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133 results for “Cactus”
Data from: The influence of herbivory and weather on the vital rates of two closely related cactus species
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Data from: Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) mortality and population regeneration in the cactus forest of Saguaro National Park: seventy-five years and counting
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Data from: Influence of Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles on the genetic structure of the mistletoe cactus Rhipsalis baccifera (Cactaceae) in Mesoamerica
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Assessing the importance of arthropod abundance, community composition, and habitat structure as determinants of habitat quality for Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus)
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Anoxia hormesis in cactus moth
<p>As part of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) programs, irradiation can effectively induce sterility in insects by damaging germline genomic DNA. However, irradiation also induces other off-target side effects that reduce the quality and performance of sterilized males, including the formation of damaging free radicals that can reduce sterile male performance. Thus, treatments that reduce off-target effects of irradiation on male performance while maintaining sterility can improve the feasibility and economy of SIT programs. We previously found that inducing a form of rapid, beneficial plasticity with a one-hour anoxic conditioning period (physiological conditioning hormesis) prior to and during irradiation improves <span><span>male field performance</span></span><span> in the laboratory while maintaining sterility in males of the cactus moth, </span><i><span>Cactoblastis cactorum</span></i><span>. Here we extend this work by testing the extent to which this beneficial plasticity may improve mal</span><span><span>e field pe</span></span><span>rformance in the field. Based on capture rates after a series of mark release-recapture experiments, we found that anoxia-conditioned irradiated moths were active in the field longer than their irradiated counterparts. In addition, anoxia-conditioned moths were captured in traps that were farther away from the release site than unconditioned moths, suggesting greater dispersal. These data confirmed that beneficial plasticity induced by anoxia hormesis prior to irradiation led to lower post-irradiation damage and increased performance in field conditions. </span><span>We re</span>commend greater consideration of beneficial plasticity responses in biological control programs, and specifically the implementation of anoxia-conditioning treatments applied prior to irradiation in area-wide integrated pest management programs that use SIT.</p>
Data from: The influence of cactus spine surface structure on puncture performance and anchoring ability is tuned for ecology
Spines are common morphological features found in almost all major biological groups offering an opportunity to explore large-scale evolutionary convergence across disparate clades. As an example, opuntioid cacti have spines with barbed ornamentation that is remarkably similar in form and scale to that found on porcupine quills, suggesting specific biomechanical convergence across the animal and plant kingdoms. While the mechanics of porcupine quills as defensive mechanisms has been previously tested, the mechanics of cacti spines (which have evolved to fill a number of functions including defense, climbing and dispersal) has not been characterized. Here we study the puncturing and anchoring ability of six species of cactus, including both barbed and non-barbed spines. We found that barbed spines require less work to puncture a variety of targets than non-barbed spines. Barbed spines also require more work than non-barbed spines to withdraw from biological materials, due to their barbs engaging with tissue fibers. These results closely match those found previously for barbed vs. non-barbed porcupine quills, implying biomechanical convergence. The variation in performance of barbed versus non-barbed spines, as well as between barbed spines from different species, is likely tied to the diversity of ecological functions of cactus spines.
Figure 9 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 9 Turquoise-colored larvae of Apanteles mimoristae Muesebeck (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) next to a dead caterpillar of Melitara cf. nephelepasa (Pyralidae) (zebra worm), inside an opened Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae) pad. The blue-turquoise color of the wasp larvae indicates feeding on caterpillar hemolymph, which has a similar color. The arrow indicates the caterpillar's characteristic whitish stripes.
Figure 8 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 8 Maximum likelihood (1000 reps) tree for Apanteles mimoristae and related species. Arrows indicate Apanteles mimoristae, A. esthercentenoae, A. alexanderi and A. opuntiarum.
Figure 7 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 7 Bayesian tree for Apanteles mimoristae and related species. Arrows indicate Apanteles mimoristae, A. esthercentenoae, A. alexanderi and A. opuntiarum.
Figure 5 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 5 Apanteles mimoristae Muesebeck, female A T1, dorsal view, rough surface and posterior margin with two latersal depressions B metasoma dorsal view C metasoma lateral view, lateral setae on second and third tergite D ovipositor sheaths. Arrows in A–C indicate smooth surface of T2.
Figure 3 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 3 Apanteles mimoristae Muesebeck A–C head A frontal view B dorsal view C ocelli D, E mesosoma D dorsal view E lateral view F–H legs F anterior G medium H posterior.
Figure 10 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 10 Adults of Apanteles mimoristae Muesebeck recently emerged from the irregular mass of cocoons (center). Both sexes emerged from a single caterpillar of the zebra worm, Melitara cf. nephelepasa (Pyralidae) feeding on Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae) commercial plots from Milpa Alta, Mexico City, MX. The mass of cocoons in the center of the Petri dish shows compact, oval cocoons made up of tightly arranged silk threads.
Figure 1 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 1 Collection site of Apanteles mimoristae from Melitara cf. nephelepasa in cultivated fields of Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae) in San Jerónimo Miacatlán (SJM), in the municipality of Milpa Alta, Mexico City, MX (left). The cactus fields are partially surrounded by houses and other agricultural areas (right).
Figure 1 in Germination responses of the invasive hedge cactus (Cereus uruguoyonus) to environmental factors
Figure 1. Effect of alternating day/night temperature regimes on the cumulative germination of four seed accessions of Cereus uruguoyonus. Values with the same letter do not differ at a 5% level of significance.
Figure 4 in Germination responses of the invasive hedge cactus (Cereus uruguoyonus) to environmental factors
Figure 4. Effect of burial depth on seedling emergence of Cereus uruguoyonus. Values with the same letter do not differ at a 5% level of significance.
FIGURE 3 in A member of the Telenomus californicus Ashmead, 1893 complex parasitizing native cactus moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs in Mexico
FIGURE 3. Telenomus sp. (FSCA 00034157) wings.
FIGURES 1–2 in A member of the Telenomus californicus Ashmead, 1893 complex parasitizing native cactus moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs in Mexico
FIGURES 1–2. Telenomus sp. (FSCA 00034157) 1 dorsal habitus 2 lateral habitus.
Data from: Resource quality affects weapon and testis size and the ability of these traits to respond to selection in the leaf-footed cactus bug, Narnia femorata
The size of weapons and testes can be central to male reproductive success. Yet, the expression of these traits is often extremely variable. Studies are needed that take a more complete organism perspective, investigating the sources of variation in both traits simultaneously and using developmental conditions that mimic those in nature. In this study, we investigated the components of variation in weapon and testis sizes using the leaf-footed cactus bug, Narnia femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae) on three natural developmental diets. We show that the developmental diet has profound effects on both weapon and testis expression and scaling. Intriguingly, males in the medium-quality diet express large weapons but have relatively tiny testes, suggesting complex allocation decisions. We also find that heritability, evolvability, and additive genetic variation are highest in the high-quality diet for testis and body mass. This result suggests that these traits may have an enhanced ability to respond to selection during a small window of time each year when this diet is available. Taken together, these results illustrate that normal, seasonal fluctuations in the nutritional environment may play a large role in the expression of sexually selected traits and the ability of these traits to respond to selection.
Identification of Wright fishhook cactus using drone and remote sensing technology
<p>Obtaining accurate population estimates of plants has been an integral part of the listing, recovery, and delisting of species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 and for monitoring vegetation in response to livestock grazing management. However, obtaining such estimates for many plant species remains a daunting and labor-intensive task. The use of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS or drones) may provide an effective alternative to ground surveys for rare and endangered plants.</p> <p>The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using sUAS (DJI Phantom 4 Pro with a 20 MP camera) to survey for Wright fishhook cactus (<i>Sclerocactus wrightiae</i> L.D.Benson), a small (1-8 cm diameter) endangered plant species endemic to Utah, located in southwest USA desert grazing lands. This species functions in enhancing soil stability, providing nectar for pollinating insect species, and increasing biodiversity in hot arid environments.</p> <p>We used georectified images overlaid with grid plots in ArcGIS Pro to 1) assess the effectiveness of very high resolution remotely sensed imagery for detecting and counting individual cacti and then compared these with ground surveys and 2) determine the optimal altitude (10 m, 15 m, or 20 m) and associated resolution for identifying individual cactus plants.</p> <p>Our results demonstrated that the lowest altitude flights (10 m) provided the best detection rates (from 26.6% at 20m to 67% at 10m; <i>p</i><0.001) and counts (<i>p</i><0.001). We generated population estimates based on the inclusion of error terms in the analysis. We suggest that sUAS can be effectively used to locate cactus within grazing land areas, but should be coupled with ground surveys for higher accuracy and reliability. We suggest that sUAS surveys can be effectively conducted for locating cactus populations within the flowering period and for documenting known populations outside of the flowering period. While sUAS remote sensing did not provide a complete census of Wright fishhook cactus plants, likely due to its small, obscure, thorny, low-growing structure, nonetheless this tool can be effective in early plant population detection, monitoring populations in response to grazing activities, and preventing potential soil/plant disturbance resulting from ground-based surveys.</p>
Data from: The influence of cactus spine surface structure on puncture performance and anchoring ability is tuned for ecology
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