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180 results for “Body scales”
Simulations of planetary-scale collisions between rotating, differentiated bodies
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Larval nutrition impacts the scaling of adult metabolic rate with body mass in honeybees
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Scaling of biological rates with body size as a backbone in the assembly of metacommunity biodiversity
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Data from: Heat tolerance in ectotherms scales predictably with body size
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Data from: Allometric scaling of indirect effects: body size ratios predict non-consumptive effects in multi-predator systems
1. Non-consumptive effects (NCES) frequently lead to non-independent effects of multiple predators. While such emergent predator effects are ubiquitous in natural communities, the strength of these effects varies among studies and systems, making it difficult to predict a priory how changes in predator diversity influence prey suppression. Thus, identifying general scaling rules which can explain this variation of non-independent effects is vital for modeling natural communities and how they respond to biodiversity loss. 2. Body size is a key trait determining the nature and strength of ecological interactions. While great progress has been made using allometric relationships to predict the interaction strength of predator-prey pairs, it is unknown whether similar relationships explain variation in the strength of NCEs, and how they are related to consumptive effects. 3. Here we experimentally manipulate the relative size difference of multiple predators to determine whether NCEs follow general allometric scaling relationships in an aquatic multi-predator system. 4. Results demonstrate that the presence and strength of NCEs can vary dramatically across predator combinations. However, this variation scaled predictably with the size ratio of predators; increasing the size difference among predators increased NCEs. This pattern was driven by a size-mediated shift in "food web motif" from competition to intraguild predation and a positive correlation of NCEs and intraguild predation rate. 5. Results indicate that models which assume that consumers have independent effects are particularly likely to make erroneous predictions when predators differ substantially in size, but simple allometric relationships of NCEs could be used to correct this bias.
Data from: Body-size scaling of metabolic rate in the trilobite Eldredgeops rana
We infer the body-size scaling slope of metabolic rate in a trilobite by applying a cell-size model that has been proposed to explain metabolic scaling in living organisms. This application is especially tractable in fossil arthropods with well-preserved compound eyes because the number and size of eye facets appear to be useful proxies for the relative number and size of cells in the body. As a case study, we examined the ontogenetic scaling of facet size and number in a ∼390-Myr-old local assemblage of the trilobite Eldredgeops rana, which has well-preserved compound eyes and a wide body-size range. Growth in total eye lens area resulted from increases in both facet area and number in relatively small (presumably young) specimens, but only from increases in facet area in large (presumably more mature) specimens. These results suggest that early growth in E. rana involved both cell multiplication and enlargement, whereas later growth involved only cell enlargement. If the cell-size model is correct, then metabolic rate scaled allometrically in E. rana, and the scaling slope of log metabolic rate versus log body mass decreased from ∼0.85 to 0.63 as these animals grew. This inferred age-specific change in metabolic scaling is consistent with similar changes frequently observed in living animals. Additional preliminary analyses of literature data on other trilobites also suggest that the metabolic scaling slope was <1 in benthic species, but ∼1 in pelagic species, as has also been observed in living invertebrates. The eye-facet size (EFS) method featured here opens up new possibilities for examining the bioenergetic allometry of extinct arthropods.
Data from: Ecology of ontogenetic body-mass scaling of gill surface area in a freshwater crustacean
Several studies have documented ecological effects on intra- and interspecific body-size scaling of metabolic rate. However, little is known about how various ecological factors may affect the scaling of respiratory structures supporting oxygen uptake for metabolism. Our study is apparently the first to provide evidence for ecological effects on the scaling of a respiratory structure among conspecific populations of any animal. We compared the body-mass scaling of gill surface area (SA) among eight spring-dwelling populations of the amphipod crustacean Gammarus minus. Although gill SA scaling was not related to water temperature, conductivity or G. minus population density, it was significantly related to predation regime (and secondarily to pH). Body-mass scaling slopes for gill SA were significantly lower in four populations inhabiting springs with fish predators than for those in four springs without fish (based on comparing means of the population slopes, or slopes calculated from pooled raw data for each comparison group). As a result, gill SA was proportionately smaller in adult amphipods from fish vs. fishless springs. This scaling difference paralleled similar differences in the scaling exponents for the rates of growth and resting metabolic rate. We hypothesized that gill SA scaling is shallower in fish vs. fishless spring populations of G. minus because of effects of size-selective predation on size-specific growth and activity that in turn affect the scaling of oxygen demand and concomitantly the gill capacity (SA) for oxygen uptake. Although influential theory claims that metabolic scaling is constrained by internal body design, our study builds on previous work to show that the scaling of both metabolism and the respiratory structures supporting it may be ecologically sensitive and evolutionarily malleable.
Data from: Predictable food supplies induce plastic shifts in avian scaled body mass
Urbanization constitutes one of the most profound forms of land-use change and strongly affects global biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Expansion of urban areas typically leads to species loss but may also induce more subtle changes in species dynamics through selection or plasticity. Using a dual correlative (field) and experimental (aviary) approach, we here show that free-ranging urban house sparrows in southern France were smaller and lighter than their rural counterparts after allometric scaling, whereas 2 independent indices of nutritional (feather growth rates) and developmental (feather asymmetry) stress did not vary with urbanization. When subjecting these individuals to urban or rural diets in a highly predictable, controlled setting, rural but not urban sparrows decreased their body mass, independent of diet type, to the extent that initial scaled mass differences between urban and rural birds disappeared by the end of the captive period. By integrating field- and aviary measurements of body size and mass with indices of nutritional and developmental stress, we conclude that the lower scaled body masses of urban birds likely reflect a plastic response to predictable food supplies, possibly mediated through predation. Urban environments therefore do not necessarily constitute nutritionally stressful environments for species that typically cohabit with humans, such as house sparrows.
FIGURES 29–42 in A new genus of Entomobryinae (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from Brazilian Amazon with body scales and dental spines
FIGURES 29–42. Amazhomidia ducke gen nov. sp. nov.: 29, subcoxa I; 30, subcoxa II; 31, subcoxa III; 32, trochanteral organ; 33–34, distal tibiotarsus and empodial complex (lateral view): 33, fore leg; 34, hind leg; 35, ventral view of hind empodial complex III; 36, collophore chaetotaxy (lateral view); 37, tenaculum (lateral view); 38, male genital plate and sperm duct; 39, distal manubrium (ventral view); 40, distal manubrium (dorso-lateral view); 41, dens and mucro (lateral view, showing dental spines distribution); 42, distal dens and mucro (lateral view).
FIGURES 26–28 in A new genus of Entomobryinae (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from Brazilian Amazon with body scales and dental spines
FIGURES 26–28. Amazhomidia ducke gen nov. sp. nov.: dorsal chaetotaxy: 26, Abd. III; 27, Abd. IV; 28, Abd. V.
FIGURES 22–25 in A new genus of Entomobryinae (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from Brazilian Amazon with body scales and dental spines
FIGURES 22–25. Amazhomidia ducke gen nov. sp. nov.: dorsal chaetotaxy: 22, Th. II; 23, Th. III; 24, Abd. I; 25, Abd. II.
FIGURES 18–21 in A new genus of Entomobryinae (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from Brazilian Amazon with body scales and dental spines
FIGURES 18–21. Amazhomidia ducke gen nov. sp. nov.: ventral head: 18, labial papillae and proximal chaetae; 19, labial region and proximal chaetae; 20, posterior labial chaetotaxy; 21, maxillary outer lobe and sublobal plate.
FIGURES 11–17 in A new genus of Entomobryinae (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from Brazilian Amazon with body scales and dental spines
FIGURES 11–17. Amazhomidia ducke gen nov. sp. nov.: 11, habitus (dorsal view); 12, symbols used in detailed chaetotaxy schemes; 13, dorsal cephalic chaetotaxy; 14, chaetotaxy of the clypeus, prelabrum and labrum; 15, apex of Ant. IV; 16, Ant. III organ and associated chaetae and sensilla; 17, chaetotaxy of Ant. I (dorsal view).
FIGURES 1–10 in A new genus of Entomobryinae (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from Brazilian Amazon with body scales and dental spines
FIGURES 1–10. Amazhomidia ducke gen nov. sp. nov.: 1, habitus of a fixed specimen in ethanol (lateral view); 2–8, different shaped of scales and chaetae: 2, pointed scale, 3, scale-like chaetae of cephalic groove, 4, ciliated chaeta, 5, sens type II on Abd. IV, 6, ciliated microchaeta, 7, accessory chaeta of bothriotricha, 8, dental spine; 9, trochanter chaetotaxy, arrow indicates the extra spine-like chaetae of anterior face; 10, Ant. IV segment, arrow indicates the beginning of annulations. Scale bars: 1 (0.5mm), 2–8 (0.005mm), 9 (0.05mm), 10 (0.1mm).
FIGURE 2. Fimbrora calsubia. A, branchial tissue stained with haemalum. B, body without tunic showing the atrial aperture. Scale bars 1 in Deep-sea ascidians from Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 2. Fimbrora calsubia. A, branchial tissue stained with haemalum. B, body without tunic showing the atrial aperture. Scale bars 1cm.
Data from: Large-scale evolution of body temperatures in land vertebrates
<p>Body temperature is a crucial variable in animals that affects nearly every aspect of their lives. Here we analyze for the first time large-scale patterns in the evolution of body temperatures across terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods, including amphibians, mammals, birds and other reptiles). Despite the traditional view that endotherms (birds and mammals) have higher body temperatures than ectotherms, we find they are not significantly different. However, rates of body-temperature evolution are significantly different, with lower rates in endotherms than ectotherms, and the highest rates in amphibians. We find that body temperatures show strong phylogenetic signal over 350 million years of evolutionary history in tetrapods, and some lineages appear to have retained similar body temperatures over time for hundreds of millions of years. Although body temperatures are often unrelated to climate in tetrapods, we find that body temperatures are significantly related to day-night activity patterns. Specifically, body temperatures are generally higher in diurnal species than nocturnal species, both across ectotherms and, surprisingly, across endotherms also. Overall, our results suggest that body temperatures are significantly linked to phylogeny and diel-activity patterns within and among tetrapod groups, rather than just climate and the endotherm-ectotherm divide.</p>
FIGURE. Plagiochasma appendiculatum Lehm. & Lindenb. II. (A) Green colour dorsal surface of thallus with notched apices (B) Cross section of thallus with air chambers and ventral tissue with oil bodies (C) Ventral scale with appendage (D) Slightly raised epidermal pore. A–E Ruklani & Rubasinghe 205-14SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka
FIGURE. Plagiochasma appendiculatum Lehm. & Lindenb. II. (A) Green colour dorsal surface of thallus with notched apices (B) Cross section of thallus with air chambers and ventral tissue with oil bodies (C) Ventral scale with appendage (D) Slightly raised epidermal pore. A–E Ruklani & Rubasinghe 205-14SR (PDA).
FIGURE. Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. ex Lindb. I. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus with gemma cups B) Epidermal pore from dorsal epidermis of thallus (C) Gemma (D) Ventral scale (E) Appendage of ventral scale (F) Cells with oil bodies on ventral scale (G) Cross section of epidermal pore and air chambers. A–G, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 113-14SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka
FIGURE. Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. ex Lindb. I. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus with gemma cups B) Epidermal pore from dorsal epidermis of thallus (C) Gemma (D) Ventral scale (E) Appendage of ventral scale (F) Cells with oil bodies on ventral scale (G) Cross section of epidermal pore and air chambers. A–G, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 113-14SR (PDA).
The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996). in Muridae
The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996).
Distribution. Known only from type locality on S coast of Seram I, Indonesia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 123 mm, tail 128 mm, ear 14-6 mm, hindfoot 26-2 mm; weight 65 g (all mensural data are from holotype). Pavel's Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat is very small-bodied, with dorsal pelage soft and brightly colored rufescent reddish brown, hairs with graybases, and venter contrastingly pure white; tail is slightly longer than head-body length, all black in color, tail scales raised, one hair per scale, scale hairs very short. Upper surfaces of feet are dark gray; hindfeet broad, with first digit long. Cranium is relatively narrow, with nasal profile flat; teeth very small. Single known specimen (the holotype), a pregnant female, has four mammae. in Muridae
Distribution. Known only from type locality on S coast of Seram I, Indonesia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 123 mm, tail 128 mm, ear 14-6 mm, hindfoot 26-2 mm; weight 65 g (all mensural data are from holotype). Pavel's Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat is very small-bodied, with dorsal pelage soft and brightly colored rufescent reddish brown, hairs with graybases, and venter contrastingly pure white; tail is slightly longer than head-body length, all black in color, tail scales raised, one hair per scale, scale hairs very short. Upper surfaces of feet are dark gray; hindfeet broad, with first digit long. Cranium is relatively narrow, with nasal profile flat; teeth very small. Single known specimen (the holotype), a pregnant female, has four mammae.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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