compared heterokaryons and heterozygous diploids constructed from environmental isolates with different levels of azole resistance. When exposed to azole, the heterokaryons revealed remarkable shifts in their nuclear ratio, and the resistance level of heterokaryons exceeded that of the corresponding heterozygous diploids.
Data from: A pair of nonoptimal codons are necessary for the correct biosynthesis of the Aspergillus nidulans urea transporter, UreA
Both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes synonymous codons are unevenly used. Such differential usage of optimal or nonoptimal codons has been suggested to play a role in the control of translation initiation and elongation, as well as at the level of transcription and mRNA stability. In the case of membrane proteins codon usage has been proposed to assist in the establishment of a pause necessary for the correct targeting of the nascent chains to the translocon. In this work, using as model UreA, the Aspergillus nidulans urea transporter, we show that the synonymous mutation of a pair of nonoptimal codons coding for amino acids situated at the limit between the N-terminus and the first transmembrane segment are necessary for its proper biogenesis at 37ºC. This effect is less relevant at 25ºC. These codons presumably regulate translation rate in order to allow for the correct interaction of UreA-translating ribosomes with factors required for the targeting and/or folding of the protein, in a very early stage of the biosynthesis process. Whether this mechanism would affect other proteins, remains to be determined.
Figure 6 from: Visagie CM, Yilmaz N, Renaud JB, Sumarah MW, Hubka V, Frisvad JC, Chen AJ, Meijer M, Seifert KA (2017) A survey of xerophilic Aspergillus from indoor environment, including descriptions of two new section Aspergillus species producing eurotium-like sexual states. MycoKeys 19: 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.19.11161
Figure 6 - Aspergillus megasporus (DAOMC 250799). a Colonies on MEA, MEA20S, MY10-12 (top row, from left to right), DG18, CY20S, MY50G (bottom row, from left to right) b Texture on DG18 c Asci d Ascospores e Cleistothecium f, g Conidiophores h Conidia. Scale bars: e = 50 µm, c, d, f–h = 10 µm.
Figure 5 from: Visagie CM, Yilmaz N, Renaud JB, Sumarah MW, Hubka V, Frisvad JC, Chen AJ, Meijer M, Seifert KA (2017) A survey of xerophilic Aspergillus from indoor environment, including descriptions of two new section Aspergillus species producing eurotium-like sexual states. MycoKeys 19: 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.19.11161
Figure 5 - Aspergillus mallochii (DAOMC 146054). a Colonies on MEA, MEA20S, MY10-12 (top row, from left to right), DG18, CY20S, MY50G (bottom row, from left to right) b Texture on DG18 c Asci d Ascospores e Cleistothecium f, g Conidiophores h Conidia. Scale bars: e = 50 µm, c, d, f–h = 10 µm.
Figure 2 from: Visagie CM, Yilmaz N, Renaud JB, Sumarah MW, Hubka V, Frisvad JC, Chen AJ, Meijer M, Seifert KA (2017) A survey of xerophilic Aspergillus from indoor environment, including descriptions of two new section Aspergillus species producing eurotium-like sexual states. MycoKeys 19: 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.19.11161
Figure 2 - One of the most parsimonious trees of Aspergillus sect. Aspergillus based on a combined dataset of ITS, BenA, CaM and RPB2. The tree was rooted to A. xerophilus, A. leucocarpus and A. osmophilus. Support in nodes higher than 80% bootstrap values and 0.95 posterior probabilities are shown above thickened branches. New species are shown in bold and colour, while ex-type strains are followed by T.
Figure 3 from: Visagie CM, Yilmaz N, Renaud JB, Sumarah MW, Hubka V, Frisvad JC, Chen AJ, Meijer M, Seifert KA (2017) A survey of xerophilic Aspergillus from indoor environment, including descriptions of two new section Aspergillus species producing eurotium-like sexual states. MycoKeys 19: 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.19.11161
Figure 3 - Base peak chromatograms observed in positive ionization mode. a Aspergillus mallochii (DAOMC 146054 = KAS 7618) b Aspergillus megasporus (DAOMC 250799 = KAS 6176). Both species show some production of echinulin class of alkaloids to varying amounts. Quinolactacin A1, A2 and B were not detected in A. mallochii.
Figure 1 from: Visagie CM, Yilmaz N, Renaud JB, Sumarah MW, Hubka V, Frisvad JC, Chen AJ, Meijer M, Seifert KA (2017) A survey of xerophilic Aspergillus from indoor environment, including descriptions of two new section Aspergillus species producing eurotium-like sexual states. MycoKeys 19: 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.19.11161
Figure 1 - One of the most parsimonious trees of Aspergillus sect. Aspergillus based on ITS, CaM, BenA and RPB2. Trees were rooted to A. xerophilus, A. leucocarpus and A. osmophilus. Support in nodes higher than 80% bootstrap values and 0.95 posterior probabilities are shown above thickened branches. New species are shown in bold and colour, while ex-type strains are followed by T.
Data from: Polyphasic data support the splitting of Aspergillus candidus into two species; proposal of Aspergillus dobrogensis sp. nov.
Aspergillus candidus is a species frequently isolated from stored grain, food, indoor environments, soil and occasionally also from clinical material. Recent bioprospecting studies highlighted the potential of using A. candidus and its relatives in various industrial sectors as a result of their significant production of enzymes and bioactive compounds. A high genetic variability was observed among A. candidus isolates originating from various European countries and the USA, that were mostly isolated from indoor environments, caves and clinical material. The A. candidus sensu lato isolates were characterized by DNA sequencing of four genetic loci, and agreement between molecular species delimitation results, morphological characters and exometabolite spectra were studied. Classical phylogenetic methods (maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference) and species delimitation methods based on the multispecies coalescent model supported recognition of up to three species in A. candidus sensu lato. After evaluation of phenotypic data, a broader species concept was adopted, and only one new species, Aspergillus dobrogensis, was proposed. This species is represented by 22 strains originating from seven countries (ex-type strain CCF 4651T=NRRL 62821T=IBT 32697T=CBS 143370T) and its differentiation from A. candidus is relevant for bioprospecting studies because these species have different exometabolite profiles. Evaluation of the antifungal susceptibility of section Candidi members to six antifungals using the reference EUCAST method showed that all species have low minimum inhibitory concentrations for all tested antifungals. These results suggest applicability of a wide spectrum of antifungal agents for treatment of infections caused by species from section Candidi.
Data from: Re-examination of species limits in Aspergillus section Flavipedes using advanced species delimitation methods and description of four new species
<p><span>Since the last revision in 2015, the taxonomy of section <i>Flavipedes</i> evolved rapidly along with the availability of new species delimitation techniques. This study aims to re-evaluate the species boundaries of section <i>Flavipedes </i>members using modern delimitation methods applied to an extended set of strains (n=90) collected from various environments. The analysis used DNA sequences of three house-keeping genes (<i>benA</i>, <i>CaM</i>, <i>RPB2</i>) and consisted of two steps: application of several single-locus (GMYC, bGMYC, PTP, bPTP) and multi-locus (STACEY) species delimitation methods to sort the isolates into putative species, which were subsequently validated using DELINEATE software that was applied for the first time in fungal taxonomy. As a result, four new species are introduced, i.e. <i>A. alboluteus</i>, <i>A. alboviridis</i>, <i>A. inusitatus</i> and <i>A. lanuginosus</i>, and <i>A. capensis</i> is synonymized with <i>A. iizukae</i>. Phenotypic analyses were performed for the new species and their relatives and the results showed that the growth parameters at different temperatures and colonies characteristics were useful for differentiation of these taxa. The revised section harbors 18 species, most of them are known from soil. However, common species from the section are ecologically diverse, occurring in indoor environment (6 species), clinical samples (5 species), food and feed (4 species), droppings (4 species) and other less common substrates/environments. Due to the occurrence of section <i>Flavipedes</i> species in the clinical material/hospital environment, we also evaluated the susceptibility of 66 strains to six antifungals (Amphotericin B, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, Voriconazole, Isavuconazole, Terbinafine) using the reference EUCAST method. These results showed some potentially clinically relevant differences in susceptibility between species. For example, MICs higher than those observed for wild-type <i>A. fumigatus</i> were found for both triazoles and amphotericin B for <i>A. ardalensis, A. iizukae, </i>and<i> A. spelaeus</i> whereas <i>A. lanuginosus, A. luppiae, A. movilensis, A. neoflavipes, </i>and<i> A. olivimuriae</i> were comparable to or more susceptible as <i>A. fumigatus</i>. Finally, terbinafine was <i>in vitro</i> active against all species except <i>A. alboviridis</i>.</span></p>
Fig. 8 in Cytotoxic shornephines and asterresins from the hydrothermal vent associated fungus Aspergillus terreus CXX-158-20
Fig. 8. Experimental and calculated ECD spectra of compounds 1–7.
Fig. 3 in Cytotoxic shornephines and asterresins from the hydrothermal vent associated fungus Aspergillus terreus CXX-158-20
Fig. 3. Key NOESY interactions of compounds 1 and 3.
Fig. 5 in Cytotoxic shornephines and asterresins from the hydrothermal vent associated fungus Aspergillus terreus CXX-158-20
Fig. 5. Plausible biosynthetic pathway of compounds 1–2 and 4.
Fig. 2. Key HMBC and 1H–1H in Cytotoxic shornephines and asterresins from the hydrothermal vent associated fungus Aspergillus terreus CXX-158-20
Fig. 2. Key HMBC and 1H–1H COSY interactions of compounds 1–8.
Fig. 1 in Cytotoxic shornephines and asterresins from the hydrothermal vent associated fungus Aspergillus terreus CXX-158-20
Fig. 1. Chemical structures of compounds 1–13 from Aspergillus terreus CXX-158-20.
Fig. 6 in Ochrathinols A and B, two pairs of sulfur-containing racemates from an Antarctic fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis SCSIO 05702 inhibit LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO production
Fig. 6. Chiral HPLC analyses of ochrathinol B (±)-2.
Fig. 4 in Ochrathinols A and B, two pairs of sulfur-containing racemates from an Antarctic fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis SCSIO 05702 inhibit LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO production
Fig. 4. Experimental and calculated ECD spectra of (±)-1, (±)-2, and 4.
Fig. 3. X in Ochrathinols A and B, two pairs of sulfur-containing racemates from an Antarctic fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis SCSIO 05702 inhibit LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO production
Fig. 3. X-ray crystallographic structures of compounds 1–3.
Fig. 2 in Ochrathinols A and B, two pairs of sulfur-containing racemates from an Antarctic fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis SCSIO 05702 inhibit LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO production
Fig. 2. Key COSY (bold) and HMBC (arrows) correlations of 1 4.
Fig. 5 in Ochrathinols A and B, two pairs of sulfur-containing racemates from an Antarctic fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis SCSIO 05702 inhibit LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO production
Fig. 5. Chiral HPLC analyses of ochrathinol A (±)-1.
Fig. 1 in Ochrathinols A and B, two pairs of sulfur-containing racemates from an Antarctic fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis SCSIO 05702 inhibit LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO production
Fig. 1. Structures of compounds 1–4.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.