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126 results for “Crocodylomorpha”
Figure 9. A in Early eusuchia crocodylomorpha from the vertebrate-rich Plattenkalk of Pietraroia (Lower Albian, southern Apennines, Italy)
Figure 9. A, anterior appendicular skeleton and pectoral girdle, composite figure photograph, and illustration of Pietraroiasuchus ormezzanoi. Coracoid is in internal view; humerus in ventral aspect; and scapula in internal view and note that its posterior edge is rectilinear. B, posterior appendicular skeleton and pelvic girdle, composite photograph and illustration.
Figure 11 in Early eusuchia crocodylomorpha from the vertebrate-rich Plattenkalk of Pietraroia (Lower Albian, southern Apennines, Italy)
Figure 11. Ventral osteoderms of Pietraroiasuchus ormezzanoi, specimen PC-1. The arrow points cranially.
Figure 3 in Early eusuchia crocodylomorpha from the vertebrate-rich Plattenkalk of Pietraroia (Lower Albian, southern Apennines, Italy)
Figure 3. Photograph of Pietraroiasuchus ormezzanoi (Lower Albian of Pietraroia Plattenkalk, Italy) specimen PC-2 exposed in dorsal aspect. The illustration of the skeleton is based on photographs of the specimen and drawn using Adobe Illustrator. 1, 2, and 3, ribs; I–VIII, osteoderms of the dorsal armour.
Figure 7. Composite figure with a in Early eusuchia crocodylomorpha from the vertebrate-rich Plattenkalk of Pietraroia (Lower Albian, southern Apennines, Italy)
Figure 7. Composite figure with a mounted photograph of the mandible and illustration of Pietraroiasuchus ormezzanoi.
Figure 12 in Early eusuchia crocodylomorpha from the vertebrate-rich Plattenkalk of Pietraroia (Lower Albian, southern Apennines, Italy)
Figure 12. Schematic drawing of surangular and jugal of Pachycheilosuchus trinquei from the Albian of the Glen Rose Formation (Texas). A, surangular in dorsal aspect (SMU#75299) and below, surangular in lateral aspect (SMU#75899). Cupped surface in grey. Note in lateral view, in grey a depressed area below a longitudinal crest. B, jugal in lateral and in medial aspects. Jugal proportions do not correspond to any particular specimen: the figure is a composite based on two specimens.
Figure 13 in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 13. Images of the histological cross section of the right femur SMNS 12596j. A, complete overview of the cross-section; B, C, close-up of the endosteal region under (B) normal and (C) polarized light; D, E, close-up of the periosteal region revealing the two annuli under (D) normal and (E) polarized light. Arrow heads indicate the laminae that form the annuli. Abbreviations: eb, endosteal bone; flb, fibrolamellar bone; mc, medullary cavity; vac, vascular canal.
Figure 14 in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 14. Time-calibrated SCT of 20 MPTs with 359 steps. Bremer supports above 1 and Bootstrap supports above 50 are indicated below and above each node, respectively. Consistency index (CI): 0.443; retention index (RI): 0.771. Individual mesoeucrocodylian taxa are omiưed for clarity. Silhoueưe of saltoposuchid modified from artwork of Jaime A. Headden published under a CC BY 3.0 license.
Figure 11 in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 11. Details of the cranial anatomy of Saltoposuchus connectens. A, frontals of SMNS 12597a in ventral view; B, less squamosal of SMNS 12596a in dorsal view; C, right squamosal of SMNS 12597b in ventral view; D, less quadrate of SMNS 12597b in posterolateral view; E, less quadrate of SMNS 12596a in anterolateral view; F, enlarged anterior maxillary tooth of SMNS 12352a in angled lateral view. Abbreviations: adp, anterodorsal process; ap, anterior process; dh, dorsal head; fr, frontal; iqf, internal quadrate fenestra; l., less; lcr, longitudinal crest; lr, longitudinal ridge; olb, olfactory bulb; otfl, otoccipital flange; paf, parietal facet; pmp, posteromedial process; pof, postorbital facet; ppeg, posterior peg; prff, prefrontal facet; ptfl, post-temporal flange; ptp, pterygoid process; ptra, pterygoid ramus; qf, quadrate facet; r., right; stfo, supratemporal fossa; vdp, ventrally directed process; vee, ventral end.
Figure 10. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12352. A, SMNS 12352a in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 10. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12352. A, SMNS 12352a with the snout region exposed in angled right lateral view; B, interpretative drawing of (A); C, opposite side of SMNS 12352a exposing the posterior portion of the less maxilla and lacrimal in angled lateral view; D, interpretative drawing of (C); E, SMNS 12352b, carpus and manus in dorsal view; F, interpretative drawing of (E); G, SMNS 12352b in medial view; H, interpretative drawing of (G). Abbreviations; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; dc, distal carpal; de, dentary; exp, extensor pit; fr, frontal; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; lad, lacrimal duct; mc, metacarpal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; ph, phalanx; pm, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; ra, radiale; ul, ulnare.
Figure 12 in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 12. Details of the postcranial anatomy of Saltoposuchus connectens. A, dorsal vertebral neural arch and dorsal rib of SMNS 12596c in ventral view; B, associated osteoderms of SMNS 12596c in dorsal view; C, sacral ribs and associated elements of SMNS 12597a in dorsal view; D, distal portion of right scapular blade of SMNS 12597a in lateral view; E, proximal end of right tibia of SMNS 12597a in proximal view; F, less tarsus and pes of SMNS 12597a with the calcaneum exposed in lateral view; G, close-up of less tarsus of SMNS 12597a; H, close-up of less pes of SMNS 12597a. Abbreviations: ane, anterior expansion; cal, calcaneum; calt, calcaneal tuber; cp, capitulum; dp, diapophysis; dt, distal tarsal; exp, extensor pit; fe, femur; fi, fibula; il, ilium; lam, lamina; latc, lateral condyle; le, lateral edge; lr, longitudinal ridge; me, medial edge; mt, metatarsal; no, notch; pap, parapophysis; ph, phalanx; pme, posterior extension; poe, posterior expansion; pofl, posterior flange; poz, postzygapophysis; os, osteoderm; r., right; sr, sacral rib; tb, tuberculum; ti, tibia; un, ungual.
Figure 9. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12591a. A in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 9. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12591a. A, skull and mandible in dorsal view; B, interpretative drawing of (A); C, ventral view; D, interpretative drawing of (C). Abbreviations: an, angular; antfo, antorbital fossa; bpp, basipterygoid process; crb, ceratobranchial I; de, dentary; ect, ectopterygoid; fr, frontal; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; pa, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pl, palatine; plf, palatine fossa; po, postorbital; pra, pre-articular; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; ptmr, pterygoid medial rim; sa, surangular; spl, splenial; sq, squamosal; vo, vomer.
Figure 7. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 55009, continued. A, B, C, D, E, F, SMNS 55009e in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 7. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 55009, continued. A, B, C, D, E, F, SMNS 55009e, right tibia in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views; G, H, SMNS 55009h, metatarsal block in (G) dorsal(?) and (H) opposing views; I, J, K, L, SMNS 55009g, right calcaneum in (I) medial, (J) lateral, (K) proximal, and (L) distal views. Abbreviations: als, anterolateral side; asf, astragalus facet; calt, calcaneal tuber; gr, groove; latc, lateral condyle; lg, longitudinal groove; mt, metatarsal; no, notch; pme, posterior extension; pms, posteromedial side; tr, trough.
Figure 8. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12591a. A in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 8. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12591a. A, skull and mandible in right lateral view; B, interpretative drawing of A; C, less lateral view; D, interpretative drawing of (C). Abbreviations: an, angular; cc, crista cranii; de, dentary; fr, frontal; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; ls, laterosphenoid; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; pa, parietal; pl, palatine; po, postorbital; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal.
Figure 5. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12596, continued. A, B, SMNS 12596g in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 5. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12596, continued. A, B, SMNS 12596g, right pubis in (A) anterior and (B) angled medial views; C, SMNS 12596h, right ischium exposed in dorsomedial view and two proximal caudal vertebrae exposed in dorsal view; D, SMNS 12596i, tentative less ulna in posteromedial view; E, F, G, H, SMNS 12596j, right femur in (E) posteromedial, (F) anterolateral, (G) proximal, and (H) distal views; I, proximal half of the right femur in posterolateral view; J, K, SMNS 12596k, right tibia and fibula, (J) with the tibia in posteromedial and the fibula in lateral(?) view and (K) with the tibia in anterolateral and the fibula in medial(?) view. Abbreviations: alcr, anterolateral crest; amt, anteromedial tuber; car, caudal rib; cav, caudal vertebra; cr, crest; crtf, crista tibiofibularis; fi, fibula; gr, groove; ilf, ilium facet; iss, ischial shass; lc, lateral condyle; ltr, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; no, notch; ns, neural spine; obf, obturator foramen; olp, olecranon process; os, osteoderm; poz, postzygapophysis; pr., proximal; prz, prezygapophysis; pus, pubic shass; put, pubic tubercle; r., right; ti, tibia; tr, trochanter.
Figure 4. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12596, continued. A, SMNS 12596d in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 4. Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12596, continued. A, SMNS 12596d, cervical vertebra exposed in less lateral view; B, interpretative drawing of (A); C, SMNS 12596e, posterior cervical or anterior dorsal vertebra exposed in an angled right anterolateral view; D, interpretative drawing of (C); E, SMNS 12596c, close-up of second sacral vertebra in right lateral view and osteoderm in dorsal view; F, interpretative drawing of (E); G, SMNS 12596f, proximal caudal vertebra block exposed in less lateral view; H, interpretative drawing of (G). Abbreviations: accs, accessory anterior spine; dp, diapophysis; izl, interzygapophyseal lamina; ncs, neurocentral suture; ns, neural spine; os, osteoderm; pap, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pofl, posterior flange; poz, postzygaphysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; sr, sacral rib; tp, transverse process.
Figure 3 in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 3. Part of Saltoposuchus connectens referred specimen SMNS 12596. A, SMNS 12596a, cranial block; B, SMNS 12596b, two dentaries exposed in ventrolateral view; C, SMNS 12596c exposing a less femur in anterolateral view; D, exposing the opposite side of SMNS 12596c, Abbreviations: de, dentary; dr, dorsal rib; dv, dorsal vertebra; fe, femur; ga, gastralia; l., less; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; os, osteoderm; q, quadrate; r., right; sq, squamosal; sr, sacral rib; sv, sacral vertebra; tp, transverse process.
Figure 2. Saltoposuchus connectens holotype specimen SMNS 12597a–d and referred specimens SMNS 12597e and SMNS 12597f. A, B, SMNS 12597a in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 2. Saltoposuchus connectens holotype specimen SMNS 12597a–d and referred specimens SMNS 12597e and SMNS 12597f. A, B, SMNS 12597a, main skeletal block in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views; C, SMNS 12597b, associated cranial elements; D, SMNS 12597d, articulated caudal vertebrae exposed in less lateral view; E, SMNS 12597c with two cervical vertebrae exposed in dorsal view, two dorsal vertebrae exposed in right lateral view, and an osteoderm exposed in dorsal view; F, SMNS 12597e, less angular exposed in medial view; G, H, SMNS 12597f, isolated right calcaneum in (G) medial and (H) lateral views. Abbreviations: an, angular; asf, astragular facet; ca., caudal; cal, calcaneum; calt, calcaneal tuber; cav, caudal vertebra; cev, cervical vertebra; ch, chevron; cp, capitulum; do., dorsal; dp, diapophysis; dr, dorsal rib; ds., distal; dt, distal tarsal; dv, dorsal vertebra; exp, extensor pit; fe, femur; fi, fibula; fr, frontal; gr, groove; il, ilium; j, jugal; l., less; mt, metatarsal; na, nasal; ncs, neurocentral suture; ns, neural spine; os, osteoderm; ot, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, parapophysis; ph, phalanx; pop, posterior process; poz, postzygapophysis; pr., proximal; pu, pubis; q, quadrate; r., right; sc, scapula; sq, squamosal; sr, sacral rib; tb, tuberculum; ti, tibia; un, ungual.
Figure 1 in A revision and histological investigation of Saltoposuchus connectens (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of south-western Germany
Figure 1. Map of Baden-Würưemberg, Germany, highlighting the occurrence of the Keuper in light grey and the position of Pfaffenhofen. Source data: hưps://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/168/4/859/2420732.
Data from: What's in an outgroup? The impact of outgroup choice on the phylogenetic position of Thalattosuchia (Crocodylomorpha) and the origin of Crocodyliformes
Outgroup sampling is a central issue in phylogenetic analysis. However, good justification is rarely given for outgroup selection in published analyses. Recent advances in our understanding of archosaur phylogeny suggest that many previous studies of crocodylomorph and crocodyliform relationships have rooted trees on outgroup taxa that are only very distantly related to the ingroup (e.g., Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum), or might actually belong within the ingroup. Thalattosuchia, a group of Mesozoic marine crocodylomorphs, has a controversial phylogenetic position—they are recovered as either the sister group to Crocodyliformes, in a basal position within Crocodyliformes, or nested high in the crocodyliform tree. Thalattosuchians lack several crocodyliform apomorphies, but share several character states with derived long-snouted forms with a similar ecological habit, suggesting their derived position may be the result of convergent evolution. Several of these "shared" characters may result from ambiguously worded character state definitions—structures that are superficially similar but anatomically different in detail are identically coded. A new analysis of crocodylomorphs with increased outgroup sampling recovers Thalattosuchia as the sister group to Crocodyliformes, distantly related to long-snouted crocodyliforms. I also demonstrate that expanding the outgroup sampling of previously published matrices results in the recovery of thalattosuchians as sister to Crocodyliformes. The exclusion of thalattosuchians from Crocodyliformes has numerous implications for large-scale evolutionary trends within the group, including extensive convergence in the evolution of the secondary palate characteristic of the group. These results demonstrate the importance of careful outgroup sampling and character construction, and their profound effect on the position of labile clades.
Figure 6 in Early eusuchia crocodylomorpha from the vertebrate-rich Plattenkalk of Pietraroia (Lower Albian, southern Apennines, Italy)
Figure 6. Detail of the choana of Pietraroiasuchus ormezzanoi, photograph and interpretation.
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