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FIGURES 27–31 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 27–31. Microphotographs of cleared larvae of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 27. Entire first instar, lateral view, with cast chorion and pollen grains adhering to posterior end. 28. Head of same, frontal view. 29. Head capsule of third/fourth instar, frontal view, showing pollen grain being ingested. 30. Same but more dorsal view showing pollen grains being ingested sequentially into esophagus. 31. Lower part of head of early fifth instar; note pollen grain being ingested behind mandibular apices.

FIGURES 44–48 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 44–48. SEM micrographs of dorsal part of caudal annulet of abdominal segment 3 with cephalic annulet to the left, lateral view, showing close-ups of vestiture. 44. Dorsal part of caudal annulet, with top rectangle referring to figure 45, middle to figure 46, and lowest to figure 47. 45. Spicule. 46, 47. Different kinds of setae. 48. Spicule on cephalic annulet.

FIGURES 60–65 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 60–65. SEM micrographs of postdefecating larva of Trachusa larreae. 60. Head (with rear left parietal partly torn), dorsolateral view, viewed from somewhat in front. 61. Mouthparts, frontolateral view. 62. Salivary lips, showing parallel ridges of lower lip, frontolateral view. 63. Antenna, close-up. 64. Spiracle, abdominal segment 8. 65. Abdominal segment 3, dorsolateral view of caudal annulet showing flattened surface of middorsal tubercle.

FIGURES 3, 4 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 3, 4. Diagrammatic representation of first nest excavated with approximate dimensions of cell indicated. 3. Entire nest (with only one cell represented), lateral view, with scale (mm) on right referring to nest depth. 4. Radiating cell cluster, top view.

FIGURES 37–43 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 37–43. SEM micrographs of internal surface of cocoon of Trachusa larreae. 37. Front end showing filter of nipple surrounded by nonfenestrated cocoon fabric covering fine-grained anal discharge. 38. Close-up of rectangle in previous figure. 39. Front end of sidewall showing numerous fenestrations as well many areas without fenestrations. 40. Close-up of central rectangle in previous figure. 41. Close-up of part of left, partly shown rectangle in figure 39. 42. Rear end of sidewall showing texture of highly transparent rearmost area (at left) and gauzelike semitransparent anterior area (at right). 43. Close-up of rectangle in previous figure.

FIGURES 22–26 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 22–26. Microphotographs of fecal deposition of larval Trachusa larreae. 22. Cell with wall partly removed showing cocoon with fecal streaks partly covering fabric. 23. Front end of same cell with more wall removed, showing fecal pellet deposited behind cell closure. 24. Front end of cocoon with cell closure entirely removed as well as many fecal pellets to reveal nipple centered on front end. 25. Another view of nipple end; note trace of pale yellow discharge (arrow). 26. Close-up of rear of mature larva as it discharges pale, finegrained anal material.

FIGURES 5–10 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 5–10. Microphotographs of nests of first site. 5. Connected cell closures from first nest discovered, frontal view. 6. Five cells from second nest, with position of cells in cluster outlined, top view, single cells not positioned. 7. Front ends of cluster of three radiating cells from second nest, frontal view; note cell 4 still open. 8. Front end of cell, lateral view, showing pronounced projection of upper rim. 9. Close-up of broken edge of cell wall showing dark, highly reflective resin, imbedded, fractured pale small pebbles, and scattered plant fibers. 10. Cell closure, inner view.

FIGURES 20, 21 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 20, 21. Photographs of nest entrances at second site, with coins used to identify tumuli (arrows).

FIGURES 11–19 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 11–19. Microphotographs of immature stages of Trachusa larreae. 11. Egg lying on surface of provisions. 12. Egg inserted in provisions. 13. Probable second instar. 14. Probable third instar. 15. Fourth instar. 16. Early fifth instar, same individual as figure 15, photographed a day later. 17. Same individual as figure 15, photographed a day later, after reorienting, lying on side against provisions while feeding. 18. Live early fifth instar demonstrating middorsal body tubercles and body vestiture of stubble of short setae and long spicules, lateral view. 19. Same, except ventral view, demonstrating pronounced lateral abdominal lobes and absence of same on thorax.

FIGURES 34–36 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 34–36. Microphotographs of cocoon of Trachusa larreae. 34. Outer surface with front end removed, side view. 35. Inner surface, side view, showing reflective part of rear on left and fibrous part of midsection on right. 36. Inner surface of nipple end, showing outer ring of part of fibrous midsection surrounding smooth, nonfibrous fabric covering fine-grained anal discharge that in turn surrounds pale filter in center.

FIGURE 1. H.G.H in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURE 1. H.G.H. pointing to approximate position of first nest of Trachusa larreae discovered in area covered with blooming Eriogonum trichopes; note pollen plant Larrea tridentata to his right. FIGURE 2. First site of nests studied, with first two nests excavated in middle foreground and third nest in background being examined by H.G.H.

FIGURES 52, 53 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 52, 53. Diagrams of fifth instars, lateral view, without vestiture, to same scale (= 1.0 mm), showing pre- and postdefecating morphologies, respectively.

FIGURES 54–57 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 54–57. Microphotograph views of right mandible: 54. dorsal; 55. inner; 56. ventral; and 57. outer. FIGURES 58–59. Microphotographs of spiracles of cleared postdefecating larva: 58. side view; and 59. oblique outer view.

FIGURES 49–50. 49. SEM micrographs abdominal segment 8 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 49–50. 49. SEM micrographs abdominal segment 8, lateral view, showing spiracle above and lateral lobe with its vestiture. 50. Close-up of middle part of lateral lobe; note presence of elongate setiform spicule and setae of three morphologies. FIGURE 51. SEM micrograph of dorsolateral surface of prothorax of larva, viewed somewhat in front, with head (not visible) toward lower left, showing variety of vestiture.

FIGURES 81–86 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 81–86. Macroptic photographs of last larval instar of Stelis ater. 81. Entire postdefecating form, lateral view. 82–84. Head of same, front, lateral, and ventral views, respectively; atp = anterior tentorial pit. 85. Entire early fifth instar, lateral view. 86. Posterior part of abdomen of another specimen, lateral view, showing segmentation of abdominal apex.

FIGURES 64–66 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 64–66. SEM micrographs of inner layer of Stelis ater cocoon. 64. Front end showing opening behind nipple. 65. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 64. 66. Rear of cocoon, to same scale as figure 65, showing lack of fenestrations. FIGURES 67–69. Radiographs of cocoon of Stelis ater with live larva, side view. 67. Entire cocoon. 68. Close-up of anterior end; for explanation, see text. 69. Slice of CT-scan anterior end.

FIGURES 52–57 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 52–57. SEM micrographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 52. Cross section of cocoon wall showing three layers. 53. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 52. Note non-fenestrated surface and thinness of inner layer in figs 52, 53. 54. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple removed from rest of cocoon showing nature of fabric. 55. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 54. 56. Under surface of outer layer of nipple removed from cocoon showing dense fibers. 57. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 56, showing texture of fabric.

FIGURES 44–51 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 44–51. Microphotographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 44. Inner surface of rear of cocoon cut longitudinally. 45. Entire cocoon, with outer lining removed from front end, revealing nearly black inner surface of nipple and middle layer of cocoon, lateral view. 46. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple end, lateral view. 47. Interior surface of outer layer of nipple showing mass of silk fibers that surrounds and covers passageway to interior. 48. Inner layer of nipple with outer layer removed showing opening of passageway to rest of filter system, approximate lateral view. 49. Front view of opening to inner layer showing open passageway to screen

FIGURE 41 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURE 41. Early fifth instar of Stelis ater attacking fourth instar of Osmia chalybea. FIGURE 42. Wound (arrow) in same fourth instar caused by attack.

FIGURES 35–40 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 35–40. Immatures of Stelis ater. 35. Egg deep in provisions; eggs were encountered both in the provisions and on the front surface of the provisions, as discussed in text. 36. Early instar (arrow) deep in the provisions and feeding larva of Osmia chalybea (right) on front surface of provisions. 37. Egg of Stelis ater (arrow) and probable first instar of Osmia chalybea (left) on front surface of provisions with trachea now visible. 38. Same cell some time later with Stelis ater (arrow) now early feeding instar having not yet encountered Osmia chalybea, which has become an intermediate instar. 39. Early instar of Osmia chalybea being attacked simultaneously by two early instars of Stelis ater; one of which (arrow) is barely visible to the left of the others. Presumably one S. ater larva would later kill the other, since we never found more than one cocoon in a cell. 40. Two feeding early instars of Stelis ater (arrows) from eggs deposited deep in provisions.