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FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte

FIGURE 1. Larval habitat (Note the protruding rocks, the grasses overhanging from the top of rocks, and the surface of road near the rocks which is covered with water).

FIGURE 29 in Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte

FIGURE 29. Larva: left antenna detail segment 3 and sense cone. Scale bar = 43 μm. A3, antennal segment 3; SC, sense cone.

FIGURE 25 in Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte

FIGURE 25. Larva: head anterior half dorsal. Scale bar = 0.43mm. A, antenna; AM, antennal membrane; S, stemmata; M, mandible.

FIGURE 28 in Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte

FIGURE 28. Larva: apical segments of left antenna from below. Scale bar = 150 μm. A1-A3, antennal segments 1-3; SC, sense cone antenna.

FIGURE 24 in Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte

FIGURE 24. Larva: head, semidiagrammatic, dorsal surface, antennae and mandibles only. M mandible; A1-A3 antennal segments 1-3; S stemmata.

FIGURE 41 in Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte

FIGURE 41. Adult male: aedeagus left lateral, anterior end to left, detail apex ML and LL. Scale bar = 250 μm.

FIGURE 26 in Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte

FIGURE 26. Larva: head, anterior half, ventral. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. L, lacinia; LP, labial palp; MP, maxillary palp; PM, prementum; POM, postmentum.

FIGURE 31 in Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte

FIGURE 31. Larva: dorsolateral view, apices maxillary and labial palpi. Scale bar = 120μm. LA, lacinia; LP, labial palp; MP, maxillary palp.

FIGURE 4 in Optical characterization and redescription of the South Pacific firefly Bourgeoisia hypocrita Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae)

FIGURE 4. Bourgeoisia hypocrita: Optical characteristics of adult female (black line) and eggs (grey line) methanol extracts. (A) Relative fluorescence intensity (exc. 380 nm) and (B) Relative absorbance. Spectra were smoothed as described in the methods. Dotted lines mark 400, 450 or 500 nm for reference.

FIGURE 5 in Optical characterization and redescription of the South Pacific firefly Bourgeoisia hypocrita Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae)

FIGURE 5. Bourgeoisia hypocrita: (A) ventral view of male with details on (F) pronotum, (G) head anterior and (H) head anterolateral with arrows indicating eye emargination, and (K) male head ventral. Luciola atra type: (B) ventral view and (C) dorsal view, with (J) details of original type labels. Luciola hypocrita type: (D) dorsal view and (E) dorsal pronotum, with (I) details of original type labels. A, F–H from QM specimen; K from ANIC specimen; B–E, I, J from MNHN specimen. Scale bars are 1 mm

FIGURE 3 in Optical characterization and redescription of the South Pacific firefly Bourgeoisia hypocrita Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae)

FIGURE 3. Bourgeoisia hypocrita (female): Views in bright field and epifluorescence of (A-B) full individual with light organ in the abdominal section, (C–D) ventral front section, (E–F) ventral back section with close-up (insert) of luminous organ showing autofluorescent cells by transparency, and (G–H) recently laid eggs. Scale bars are 2 mm (A–B), 0.7 mm (C–D), 0.5 mm (E–H) and 0.1 mm for insert.

FIGURE 2 in Optical characterization and redescription of the South Pacific firefly Bourgeoisia hypocrita Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae)

FIGURE 2. Bourgeoisia hypocrita: Relative intensity emission spectra of bioluminescence for three individuals. Spectra were smoothed as described in the methods. Dotted lines mark 550 nm and 600 nm for reference. Spectra peaks at 575–580 nm and has two shoulders (545–550 nm and 585-605 nm) that can be more or less pronounced.

FIGURE 1 in Optical characterization and redescription of the South Pacific firefly Bourgeoisia hypocrita Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae)

FIGURE 1. Bourgeoisia hypocrita: Typical time course over 5 min of spontaneous bioluminescence produced by three individuals separately.

FIGURE 7 in Emeia gen. nov., a new genus of Luciolinae fireflies from China (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) with an unusual trilobite-like larva, and a redescription of the genus Curtos Motschulsky

FIGURE 7. Majority rule tree, consensus of 169 MPT of length 5609 from phylogenetic analysis of 143 taxa and 436 morphological characters in Appendix 2. Part 1 Nodes 1–34. Node numbers red, bold, italics. Undescribed species in red, bold with identification numbers blue, bold, italics.

FIGURES 26–30. Emeia pseudosauteri fifth instar larva SEMs. 26, 27 head. 28 maxillary palp. 29 apex apical maxillary palpomere. 30 in Emeia gen. nov., a new genus of Luciolinae fireflies from China (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) with an unusual trilobite-like larva, and a redescription of the genus Curtos Motschulsky

FIGURES 26–30. Emeia pseudosauteri fifth instar larva SEMs. 26, 27 head. 28 maxillary palp. 29 apex apical maxillary palpomere. 30 body. (27, 28 ventral, 26, 30 dorsal).

FIGURES 1–6. Habitus Emeia pseudosauteri. 1, 2 in Emeia gen. nov., a new genus of Luciolinae fireflies from China (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) with an unusual trilobite-like larva, and a redescription of the genus Curtos Motschulsky

FIGURES 1–6. Habitus Emeia pseudosauteri. 1, 2 male; 3, 4 female; 5, 6 larva (1, 3, 5 dorsal; 2, 4, 6 ventral) (Scale bar= 5mm).

FIGURES 43–49 in Emeia gen. nov., a new genus of Luciolinae fireflies from China (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) with an unusual trilobite-like larva, and a redescription of the genus Curtos Motschulsky

FIGURES 43–49. Characters and states. Adult males and females. 43 Luciola aquatilis Thancharoen: T8, aedeagal sheath, and sclerites surrounding sheath (T8=tergite 8; 1, 2, 3= sclerites right side, ventral and left side in order; AS=aedeagal sheath; AE=aedeagus). 44 Luciola cingulata Olivier holotype male terminal abdomen (MCSN). 45 Luciola near substriata terminal abdomen (ANIC). 46, 47 undescribed species 8 Figure 2 number 20: 46 male abdomen; 47 female genitalia anterior end to right (styli arrowed). 48, 49 Male of undescribed species New Caledonia 2 Figure 7 number 18: 48, 49 head (ANIC). (43–47 ventral; 48 left lateral; 49 dorsal). (Scale bar= 1mm)

FIGURES 50–55. Characters and states. Larvae. 50, 51 in Emeia gen. nov., a new genus of Luciolinae fireflies from China (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) with an unusual trilobite-like larva, and a redescription of the genus Curtos Motschulsky

FIGURES 50–55. Characters and states. Larvae. 50, 51 Luciola hypocrita Olivier: 50 metatergum and abdominal terga 1–7; 51 thoracic terga 1–3 (ANIC). 52, 53, 54, 55 undescribed species New Caledonia 1 Figure 7 number 17: 52 abdominal terga 1–5 (projections along posterior margin at sides of median line arrowed); 53 thoracic terga 1–3; 54 abdominal segments 1–5 (posterior projections of laterotergites, laterosternites and median sternal plates arrowed in order from outside in). 55 brush of hairs at apex of tibiotarsi legs 2, 3 (QMBA). (50–53 dorsal; 54 ventral; 55 lateral). (Scale bar= 1mm).

FIGURE 9 in Emeia gen. nov., a new genus of Luciolinae fireflies from China (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) with an unusual trilobite-like larva, and a redescription of the genus Curtos Motschulsky

FIGURE 9. Majority rule tree, consensus of 169 MPT of length 5609 from phylogenetic analysis of 143 taxa and 436 morphological characters in Appendix 2. Part 3 nodes 55–76. Node numbers red, bold, italics. Undescribed species in red, bold with identification numbers blue, bold, italics.

FIGURES 16–25. Emeia pseudosauteri male 16–22, female 23–25. 16, 17 in Emeia gen. nov., a new genus of Luciolinae fireflies from China (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) with an unusual trilobite-like larva, and a redescription of the genus Curtos Motschulsky

FIGURES 16–25. Emeia pseudosauteri male 16–22, female 23–25. 16, 17 aedeagal sheath (right margin of posterior section of sheath sternite arrowed in 16). 18, 19 aedeagus. 20–21 entire abdomen. 22 T8. 23 genitalia, anterior end to top of page. 24, 25 female after prolonged soaking in ethanol, illuminated from below (extent of hind wing arrowed in 24). (16, 18, 20 22, 24 ventral, 17, 19, 21, 25 dorsal).(Scale bar= 1mm).