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367 results for “Campanulaceae”
Data from: Phylogenomic insights into Adenophora and its allies (Campanulaceae): Revisiting generic delimitation and hybridization dynamics
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Data from: Embracing discordance: phylogenomic analyses provide evidence for allopolyploidy leading to cryptic diversity in a Mediterranean Campanula (Campanulaceae) clade
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Data from: The abiotic and biotic drivers of rapid diversification in Andean bellflowers (Campanulaceae)
The tropical Andes of South America, the world's richest biodiversity hotspot, are home to many rapid radiations. While geological, climatic, and ecological processes collectively explain such radiations, their relative contributions are seldom examined within a single clade. We explore the contribution of these factors by applying a series of diversification models that incorporate mountain building, climate change, and trait evolution to the first dated phylogeny of Andean bellflowers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). Our framework is novel for its direct incorporation of geological data on Andean uplift into a macroevolutionary model. We show that speciation and extinction are differentially influenced by abiotic factors: speciation rates rose concurrently with Andean elevation, while extinction rates decreased during global cooling. Pollination syndrome and fruit type, both biotic traits known to facilitate mutualisms, played an additional role in diversification. These abiotic and biotic factors resulted in one of the fastest radiations reported to date: the centropogonids, whose 550 species arose in the last 5 Myr. Our study represents a significant advance in our understanding of plant evolution in Andean cloud forests. It further highlights the power of combining phylogenetic and Earth science models to explore the interplay of geology, climate, and ecology in generating the world's biodiversity.
Data from: Beyond balancing selection: frequent mitochondrial recombination contributes to high female frequencies in gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica L. (Campanulaceae)
(1) Gynodioecy is a sexual system where females and hermaphrodites co-occur. In most gynodioecious angiosperms, sex is determined by an interaction between mitochondrial male-sterility genes (CMS) that arise via recombination and nuclear restorer alleles that evolve to suppress them. In theory, gynodioecy occurs when multiple CMS types are maintained at equilibrium frequencies by balancing selection. However, some gynodioecious populations contain very high frequencies of females. High female frequencies are not expected under balancing selection, but could be explained by the repeated introduction of novel CMS types. (2) To test for balancing selection and/or the repeated introduction of novel CMS, we characterized cytoplasmic haplotypes from 61 populations of Lobelia siphilitica that vary widely in female frequency. (3) We confirmed that mitotype diversity and female frequency were positively correlated across populations, consistent with balancing selection. However, while low-female populations hosted mostly common mitotypes, high-female populations and female plants hosted mostly rare, recombinant mitotypes likely to carry novel CMS types. (4) Our results suggest that balancing selection maintains established CMS types across this species, but extreme female frequencies result from frequent invasion by novel CMS types. We conclude that balancing selection alone cannot account for extreme population sex-ratio variation within a gynodioecious species.
Data from: Evolution and biogeography of the endemic Roucela complex (Campanulaceae: Campanula) in the eastern Mediterranean
At the intersection of geological activity, climatic fluctuations, and human pressure, the Mediterranean Basin – a hotspot of biodiversity – provides an ideal setting for studying endemism, evolution, and biogeography. Here, we focus on the Roucela complex (Campanula subgenus Roucela), a group of 13 bellflower species found primarily in the eastern Mediterranean Basin. Plastid and low-copy nuclear markers were employed to reconstruct evolutionary relationships and estimate divergence times within the Roucela complex using both concatenation and species tree analyses. Niche modeling, ancestral range estimation, and diversification analyses were conducted to provide further insights into patterns of endemism and diversification through time. Diversification of the Roucela clade appears to have been primarily the result of vicariance driven by the breakup of an ancient landmass. We found geologic events such as the formation of the mid-Aegean trench and the Messinian Salinity Crisis to be historically important in the evolutionary history of this group. Contrary to numerous past studies, the onset of the Mediterranean climate has not promoted diversification in the Roucela complex and, in fact, may be negatively affecting these species. This study highlights the diversity and complexity of historical processes driving plant evolution in the Mediterranean Basin.
Data from: Testing the efficiency of nested barriers to dispersal in the Mediterranean high mountain plant Edraianthus graminifolius (Campanulaceae)
Due to strong spatial heterogeneity and limited Pleistocene glaciation, the Balkan Peninsula is a major European biodiversity hotspot. Surprisingly little, however, is known about patterns and processes of intraspecific diversification of its biota in general and of high altitude species in particular. A well-suited system to test hypotheses with respect to various isolating factors acting at different geographic scales and to explore full-range phylogeographic patterns on the Balkan Peninsula is Edraianthus graminifolius (Campanulaceae), distributed in the western Balkan mountain systems, the southwestern Carpathians and the Apennine Peninsula. To this end, we used a dense population sampling and employed Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers and plastid DNA sequences supplemented by ecological niche modelling. The strongest splits were inferred to separate southern and northern Balkan populations from the central ones, from where range extension occurred to the Carpathians and, in more recent times, once or twice to the Apennine Peninsula. The three genetic groups in the western Balkan Peninsula were remarkably congruent among molecular markers suggesting that the barriers to gene flow acted over long time periods facilitating allopatric differentiation. Each main group of Balkan populations contained genetically and geographically distinct subgroups, which likely are the result of local refugia during warmer periods. Evidently, the topographically highly complex and during the last glacial maximum only locally glaciated Balkan Peninsula is a hotspot of species richness and endemism as well as a sanctuary of intraspecific genetic diversity, even if the underlying causes remain insufficiently understood.
Data from: Ancient vicariance and climate-driven extinction explain continental-wide disjunctions in Africa: the case of the Rand Flora genus Canarina (Campanulaceae)
Transoceanic distributions have attracted the interest of scientists for centuries. Less attention has been paid to the evolutionary origins of 'continent-wide' disjunctions, in which related taxa are distributed across isolated regions within the same continent. A prime example is the 'Rand Flora' pattern, which shows sister taxa disjunctly distributed in the continental margins of Africa. Here, we explore the evolutionary origins of this pattern using the genus Canarina, with three species: C. canariensis, associated with the Canarian laurisilva, and C. eminii and C. abyssinica, endemic to the Afromontane region in East Africa, as case study. We infer phylogenetic relationships, divergence times and the history of migration events within Canarina using Bayesian inference on a large sample of chloroplast and nuclear sequences. Ecological niche modelling was employed to infer the climatic niche of Canarina through time. Dating was performed with a novel nested approach to solve the problem of using deep time calibration points within a molecular dataset comprising both above-species and population-level sampling. Results show C. abyssinica as sister to a clade formed by disjunct C. eminii and C. canariensis. Miocene divergences were inferred among species, whereas infraspecific divergences fell within the Pleistocene–Holocene periods. Although C. eminii and C. canariensis showed a strong genetic geographic structure, among-population divergences were older in the former than in the latter. Our results suggest that Canarina originated in East Africa and later migrated across North Africa, with vicariance and aridification-driven extinction explaining the 7000 km/7 million year divergence between the Canarian and East African endemics.
Data from: Paleo-islands as refugia and sources of genetic diversity within volcanic archipelagos: The case of the widespread endemic Canarina canariensis (Campanulaceae)
Geographical isolation by oceanic barriers and climatic stability has been postulated as some of the main factors driving diversification within volcanic archipelagos. However, few studies have focused on the effect that catastrophic volcanic events have had on patterns of within-island differentiation in geological time. This study employed data from the chloroplast (cpDNA haplotypes) and the nuclear (AFLPs) genomes to examine the patterns of genetic variation in Canarina canariensis, an iconic plant species associated with the endemic laurel forest of the Canary Islands. We found a strong geographical population structure, with a first divergence around 0.8 Ma that has Tenerife as its central axis and divides Canarian populations into eastern and western clades. Genetic diversity was greatest in the geologically stable 'palaeo-islands' of Anaga, Teno and Roque del Conde; these areas were also inferred as the ancestral location of migrant alleles towards other disturbed areas within Tenerife or the nearby islands using a Bayesian approach to phylogeographical clustering. Oceanic barriers, in contrast, appear to have played a lesser role in structuring genetic variation, with intra-island levels of genetic diversity larger than those between-islands. We argue that volcanic eruptions and landslides after the merging of the palaeo-islands 3.5 Ma played key roles in generating genetic boundaries within Tenerife, with the palaeo-islands acting as refugia against extinction, and as cradles and sources of genetic diversity to other areas within the archipelago.
FIG. 1. Siphocampylus flavescens. A. Habit. B. Flowering branch. C. Adaxial leaf surface. D. Abaxial leaf surface. E in Siphocampylus flavescens (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae), a New Endangered Species from Southeastern Brazil
FIG. 1. Siphocampylus flavescens. A. Habit. B. Flowering branch. C. Adaxial leaf surface. D. Abaxial leaf surface. E. Detail of an immature fruit. F. Detail of a flower. Photographs by Guilherme Peres Coelho.
FIG. 2. A in Siphocampylus flavescens (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae), a New Endangered Species from Southeastern Brazil
FIG. 2. A. Habitat of Siphocampylus flavescens in the border of a forest, on a roadside of Serra Negra, Olaria, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Photograph by Guilherme Peres Coelho. B. Distribution of Siphocampylus flavescens (red stars) in Southeastern Brazil. The overview map on the top left highlights the locality of Minas Gerais state in the Brazilian territory. Abbreviations for Brazilian states: ES = Espırito Santo; MG = Minas Gerais; RJ = Rio de Janeiro; SP = S~ ao Paulo.
Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae) - leaf - on upper stem
Image of Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae) - leaf - on upper stem
Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae) - leaf - margin of upper + lower surface
Image of Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae) - leaf - margin of upper + lower surface
Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae) - inflorescence - whole - unspecified
Image of Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae) - inflorescence - whole - unspecified
Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae) - inflorescence - lateral view of flower
Image of Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae) - inflorescence - lateral view of flower
Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae) - inflorescence - whole - unspecified
Image of Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae) - inflorescence - whole - unspecified
Lobelia spicata (Campanulaceae) - inflorescence - frontal view of flower
Image of Lobelia spicata (Campanulaceae) - inflorescence - frontal view of flower
Lobelia spicata (Campanulaceae) - inflorescence - frontal view of flower
Image of Lobelia spicata (Campanulaceae) - inflorescence - frontal view of flower
Lobelia spicata (Campanulaceae) - leaf - on upper stem
Image of Lobelia spicata (Campanulaceae) - leaf - on upper stem
Lobelia spicata (Campanulaceae) - leaf - margin of upper + lower surface
Image of Lobelia spicata (Campanulaceae) - leaf - margin of upper + lower surface
Lobelia spicata (Campanulaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Image of Lobelia spicata (Campanulaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
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