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260 results for “Camouflage”
Data from: Three-dimensional camouflage: exploiting photons to conceal form
Many animals have a gradation of body color, termed "countershading," where the areas that are typically exposed to more light are darker. One hypothesis is that this patterning enhances visual camouflage by making the retinal image of the animal match that of the background, a fundamentally two-dimensional theory. More controversially, countershading may also obliterate cues to three-dimensional (3D) shape delivered by shading. Despite relying on distinct cognitive mechanisms, these two potential functions hitherto have been amalgamated in the literature. It has previously not been possible to validate either hypothesis empirically, because there has been no general theory of optimal countershading that allows quantitative predictions to be made about the many environmental parameters involved. Here we unpack the logical distinction between using countershading for background matching and using it to obliterate 3D shape. We use computational modeling to determine the optimal coloration for the camouflage of 3D shape. Our model of 3D concealment is derived from the physics of light and informed by perceptual psychology: we simulate a 3D world that incorporates naturalistic lighting environments. The model allows us to predict countershading coloration for terrestrial environments, for any body shape and a wide range of ecologically relevant parameters. The approach can be generalized to any light distribution, including those underwater.
Data from: Positioning behavior according to individual color variation improves camouflage in novel habitats
Behavior can play a key role in adaptation, especially in novel environments. Here we study how ground-perching grasshoppers that colonized street pavements as novel habitats behaviorally manage their detection rates by predators. We found that grasshoppers positioned themselves aligned with the spaces between adjacent bricks more than expected by chance. By performing a virtual predation experiment, we confirmed that this positioning behavior decreases predation rate. Surprisingly, individuals with a poorer cryptic coloration made greater use of this positioning behavior, while individuals with a better cryptic coloration relied more on background color matching. Additionally, positioning behavior interacted with other anti-predation behaviors: individuals who were positioned on the space between bricks allowed potential predators to get closer before fleeing. These results indicate that these grasshoppers showed adaptive flexibility in camouflage and escape behaviors as a function of both individual and environmental variation. Such behavioral flexibility should allow organisms to cope better with novel environments, which deserves more study especially in the current context of global change.
Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) - Supplementary videos 1 to 4
<p>Supplementary videos demonstrating methods for inducing death feigning in <em>Asbolus verrucosus</em>, LeConte (1851), as well as wriggling behavior, death-feigning behavior and reflex bleeding in immature stages.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary video 1</strong>. The hand transfer method is demonstrated. A moment after the investigator releases the larva, a fine mist of blood is quickly squirted and then then the larva oozes blood (indicated with arrow). A portion of the video is then shown enlarged and slowed to 10% original speed to better show the reflex bleeding.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary video 2</strong>. The rotisserie method is demonstrated with the three species investigated (labeled as they pass by for the first time). The <em>Asbolus verrucosus</em> larva displays death feigning behavior and maintains a rigid but slightly curved posture (tonic immobility), while the other two species continue twisting and wandering about their enclosures.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary Video 3</strong>. Wriggling behavior is induced in larvae, then in a pupa of <em>Asbolus verrucosus</em>.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary Video 4</strong>. This video shows typical death feigning behavior in a blue death feigning beetle larva. Imperceptibly slow movements are more readily observed if the video is viewed at high speed.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Data matrix
Figure 99 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 99 Trichoscelia larizae Ardila-Camacho & Contreras-Ramos, sp. nov. A male habitus, dorsal B wings C head, frontolateral D pronotum, dorsal E forefemur, anterior surface F same, posterior surface.
Figure 98 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 98 Trichoscelia karijona Ardila-Camacho, 2015 A male terminalia, lateral B same, ventral C male genitalia, lateral D same, dorsal E same, ventral F female terminalia, lateral G same, ventral H gonapophyses VIII ventral I spermatheca.
Figure 93 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 93 Trichoscelia involuta Ardila-Camacho & Contreras-Ramos, sp. nov. A male habitus, dorsal B wings C head, frontal D pronotum, dorsal E forefemur, anterior surface F same, posterior surface.
Figure 95 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 95 Trichoscelia iridella (Westwood, 1867) A male holotype habitus, dorsal B wings C head, frontal D pronotum, dorsal E holotype labels.
Figure 96 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 96 Trichoscelia iridella (Westwood, 1867) A male terminalia, lateral B same, ventral C male genitalia, lateral D same, dorsal E same, ventral.
Figure 9 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 9 Anchieta fasciatellus (Westwood, 1867) A male terminalia, lateral B same, ventral C male genitalia, lateral D same, dorsal E same, ventral F female terminalia, lateral G same, ventral H spermatheca and gonapophyses VIII.
Figure 82 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 82 Trichoscelia andina Ardila-Camacho, 2015 A male terminalia, lateral B same, ventral C male genitalia, lateral D same, dorsal E same, ventral F female terminalia, lateral G same, ventral H gonapophyses VIII ventral I spermatheca.
Figure 8 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 8 Anchieta fasciatellus (Westwood, 1867) A male habitus, dorsal B wings C head, dorsal D pronotum, dorsal E forefemur, anterior surface F forefemur, posterior surface.
Figure 83 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 83 Trichoscelia banksi Enderlein, 1910 A male habitus, dorsal B wings C head, frontal D pronotum, dorsal E forefemur, anterior surface F same, posterior surface.
Figure 74 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 74 Plega vangiersbergenae Ardila-Camacho, sp. nov. A male terminalia, lateral B same, ventral C male genitalia, lateral D same, dorsal E same, ventral F female terminalia, lateral G same, ventral H gonapophyses VIII ventral I spermatheca.
Figure 75 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 75 Plega yucatanae Parker & Stange, 1965 A male habitus, dorsal B wings C head, frontal D pronotum, dorsal E forefemur, anterior surface F same, posterior surface.
Figure 70 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 70 Plega spinosa Ardila et al. 2019 A male terminalia, lateral B same, ventral C male genitalia, lateral D same, dorsal E same, ventral F same, caudal G female terminalia, lateral H same, ventral I gonapophyses VIII and spermatheca.
Figure 71 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 71 Plega stangei Ardila et al., 2019 A male habitus, dorsal B wings C head, frontal D pronotum, dorsal E forefemur, anterior surface F same, posterior surface.
Figure 69 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 69 Plega spinosa Ardila et al. 2019 A male habitus, dorsal B wings C head, frontal D pronotum, dorsal E forefemur, anterior surface F same, posterior surface.
Figure 67 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 67 Plega sonorae Ardila et al., 2019 A male habitus, dorsal (abdomen removed) B wings C head, frontal D pronotum, dorsal E forefemur, anterior surface F same, posterior surface.
Figure 77 from: Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A (2024) A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). ZooKeys 1199: 1-409. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442
Figure 77 Plega zikani Navás, 1936 A female holotype habitus, dorsal B wings C head, frontal D pronotum, dorsal E forefemur, anterior surface F same, posterior surface.
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