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854 results for “Disparity”
Data from: More than one way to be a giant: convergence and disparity in the hip joints of saurischian dinosaurs
<p>Saurischian dinosaurs evolved seven orders of magnitude in body mass, as well as a wide diversity of hip joint morphology and locomotor postures. The very largest saurischians possess incongruent bony hip joints, suggesting that large volumes of soft tissues mediated hip articulation. To understand the evolutionary trends and functional relationships between body size and hip anatomy of saurischians, we tested the relationships among discrete and continuous morphological characters using phylogenetically corrected regression. Giant theropods and sauropods convergently evolved highly cartilaginous hip joints by reducing supraacetabular ossifications, a condition unlike that in early dinosauromorphs. However, transitions in femoral and acetabular soft tissues indicate that large sauropods and theropods built their hip joints in fundamentally different ways. In sauropods, the femoral head possesses irregularly rugose subchondral surfaces for thick hyaline cartilage. Hip articulation was achieved primarily using the highly cartilaginous femoral head and the supraacetabular labrum on the acetabular ceiling. In contrast, theropods covered their femoral head and neck with thinner hyaline cartilage and maintained extensive articulation between the fibrocartilaginous femoral neck and the antitrochanter. These findings suggest that the hip joints of giant sauropods were built to sustain large compressive loads whereas those of giant theropods experienced compression and shear forces.</p>
Climate change exacerbates nutrient disparities from seafood
<p>Seafood is an important source of bioavailable micronutrients supporting human health, yet it is unclear how micronutrient production has changed in the past, or how climate change will influence its availability. Here, combining reconstructed fisheries databases and predictive models, we assess nutrient availability from fisheries and mariculture in the past, and project their futures under climate change. Since the 1990s, availabilities of iron, calcium and omega-3 from seafood for direct human consumption has increased but stagnated for protein. Under climate change, nutrient availability is projected to decrease disproportionately in tropical low-income countries that are already highly dependent on seafood-derived nutrients. At 4 oC of warming, nutrient availability is projected to decline by ~30% by 2100 in low income countries, while at 1.5 - 2.0 oC warming, decreases are projected to be ~10%. We demonstrate the importance of effective mitigation to support nutritional security of vulnerable nations and global health equity.</p>
Data from: Disparate home range dynamics reflect nutritional inadequacies on summer range for a large herbivore
<p>The spatial distribution of animals has consequences for nutrition, predator-prey dynamics, spread of diseases, and population dynamics in general. Animals must establish a home range to secure adequate resources to fuel their energetic needs. Home ranges, therefore, are temporally and spatially dynamic given the changing requirements of an animal and the availability of resources on the landscape. We used data from two populations of bighorn sheep with contrasting population dynamics following pneumonia epizootics and different habitat quality on their summer range to test the hypothesis that the distribution and size of home ranges are influenced by environmental conditions and reproductive status. We used a combination of data from 768 vegetation transects and remotely sensed metrics to index forage quality of consecutive biweekly home ranges for 27 bighorn sheep, June–August 2019–2021. There were population differences in space use that were consistent with resource limitations in the population declining in abundance. Animals in both populations increased the area of their space use through the summer in association with declining forage quality indexed by plant phenology. Furthermore, animals in the Whiskey Mountain population without live offspring used areas more than twice the size of animals with offspring, whereas there were no differences in the area of space use between animals with and without offspring in Jackson. We demonstrated that limitations young offspring impose on space use of a mother may have consequences for animals living where larger home ranges are needed to secure adequate resources—sheep in Whiskey Mountain had to travel 1,000 m from escape terrain to access the same amount of biomass that the Jackson sheep could access directly adjacent to escape terrain. Forage quality and availability influence movement and home range dynamics. In the presence of disease, movement and home range dynamics may influence pathogen transmission and persistence. Thus, forage availability may play an indirect role in population dynamics in the presence of disease, which is another line of evidence for how environmental and nutritional conditions may influence population dynamics of populations coping with disease.</p>
Highlighting health consequences of racial disparities sparks support for action
<p>Racial disparities arise across many vital areas of American life, including employment, health, and interpersonal treatment. For example, 1 in 3 Black children live in poverty (vs. 1 in 9 White children) and on average, Black Americans live 4 fewer years than White Americans. Which disparity is more likely to spark reduction efforts? We find that highlighting disparities in health-related (vs. economic) outcomes spurs greater social media engagement and support for disparity-mitigating policy. Further, reading about racial health disparities elicits greater support for action (e.g., protesting) than economic or belonging-based disparities. This occurs, in part, because people view health disparities as violating morally-sacred values which enhances perceived injustice. This work elucidates which manifestations of racial inequality are most likely to prompt Americans to action.</p>
Male-female disparity in clinical features and significance of mild vertebral fractures in community-dwelling residents aged 50 and over: A Japanese cohort survey randomly sampled from a basic resident registry
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Nitrogen dioxide exposure, health outcomes, and associated demographic disparities due to gas and propane combustion by US stoves
<p>Gas and propane stoves emit nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) pollution indoors, but the exposures of different U.S. demographic groups are unknown. We estimate NO<sub>2 </sub>exposure and health consequences using emissions and concentration measurements from >100 homes, a room-specific indoor air quality model, epidemiological risk parameters, and statistical sampling of published housing characteristics and occupant behavior. Gas and propane stoves increase long-term NO<sub>2</sub> exposure by an estimated 4.0 ppbv on average across the United States, 75% of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s exposure guideline. This increased exposure may cause approximately 50 thousand cases of current pediatric asthma from long-term NO<sub>2</sub> exposure alone. Short-term NO<sub>2</sub> exposure from typical gas stove use frequently exceeds both World Health Organization and U.S. EPA benchmarks. Residents of residences <800 ft<sup>2</sup> in size incur 4 times more long-term NO<sub>2</sub> exposure than residents of residences >3000 ft<sup>2</sup> in size; American Indian/Alaska Native and Black and Hispanic/Latino households incur 60% and 20% more NO<sub>2</sub> exposure, respectively, than the national average.</p>
Evolutionary modularity, integration and disparity in an accretionary skeleton: Analysis of venerid Bivalvia
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Modular evolution, the relatively independent evolution of body parts, may promote high morphological disparity in a clade. Conversely, integrated evolution via the stronger covariation of parts may limit disparity. However, integration can also promote high disparity by channeling morphological evolution along lines of least resistance—a process that may be particularly important in the accumulation of disparity among organisms with accretionary growth, as in many invertebrate systems. We use a time-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis and high-density, 3D semilandmarking to analyze the relationship between modularity, integration, and disparity in the most diverse extant bivalve family: the Veneridae. In general, venerids have a simple, two-module parcellation of body features that is divided into features of the calcium carbonate shell and features of the internal soft anatomy. This division falls more along developmental than functional lines when placed in the context of bivalve evolutionary-development and biomechanics. While the venerid body is tightly integrated in absolute terms, increasing modularity strength among subclades and ecologies appears to correlate with increasing disparity, indicating that shifts towards more mosaic evolution beget higher morphologic variance in this speciose family.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Impacts of wind power on air quality, premature mortality, and exposure disparities in the United States
<p>This repo includes supporting material for the publication:</p> <p>Qiu, M., Zigler, C. M., & Selin, N. E. (2022). Impacts of wind power on air quality, premature mortality, and exposure disparities in the United States. <em>Science Advances</em>, <em>8</em>(48), eabn8762.</p> <p>Please download and unzip the file "<a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/bef77248-ca65-4ae6-9a92-ad00fc068665/mhqiu/wind_pollution_EJ-v1.0.zip?versionId=a9b5b8e9-273c-4431-a101-4f9a4c331675">mhqiu/wind_pollution_EJ-v1.0.zip</a>". Please see README for a full description of the sample data included in this repo. </p> <p><strong>README</strong></p> <p><strong>1. Regression results: </strong><br> <em>EGU_regression_scenario_results.xlsx </em><br> It includes regression results for each EGU in our sample (1264 EGUs in total). </p> <p><strong>2. Air quality simulation results:</strong><br> <strong>2.1 GEOS-Chem simulation</strong><br> <em>GC_daily_pm25_o3_scenarios.nc </em><br> It contains surface level annual mean PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 concentration under different emission scenarios. We include four scenarios in total:<br> - baseline scenario: air quality **without** the amount of wind power associated with 2014 RPS targets <br> - expost scenario: air quality with the wind power associated with 2014 RPS targets under the current dispatch decisions<br> - health damage minimizing scenario: air quality with the wind power associated with 2014 RPS targets under a hypothetical dispatch scenario that minimizes the health damage<br> - CO2 minimizing scenario: air quality with the wind power associated with 2014 RPS targets under a hypothetical dispatch scenario that minimizes the CO2 emissions</p> <p>Therefore, to calculate the air quality impacts of wind power under different dispatch decisions: <br> current (ex post) = ex post - baseline. <br> health damage minimizing = health damage minimizing - baseline. <br> CO2 minimizing scenario = CO2 minimizing - baseline. </p> <p><strong>2.2 InMAP simulations</strong><br> <em>InMAP/xx.shp </em><br> The shapefiles contain annual mean PM2.5 concentration simulated with InMAP under different emission scenarios. <br> baseline.shp: baseline scenario <br> ex post.shp: ex post scenario <br> health_damage_minimizing.shp: health damage minimizing scenario <br> co2_minimizing.shp: CO2 minimizing scenario</p> <p>Descriptions of the four scenarios are the same as above for GEOS-Chem.</p> <p><strong>3. County-level air quality change for different demographic groups (GEOS-Chem)</strong><br> <em>county_pm_o3_changes_by_groups_GEOS_CHEM.xlsx </em><br> This file contains changes in county-level simulated PM2.5 and O3 concentrations due to wind power under different scenarios. It also includes the total population at the county level and the population for each subgroup. This data can be used to calculate the distributional effects of air quality benefits across different population groups.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Climate, competition, and the rise of mosasauroid ecomorphological disparity
Mosasauroidea, important marine lizards (Squamata, Toxicofera) of the final 30 million years of the Cretaceous, have been extensively studied for their morphology, ecology, and systematics in the past two centuries. However, the relative roles of biological and physical processes as drivers of their morphological diversification remains uncertain. Here we investigate the macroevolution of mosasauroid feeding and locomotory disparity using continuous characters measured from the mandible and forelimb. Patterns of morphospace occupation demonstrate important roles for innovation and niche partitioning in driving morphological disparity. The early evolution of Mosasauroidea is characterised by strong shifts in morphology, demonstrating the importance of elongation of the mandibular biting area and hydropedality. The later diversification of derived Mosasaurinae and Plioplatecarpinae is associated with a great expansion of morphospace, attributed to the acquisition of novel feeding and locomotory strategies. Temporally, disparity follows a top-heavy profile, possibly reflecting opportunism in the wake of the Cenomanian–Turonian anoxic event. The highest levels of disparity are found in the latest Cretaceous, caused by the radiation of derived mosasaurids alongside the persistence of more basal forms. Major morphological innovations are not associated with evolutionary rate shifts, which differentiates them from earlier marine reptiles, and may reflect constant and greater niche occupation in Late Cretaceous oceans. Linear modelling of potential physical drivers indicates a minor role for these processes, suggesting that biological drivers were the primary sculptors of mosasauroid morphological disparity.
Specimen alignment with limited point-based homology: 3D morphometrics of disparate bivalve shells (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
<p>Supplemental data and code for Edie, Collins, and Jablonski, Specimen alignment with limited point-based homology: 3D morphometrics of disparate bivalve shells (Mollusca: Bivalvia).</p>
Seasonal dynamics in the mammalian microbiome between disparate environments
<p>Host-associated bacterial microbiomes can facilitate host acclimation to seasonal environmental change and are hypothesized to help hosts cope with recent anthropogenic environmental perturbations (e.g., landscape modification). However, it is unclear how recurrent and recent forms of environmental change interact to shape variation in the microbiome. The majority of wildlife microbiome research occurs within a single seasonal context. Meanwhile, the few studies of seasonal variation in the microbiome often restrict focus to a single environmental context. By sampling urban and exurban eastern grey squirrel populations in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter, we explored whether seasonal rhythms in the grey squirrel gut microbiome differed across environments using a 16S amplicon sequencing approach. Differences in the microbiome between urban and exurban squirrels persisted across most of the year, which we hypothesize is linked to anthropogenic food consumption; but we also observed similarities in the urban and exurban grey squirrel microbiome during the autumn, which we attribute to engrained seed caching instincts in preparation for the winter. Host behaviour and diet selection may therefore be capable of maintaining similarities in microbiome structure between disparate environments. However, the depletion of an obligate host mucin glycan specialist (Akkermansia) during the winter in both urban and exurban squirrels was among the strongest differential abundance patterns we observed. In summary, urban grey squirrels showed different seasonal patterns in their microbiome than squirrels from exurban forests, however, in some instances host behaviour and physiological responses might be capable of maintaining similar microbiome responses across seasons. </p>
Monohystera dispar Bastian in Beiträge zur geographischen Verbreitung freilebender Nematoden
Monohystera dispar Bastian
Comparative genome analysis of Lactococcus lactis indicates niche adaptation and resolves genotype/phenotype disparity
<p>This publication describes the comparative genome analysis of 43 L. lactis strains</p> <p>The data stored here are individual alignments (alignments.zip) and the output files from gene trait matching (GTM_output.zip) used in this study.</p>
Inorganic Arsenic Exposure Induces Sex Disparate Effects and Exacerbates Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Female Heart
<p>Supplemental Tables S1-S3. <em>Echocardiographic parameters for male and female hearts, pre- and post-iAS exposure to 0 ppb (control), 10 ppb, 100 ppb or 1000 ppb iAS for four weeks.</em></p>
FIGURE 5 in Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969
FIGURE 5. Eoanomala melas gen. and sp. nov. USNM # 595155. Scale bar equals 5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969
FIGURE 1. Anthrax succini sp. nov., USNM # 508762. Scale bar equals 2 mm.
How to assess similarities and differences between mantle circulation models and Earth using disparate independent observations: Data and Analysis
<p>Dataset includes simulation output produced by a TERRA simulation for `How to assess similarities and differences between mantle circulation models and Earth using disparate independent observations'. </p> <p> </p> <h3><strong>Description of data file contents</strong></h3> <ul> <li><strong>NC*comp.tar.gz</strong> - compressed archives containing NetCDF files (file-per-process) with TERRA grid data including temperature, velocity, interpolated bulk composition, denisty, and voscosity fields. Can be read using <a title="terratools" href="https://github.com/mantle-convection-constrained/terratools" target="_blank" rel="noopener">terratools</a>. *dump number</li> <li><strong>NC_seis_037.tar.gz</strong> - compressed archive containing NetCDF files (file-per-process) with predicted seismic properties at the resolution of the TERRA grid generated from the present day state of the simulated mantle, including elastic and anelastic Vs and Vp, bulk sound velocity, and predicted density from mineral phyiscs tables. Can be read using <a title="terratools" href="https://github.com/mantle-convection-constrained/terratools" target="_blank" rel="noopener">terratools</a>.</li> <li><strong>NC_hpes_037.tar.gz</strong> - compressed archive containing NetCDF files (file-per-process) with interpolated abundances at the resolution of the TERRA grid for isotopes including the heat-producing elements ^40^K, ^232^Th, ^235^U and ^238^U. Can be read using <a title="terratools" href="https://github.com/mantle-convection-constrained/terratools" target="_blank" rel="noopener">terratools</a>.</li> <li><strong>P_files_037.tar.gz</strong> - compressed archive of TERRA P-files (particle files).</li> <li><strong>C_files_037.tar.gz</strong> - compressed archive of TERRA C-files (grid state files) - together with the P-files describe the full present day state of the simulation. </li> <li><strong>seis_filtered_037.tar.gz</strong> - compressed archive (file-per-layer) with reparameterised and seismically filtered (against S40RTS) present day Vs field.</li> <li><strong>seis_tables.tar.gz</strong> - compressed archive contianing lookup tables of seismic properties for the 3 principal lithologies assumed in the TERRA simulation (harzburgite, lherzolite and basaltic crust).</li> <li><strong>density_037.sph</strong> - Spherical harmonic coefficients for the density field in format to be read by the <a title="propagator" href="https://zenodo.org/records/12696774" target="_blank" rel="noopener">propagator matrix code.</a></li> <li><strong>plumes.pkl, ridges.pkl</strong> - Files containing tracer particle information for particles associated with plumes and ridges. </li> <li><strong>plumes_ridges.py</strong> - Python script containing example code for reading and plotting plumes.pkl and ridges.pkl files. </li> <li><strong>ptcls_rdgs_plms.py, interrogate_particles.py</strong> - Python script and module containing required functions for carrying out post processing routine generating the plumes.pkl and ridges.pkl files. Requires <a title="terratools" href="https://github.com/mantle-convection-constrained/terratools" target="_blank" rel="noopener">terratools</a>.</li> <li><strong>hst.dat </strong>- Time series of key simulation properties including mantle temperature profile used for calcualting CMB heat flux. </li> <li><strong>terra, interra</strong> - TERRA executable and input parameter file.</li> <li><strong>pyflowng.zip</strong> - Compressed directory containing version of the `pyflowng` code used in this work.</li> <li><strong>mode_splitting_methods.zip</strong> - Compressed directory contianing synthetic splitting function predictions and maps.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <h3><strong>Dump Numbers</strong></h3> <p>Below is a table of dump numbers (final three digits of file names) and the corresponding model times.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Dump number </strong></td> <td><strong>Model time (Ma)</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>037</td> <td>0 (present day)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>027</td> <td>10</td> </tr> <tr> <td>026</td> <td>20</td> </tr> <tr> <td>025</td> <td>30</td> </tr> <tr> <td>024</td> <td>40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>023</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>022</td> <td>60</td> </tr> <tr> <td>021</td> <td>70 </td> </tr> <tr> <td>020</td> <td>80</td> </tr> <tr> <td>019</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>018</td> <td>100</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Data for paper Economic disparity among generations under Paris Agreement
<p>The datasets here are used to replicate the results Economic disparity among generations under Paris Agreement in paper, using the code available at https://github.com/climate-change-ucsb/generation-disparity</p> <p>The file age structure.csv is used to generate the Figure 2e in the paper, and is derived from SSP database. </p> <p>The ZIP file data.zip is the data used to calculate the benefits of climate change mitigation, which is needed for replicating the results in https://github.com/climate-change-ucsb/generation-disparity. The original source of this data is on https://github.com/country-level-scc/cscc-paper-2018/tree/master/data.</p> <p>The ZIP file gadm28_levels.shp.zip is the shapefile fo country boundaries, and is available at https://gadm.org/.</p> <p>cytemp is the data file generated by using the code and data in https://github.com/wmadavis/BDD2018 using the 02DataProcessing.R scripts (https://github.com/wmadavis/BDD2018/blob/master/scripts/02DataProcessing.R).</p> <p>Population structure.xlsx is the data used to derive the age structure.csv, and can be accessed from UN population prospect.</p> <p>Life expectancy at birth.xls is available at world bank open data.</p> <p>temp.csv is the temperature change from 2020 to 2100 in 169 countries.</p>
Aquatic beetles influence colonization of disparate taxa in small lentic systems
<p>Structure of natural communities is shaped by both abiotic characteristics and by the ongoing processes of community assembly. Important to this process are the habitat selection behaviors and subsequent survival of colonists, both in the context of temporal changes in the abiotic characteristics and priority effects driven by earlier colonists. Aquatic beetles are prevalent in temporary freshwater systems, form speciose assemblages, and are often early colonists of temporary ponds. While beetles have the potential to influence community structure through post-colonization interactions (predation and competition), our goal was to determine whether the presence of beetle assemblages (versus patches without beetles) influence the colonization and oviposition of a diverse group of animals in a naturally-colonized experimental landscape. We established mesocosms that either contained existing beetle assemblages or contained no beetles and assessed abundances of subsequent colonists. Treefrogs, <em>Hyla chrysoscelis</em>, and mosquitoes, <em>Culex restuans</em>, both deposited fewer eggs in patches containing beetle assemblages, while two beetles, <em>Copelatus glyphicus</em> and <em>Paracymus</em>, colonized those patches at lower rates. One beetle, <em>Helophorus linearis</em>, colonized patches containing beetle assemblages at higher rates, while two beetles, <em>Berosus infuscatus</em> and <em>Tropisternus lateralis</em>, exhibited no colonization differences between treatments. Overall, there were no differences in the assemblage structure or richness of beetles that colonized patches. Our results illustrate the importance of species-specific habitat selection behavior in determining the species composition of habitat patches, while emphasizing the role of priority effects in influencing patterns of community assembly. Habitat selection in response to abiotic and biotic characteristics of habitat patches can potentially create greater spatiotemporal niche separation among the numerous, often closely-related species (phylogenetically and trophically), that can be simultaneously found in similar patches across landscapes.</p>
Analyzing disparity and rates of morphological evolution with model-based phylogenetic comparative methods
<p>Understanding variation in rates of evolution and morphological disparity is a goal of macroevolutionary research. In a phylogenetic comparative methods framework, we present three explicit models for linking the rate of evolution of a trait to the state of another evolving trait. This allows testing hypotheses about causal influences on rates of phenotypic evolution with phylogenetic comparative data. We develop a statistical framework for fitting the models with generalized least-squares regression, and use this to discuss issues and limitations in the study of rates of evolution more generally. We show that the power to detect effects on rates of evolution is low in that even strong causal effects are unlikely to explain more than a few percent of observed variance in disparity. We illustrate the models and issues by testing if rates of beak-shape evolution in birds are influenced by brain size, as may be predicted from a Baldwin effect in which presumptively more behaviorally flexible large-brained species generate more novel selection on themselves leading to higher rates of evolution. From an analysis of morphometric data for 645 species we find evidence that both macro- and microevolution of the beak are faster in birds with larger brains, but with the caveat that there are no consistent effects of relative brain size.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.