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212 results for “Climate Simulation”
Early Mars EBM data for "CLIMATE SIMULATIONS OF EARLY MARS WITH ESTIMATED PRECIPITATION, RUNOFF, AND EROSION RATES"
<p>These are all the data and plots we used for the publication, CLIMATE SIMULATIONS OF EARLY MARS WITH ESTIMATED PRECIPITATION, 2 RUNOFF, AND EROSION RATES.</p>
Simulation data of European seabass and meagre growth in Greece (C12A) under climate change scenarios
<p>The dataset contains excel files with the biological predictions for European seabass and meagre generated within ClimeFish C12A. Simulations are done for climate scenarios RCP45 and RCP85 and at three time scales denoting short (2015-2025)-, mid (2025-2035)- and long (2045-2055)- term projections. The temperature data used for the simulations are also included as well as a file containing metadata.</p>
Data used in "Revealing dominant patterns of aerosols regimes in the lower troposphere and their evolution from preindustrial times to the future in global climate model simulations" (Li et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2024)
<p>This dataset contains the processed EMAC simulation used as input to the clustering algorithm and the resulting regimes discussed in Li et al. (<em>Atmos. Chem. Phys.</em>, 2024).</p>
Data supplement for: Agreement of analytical and simulation-based estimates of the required land depth in climate models
<p>Many current-generation climate models have land components that are too shallow. Under climate change conditions, the long-term warming trend at the surface propagates deeper into the ground than the commonly used 3-10m. Shallow models alter the terrestrial heat storage and distribution of temperatures in the subsurface, influencing the simulated land-atmosphere interactions. Previous studies focusing on annual timescales suggest that deeper models are required to match subsurface-temperature observations and the classic analytical heat conduction solution. However, for a systematic investigation of land-model deepening in the frame of anthropogenic climate change, the classic analytical solution is inaccurate because it does not mimic the timescale and amplitude of the simulated warming trend. This study intends to bridge the gap between analytical and simulation-based estimates of the subsurface thermodynamic state by adapting the classic analytical framework to mimic long-term anthropogenic warming. The analysis shows that a land-model depth of at least 170m is recommended for a proper simulation of the post-1850 ground climate, which differs up to 30% from the estimate of the classic approach. Compared to previous studies, this provides an accurate estimate of the required land model depth for long-term climate-change simulations and indicates the relative bias in insufficiently deep land models.</p>
Effects of dimethyl sulfide pertubations in ACCESS-UKCA climate simulations
<p>This dataset includes 10-year averages of cloud, radiation, precipitation and aerosol/chemistry fields from the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS) United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol (UKCA) model. This model includes a sophisticated chemistry and aerosol scheme GLOMAP-mode (Mann et al. 2012). The model runs were used to evaluate cloud, radiation and precipitation of this model and to quantify the role of dimethyl sulfide in the global climate system.</p> <p>Simulations were run from 2000-2009, including a control run and two experimental runs that look at the climate response to large changes in oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS).</p> <p>The horizontal grid resolution is 1.25 degree latitude, 1.85 degree longitude, with 85 vertical levels, SSTs and sea ice were prescribed to AMIP SSTs and the model was nudged to ERA-Interim. Emissions were prescribed to ACCMIP pre-2000, and RCP6.0 post 2000.</p> <p>Three simulations were performed where the oceanic surface concentrations of DMS were altered:</p> <ul> <li> Control -- a control run using the Lana et al. (2011) oceanic DMS data set</li> <li> zero_DMS -- a run in which oceanic dimethyl sulfide is removed (set to zero)</li> <li> max_DMS -- a run in which oceanic dimethyl sulfide is set to its latitudinal maximum.</li> </ul> <p>A detailed description of the model and the experimental set up can be found in Fiddes et al. 2018</p> <p>The model simulations were run on the National Computing Infrastructure (NCI) facilities. Python 2.7 was used to do the analysis of model output.</p> <p>The simulations and analysis were performed by Sonya Fiddes as part of her PhD with the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science research program: "The effects of tropical convection on Australia's climate".</p>
Data for "Development of a joint probabilistic rainfall-runoff model for high-to-extreme flow simulation and projection in a changing climate"
<p>Data for "<strong>Development of a joint probabilistic rainfall-runoff model for high-to-extreme flow simulation and projection in a changing climate"</strong></p>
Data from: Simulating climate change in situ in a tropical rainforest understorey using active air warming and CO2 addition
<p><b>Background: </b>Future climate-change effects on plant growth are most effectively studied using microclimate-manipulation experiments, the design of which has seen much advance in recent years. For tropical forests, however, such experiments are particularly hard to install and have hence not been widely used. We present a system of active heating and CO<sub>2</sub> fertilisation for use in tropical forest understoreys, where passive heating is not possible. The system was run for two years to study climate-change effects on epiphytic bryophytes, but is also deemed suitable to study other understorey plants.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Warm-air and CO<sub>2</sub> addition were applied in 1.6-m tall, 1.2-m diameter hexagonal open-top chambers and the microclimate in the chambers compared to outside air. Warming was regulated with a feedback system while CO<sub>2</sub> addition was fixed.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> The setup successfully heated the air by 2.8K and increased CO<sub>2</sub> by 250 ppm, on average, with +3K and +300 ppm as the targets. Variation was high, especially due to technical break-downs, but not biased to times of the day or year. In the warming treatment, absolute humidity slightly increased but relative humidity dropped by between 6 to 15% (and the vapour-pressure deficit increased) compared to ambient, depending on the level of warming achieved in each chamber.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span>Compared to other heating systems, the chambers provide a realistic warming and CO<sub>2</sub> treatment, but moistening the incoming air would be needed to avoid drying as a confounding factor. The method is preferable over infrared heating in the radiation-poor forest understory, particularly when combined with CO<sub>2</sub> fertilisation. It is suitable for plant-level studies, but ecosystem-level studies in forests may require chamber-less approaches like infrared heating and free-air CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment. By presenting the advantages and limitations of our approach we aim to facilitate further climate-change experiments in tropical forests, which are urgently needed to understand the processes determining future element fluxes and biodiversity changes in these ecosystems.</span></p>
CESM 1.2 climate model simulation output for: The Essential Role of Westerly Wind Bursts in ENSO Dynamics and Extreme Events Quantified in Model 'Wind Stress Shaving' Experiments
<p>Westerly wind bursts (WWBs)—brief but strong westerly wind anomalies in the equatorial Pacific—are believed to play an important role in El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics, but quantifying their effects is challenging. Here, we investigate the cumulative effects of WWBs on ENSO characteristics, including the occurrence of extreme El Niño events, via modified coupled model experiments within Community Earth System Model (CESM1) in which we progressively reduce the impacts of wind stress anomalies associated with model-generated WWBs. In these "wind stress shaving" experiments we limit momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean above a preset threshold, thus "shaving off" wind bursts. To reduce the tropical Pacific mean state drift, both westerly and easterly wind bursts are removed, although the changes are dominated by WWB reduction. As we impose progressively stronger thresholds, both ENSO amplitude and the frequency of extreme El Niño decrease, and ENSO becomes less asymmetric. The warming center of El Niño shifts westward, indicating less frequent and weaker Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño events. Removing most of wind bursts-related wind stress anomalies reduces ENSO amplitude by 22%. The essential role of WWBs in the development of extreme El Niño events is revealed in the suppressed eastward migration of the western Pacific warm pool and hence a weaker Bjerknes feedback under wind shaving. Overall, our results reaffirm the importance of WWBs in shaping the characteristics of ENSO and its extreme events and imply that WWB changes with global warming could influence future ENSO.</p>
Data for: Simulating effects of agricultural intensification and climate change: Nitrogen fertilization and drought stress decrease insect herbivore performance
<p>Biodiversity is globally under pressure, and the current decline in insect biomass and diversity is likely caused by human activities. Key drivers of biodiversity loss include agricultural intensification and anthropogenic climate change. Nevertheless, a thorough understanding of potential interactions between both factors and the mechanisms underlying insect declines in general is still lacking.</p> <p>Here, we investigate the combined effects of nitrogen fertilization and drought, as applied to host plants, on the preference and performance of the butterfly <em>Lycaena tityrus</em>.</p> <p>Individuals performed best on plants having received medium nitrogen levels, while performance was reduced by either a lack of or strong fertilization, the former potentially caused by nitrogen limitation and the latter by increased concentrations of toxic allelochemicals. Female oviposition preference though was positively related to nitrogen fertilization, resulting in a mismatch between preference and offspring performance at high nitrogen levels. Plant drought stress additionally reduced herbivore performance, and females appeared to suffer more from low-quality food than males.</p> <p>Our results indicate that increasing nitrogen fertilization, as applied in intensive agriculture, may substantially reduce host-plant quality for insect herbivores, which may be exaggerated in the course of climate change due to the more frequent occurrence of droughts. Our study thus contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying human-driven insect declines in agricultural landscapes and beyond.</p>
Alpine climate and soils heterogeneity data and simulation results
<p>We developed metrics of climatic and edaphic heterogeneity, using principal components analyses and the shoelace algorithm, and added elevation range. We applied commonality analysis to partition the unique and shared explanation of the observed vascular plant species richness among selected metrics. A simulation was developed to separate the relative importance of area and heterogeneity at different extents and representations of spatial nestedness, and the heterogeneity – effective area tradeoff was evaluated by altering spatial discreteness.</p> <p>The simulations revealed that heterogeneity was consistently more important, but less so among smaller areas. This qualitative pattern was maintained regardless of whether and how nestedness was represented. The heterogeneity – effective area tradeoff occurred in a few simulations of more discrete habitats.</p>
Data accompanying "Diurnal variability of the upper ocean simulated by a climate model"
<p>Data used for creating figures in the draft article "Diurnal variability of the upper ocean simulated by a climate model". This includes:</p> <ul> <li>Multi-year, monthly mean diurnal cycle metrics at all model grid points.</li> <li>Monthly mean diurnal cycle data for individual years at selected locations.</li> </ul> <p>Code used to create these data files, and to create the plots, is in a Github repository (https://github.com/JackReevesEyre/cfs-analysis-gaea/). The repository is also archived on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846095).</p>
Data from: Long-term grazing intensity by reindeer alters the response of the soil micro-food web to simulated climate change in subarctic tundra
<p><span>Top-down control by nematodes over soil microorganisms – considered stronger over bacteria than fungi - may dampen microbial responses to global changes in tundra. To test whether large grazers alter the responses of belowground trophic networks to global changes, we employed factorial warming and nitrogen fertilization treatments in adjacent sites with different reindeer grazing intensities for the past 50 years. Lightly grazed tundra is dominated by dwarf shrubs and a more fungal-based microbial community, while in heavily grazed tundra, high reindeer densities during autumn migration have induced shift into graminoids and more bacterial-based microbial community. We analysed the soil micro-food web, <em>i.e.</em>, the nematode density, trophic structure, and species composition as well as fungal, bacterial and total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) after four growing seasons of warming and fertilization both before and during reindeer migration. We predicted that bacterivore densities are higher and fungivore densities lower under heavy than light grazing (<em>i.e.</em>, nematode populations before migration reflect grazing effects via the base of food web), whereas reindeer migration induces negative impact on nematode densities under heavy grazing (<em>i.e</em>., disturbance by trampling is the driving factor). We further predicted that nematodes negate treatment effects on microbial biomass to a stronger extent in the bacterial-based heavily grazed than the fungal-based lightly grazed tundra. Fungivore densities were higher under light than heavy grazing, but nematodes did not respond to trampling. Warming increased fungivores and the fungal PLFAs irrespective of grazing and timing, but under heavy grazing, increased bacterivores while the bacterial PLFAs remained steady. Fertilization increased carnivores and influenced nematode species composition, diversity and maturity interactively with warming. Our data suggest that large grazers affect tundra soil nematodes via bottom-up effects through microbial community composition and biomass, which in turn may alter the strength of their top-down control soil bacteria under climate warming. </span></p>
Output files from SPEEDY v.42 ensembles described in the paper: "Multi-decadal pacemaker simulations with an intermediate-complexity climate model" by F. Molteni, F. Kucharski and R. Farneti (part 1 of 2)
<p>The monthly-mean output from SPEEDY v.42 ensembles (either driven by prescribed sea-surface temperature (SST) or coupled to the TOM3 model) consists of a series of IEEE little-endian binary files and metadata files in text format.<br> For each year of integration (indicated by a 4-digit number YYYY) and ensemble member (indicated by a 3-digit number NNN), two binary files are present, named:<br> • attmNNN_YYYY.grd, including data on the 120x60 grid-point atmospheric grid;<br> • sftmNNN_YYYY.grd, including data on the 360x180 grid-point surface grid.<br> The metadata for these files are contained in the text files <strong>attmEEE.ctl</strong> and <strong>sftmEEE.ctl</strong> respectively, where EEE is a 3-digit ensemble identifier (usually, but not necessarily, equal to one of the ensemble-member number NNN).</p> <p><br> This repository contains data from:</p> <ul> <li>(part 1) a 41-year 5-member ensemble (653) run with prescribed SST</li> <li>(part 2) a 70-year 5-member ensemble (104) run with the coupled SPEEDY-TOM3 model.</li> </ul> <p>Integration years are 1980 to 2020 for ensemble 653 and 1951 to 2020 for ensemble 104.</p> <p><br> The structure of the binary data and metadata files follows the conventions for gridded datasets set by the GrADS diagnostic and plotting package (developed by the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies of George Mason University), as described here:<br> http://cola.gmu.edu/grads/gadoc/aboutgriddeddata.html</p> <p><br> In addition to the COLA-GMU web site, free version of the GrADS package for different platforms can be downloaded from the OpenGrADS web site:<br> http://opengrads.org/</p> <p><br> Specifically, the SPEEDY v.42 output consists of sequential-access files where each record contains a two-dimensional field. Three-dimensional fields are stored as a sequence of consecutive records, one for each of the 8 pressure levels where model-level data are interpolated by the post-processing routines. For each month of the year:</p> <p><br> the <strong>attmNNN_YYYY.grd</strong> files contain a sequence of <strong>9 3-D variables and 26 2-D variables</strong>;<br> the <strong>sftmNNN_YYYY.grd</strong> files contain a sequence of <strong>21 2-D variables</strong>.</p> <p>Within each record, grid-point data are stored as a NLONxNLAT array with longitude varying from west to east and latitude varying from south to north. The list of variables and levels is specified in the <strong>attmEEE.ctl</strong> and s<strong>ftmEEE.ctl</strong> files. These files contain descriptors which allow the data of each ensemble to be accessed as a single dataset by the GrADS package.</p> <p>Although the metadata files are specific to the GrADS package, the binary data can be read by different types of code. As example of fortran90 instructions to read the content of the <strong>attmNNN_YYY.grd</strong> and <strong>sftmNNN_YYY.grd</strong> files for one year/ens.member is as follows:</p> <p>integer, parameter :: nlon=120<br> integer, parameter :: nlat=60<br> integer, parameter :: nlev=8<br> integer, parameter :: nlon0=360<br> integer, parameter :: nlat0=180</p> <p>integer :: jmonth, jvar3d, jvar2d, jlev<br> real :: fld3d(nlon,nlat,nlev)<br> real :: fld2d(nlon,nlat), fld0(nlon0,nlat0)</p> <p>open (unit=1, file=”attmNNN_YYY.grd”, form=”formatted”, access=”sequential”)<br> open (unit=2, file=”sftmNNN_YYY.grd”, form=”formatted”, access=”sequential”)</p> <p>do jmonth=1,12</p> <p> do jvar3d=1,9<br> do jlev=1,nlev<br> read (1) fld3d(:,:,jlev)<br> …………<br> enddo<br> enddo</p> <p> do jvar2d=1,26<br> read (1) fld2d(:,:)<br> ………<br> enddo</p> <p> do jvar2d=1,21<br> read (2) fld0(:,:)<br> ………<br> enddo</p> <p>enddo</p> <p>close (1)<br> close (2)</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Output files from SPEEDY v.42 ensembles described in the paper: "Multi-decadal pacemaker simulations with an intermediate-complexity climate model" by F. Molteni, F. Kucharski and R. Farneti (part 2 of 2)
<p>The monthly-mean output from SPEEDY v.42 ensembles (either driven by prescribed sea-surface temperature (SST) or coupled to the TOM3 model) consists of a series of IEEE little-endian binary files and metadata files in text format.<br> For each year of integration (indicated by a 4-digit number YYYY) and ensemble member (indicated by a 3-digit number NNN), two binary files are present, named:<br> • attmNNN_YYYY.grd, including data on the 120x60 grid-point atmospheric grid;<br> • sftmNNN_YYYY.grd, including data on the 360x180 grid-point surface grid.<br> The metadata for these files are contained in the text files <strong>attmEEE.ctl</strong> and <strong>sftmEEE.ctl</strong> respectively, where EEE is a 3-digit ensemble identifier (usually, but not necessarily, equal to one of the ensemble-member number NNN).</p> <p><br> This repository contains data from:</p> <ul> <li>(part 1) a 41-year 5-member ensemble (653) run with prescribed SST</li> <li>(part 2) a 70-year 5-member ensemble (104) run with the coupled SPEEDY-TOM3 model.</li> </ul> <p>Integration years are 1980 to 2020 for ensemble 653 and 1951 to 2020 for ensemble 104.</p> <p><br> The structure of the binary data and metadata files follows the conventions for gridded datasets set by the GrADS diagnostic and plotting package (developed by the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies of George Mason University), as described here:<br> http://cola.gmu.edu/grads/gadoc/aboutgriddeddata.html</p> <p><br> In addition to the COLA-GMU web site, free version of the GrADS package for different platforms can be downloaded from the OpenGrADS web site:<br> http://opengrads.org/</p> <p><br> Specifically, the SPEEDY v.42 output consists of sequential-access files where each record contains a two-dimensional field. Three-dimensional fields are stored as a sequence of consecutive records, one for each of the 8 pressure levels where model-level data are interpolated by the post-processing routines. For each month of the year:</p> <p><br> the <strong>attmNNN_YYYY.grd</strong> files contain a sequence of <strong>9 3-D variables and 26 2-D variables</strong>;<br> the <strong>sftmNNN_YYYY.grd</strong> files contain a sequence of <strong>21 2-D variables</strong>.</p> <p>Within each record, grid-point data are stored as a NLONxNLAT array with longitude varying from west to east and latitude varying from south to north. The list of variables and levels is specified in the <strong>attmEEE.ctl</strong> and s<strong>ftmEEE.ctl</strong> files. These files contain descriptors which allow the data of each ensemble to be accessed as a single dataset by the GrADS package.</p> <p>Although the metadata files are specific to the GrADS package, the binary data can be read by different types of code. As example of fortran90 instructions to read the content of the <strong>attmNNN_YYY.grd</strong> and <strong>sftmNNN_YYY.grd</strong> files for one year/ens.member is as follows:</p> <p>integer, parameter :: nlon=120<br> integer, parameter :: nlat=60<br> integer, parameter :: nlev=8<br> integer, parameter :: nlon0=360<br> integer, parameter :: nlat0=180</p> <p>integer :: jmonth, jvar3d, jvar2d, jlev<br> real :: fld3d(nlon,nlat,nlev)<br> real :: fld2d(nlon,nlat), fld0(nlon0,nlat0)</p> <p>open (unit=1, file=”attmNNN_YYY.grd”, form=”formatted”, access=”sequential”)<br> open (unit=2, file=”sftmNNN_YYY.grd”, form=”formatted”, access=”sequential”)</p> <p>do jmonth=1,12</p> <p> do jvar3d=1,9<br> do jlev=1,nlev<br> read (1) fld3d(:,:,jlev)<br> …………<br> enddo<br> enddo</p> <p> do jvar2d=1,26<br> read (1) fld2d(:,:)<br> ………<br> enddo</p> <p> do jvar2d=1,21<br> read (2) fld0(:,:)<br> ………<br> enddo</p> <p>enddo</p> <p>close (1)<br> close (2)</p>
Data, simulations/projections, and supporting materials for simulated hydrologic responses to climate-change projections for the Lake Tahoe basin: subbasin-scale results
<p>This dataset contains data, simulations, projections, and supporting materials associated with simulated hydrologic responses, at the scale of 60 subbasins comprising the Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada, to a 16-member ensemble of statistically-downscaled projections of climate change, 1950-2099. The process and results are described in detail in</p> <div>Dettinger, M., & Rajagopal, S., 2023, Simulated hydrologic responses to climate-change </div> <div>projections for the Lake Tahoe Basin: Desert Research Institute Publication 41292, 99 p.,</div> <div> </div> <div>which is included here. </div> <div> </div> <div>The dataset as presented here contains 6 files, including one large zipped file that itself contains some 1,975 files, mostly simple text files of data, simulation outputs, and analytical results organized into dozens and dozens of subdirectories to allow specific elements to be identified and isolated. Beyond this large collection, the zipped file also contains copies of the report(s), selected supporting documents, graphical files, codes, and copious #readme.txt files to orient the user. </div>
Data from: Resilience of an integrated crop-livestock system to climate change: a simulation analysis of cover crop grazing in southern Brazil
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Spatial uncertainty in herbarium data: Simulated displacement but not error distance alters estimates of phenological sensitivity to climate in a widespread California wildflower
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Data, simulations/projections, and supporting materials for simulated hydrologic responses to climate-change projections for the Lake Tahoe basin: subbasin-scale results
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Data from: Combining role-play with interactive simulation to motivate informed climate action: evidence from the World Climate simulation
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Data from: Climate-mediated hybrid zone movement revealed with genomics, museum collection and simulation modeling
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