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FIGURE 5 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 5. CT-scan reconstruction of Parvavorodon gheerbranti Solé et al., 2014b from Chambi CBI-1 (Tunisia); CBI-1-613, left dentary bearing dp4, m1, alveoli of dp3 and m2, and distal alveolus of dp2?. 1, occlusal view; 2, parasagittal slice showing the roots of the dp4 and m1. Note the absence of germ below dp3 and dp4. Scale bar equal 2 mm.

FIGURE 7 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 7. Masrasector cf. ligabuei from Bir el Ater (Algeria). 1-2, UON 84-360, right M1or2 in occlusal (1) and labial (2) views. 3-4, UON 84-361, right M3 in lingual (3) and occlusal (4) views. 5-7, UON 84-397, right p3 in occlusal (5), lingual (6) and labial (7) views. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 9. 1 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 9. 1, geographic distribution of the Faunal Assemblages (see text). 2, stratigraphic distribution of Tinerhodon and hyaenodont subfamilies in Africa during Paleocene and Eocene, and of the faunal assemblages regarding the main climatic events and mammal appearances. Note the gap in the fossil record of the Koholiinae. Abbreviations: Barton.= Bartonian; EECO: Early Eocene Climatic Optimum; MECO: Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum; PETM: Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum; Priabon.= Priabonian; Seland.= Selandian; Thanet.= Thanetian.

FIGURE 1. 1 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 1. 1, localisation of the African fossiliferous localities that yielded Paleocene and Eocene hyaenodonts (see Table 1); 1: Ouled Abdoun Basin (Morocco); 2: Ouarzazate Basin (Morocco); 3: El Kohol (Algeria); 4: Gour Lazib (Algeria); 5: Chambi (Tunisia); 6: Black Crow locality from Sperrgebiet (Namibia); 7: Bir el Ater (Algeria); 8: Dur atTalah (Libya); 9: Fayum Province = Birket Qarun Locality 2, Jebel Qatrani, and Qasr el-Sagha Formation (Egypt); 10: Taqah (Oman). 2, correlation of Eocene localities including hyaenodonts (see Table 1) [adapted from Coster et al. (2012, figure 1) and Seiffert (2010, figure 2.1)]. The black circles (1) and the names in Bold Italic (2) identify the localities under study. Abbreviations: Barton.= Bartonian; Priabon.= Priabonian; Seland.= Selandian; Thanet.= Thanetian.

FIGURE 8. Teratodontinae indet. 1 from Chambi CBI-1 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 8. Teratodontinae indet. 1 from Chambi CBI-1 (Tunisia). 1-2, CBI-1-614, right P4 in occlusal (1) and labial (2) views. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

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Fig. 2. Fossil locality and depositional environment. A in The Early Cambrian origin of thylacocephalan arthropods

Fig. 2. Fossil locality and depositional environment. A. Simplified paleogeographic map of the Yangtze Platform during the Sinian–Cambrian boundary showing main facies distribution (asterisk for fossil locality). B. Alternating siltstones−mudstones layers at Shankoucun (Maotianshan Shale, Lower Cambrian). Map after Zhu et al. (2003; simplified). bg, background mudstone; se, single−event mudstone (see explanation in text).

Fig. 10 in Fossil water scavenger beetles of the subtribe Hydrobiusina (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from the Late Oligocene locality of Aix-en-Provence (France)

Fig. 10. Distribution of recent and fossil species of the genus Limnoxenus. F – Late Oligocene record of L. olenus sp. nov.

Figs. 7–8 in Fossil water scavenger beetles of the subtribe Hydrobiusina (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from the Late Oligocene locality of Aix-en-Provence (France)

Figs. 7–8. 'Hydrobius' obsoletus Heer, 1856, holotype (7 – photograph in the light from above; 8 – photograph in the light from side).

Figs. 3–6 in Fossil water scavenger beetles of the subtribe Hydrobiusina (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from the Late Oligocene locality of Aix-en-Provence (France)

Figs. 3–6. Limnoxenus olenus sp. nov. 3–4 – holotype (3 – part, 4 – counterpart); 5–6 – paratype (5 – part, 6 – counterpart).

Figs. 1–2 in Fossil water scavenger beetles of the subtribe Hydrobiusina (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from the Late Oligocene locality of Aix-en-Provence (France)

Figs. 1–2. Limnoxenus olenus sp. nov., holotype (1 – part, 2 – counterpart). Abbreviations: aps – anapleural suture; aes3 – anepisternum 3; cxc2 – mesocoxal cavities; fcs – frontoclypeal suture; guls – gular suture; mxp4 – maxillary palpomere 4; msd – mesoventrite depression; msv – mesoventrite; mt – mentum; mtv – metaventrite; prc – prosternal carina; sc – scutellar shield; sstr – elytral sutural stria; tf – transverse fold of prothorax.

Fig. 9 in Fossil water scavenger beetles of the subtribe Hydrobiusina (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from the Late Oligocene locality of Aix-en-Provence (France)

Fig. 9. Single most parsimonous tree of the analysis using implied weighting. Full dot: unique (syn)apomorphy, empty dot: homoplasy or reversal apomorphy. Only the part of the tree containing the species of Hydrobiusina is shown.

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Text-fig. 3 Ternary diagram of the relative abundance (in %) of juvenile, prime adult, and old adult specimens in samples of Castor fiber (data from Table 3). The red dots indicate the Pleistocene samples of Bilzingsleben II (B), Weimar- Ehringsdorf (E), and Weimar-Taubach (T), the black dot represents an extant population from Telemark in Norway (data from Campbell 2009). Abbreviations of zones (after Discamps and Costamagno 2015): JOP – Juveniles-Old-Prime dominated zone, JPO – Juveniles-Prime-Old dominated zone, O – Old dominated zone, P – Prime dominated zone. The diagram shows the position of all three fossil samples in the prime dominated zone. in Mortality Profiles Of Castor And Trogontherium (Mammalia: Rodentia, Castoridae), With Notes On The Site Formation Of The Mid-Pleistocene Hominin Locality Bilzingsleben Ii (Thuringia, Central Germany)

Text-fig. 3 Ternary diagram of the relative abundance (in %) of juvenile, prime adult, and old adult specimens in samples of Castor fiber (data from Table 3). The red dots indicate the Pleistocene samples of Bilzingsleben II (B), Weimar- Ehringsdorf (E), and Weimar-Taubach (T), the black dot represents an extant population from Telemark in Norway (data from Campbell 2009). Abbreviations of zones (after Discamps and Costamagno 2015): JOP – Juveniles-Old-Prime dominated zone, JPO – Juveniles-Prime-Old dominated zone, O – Old dominated zone, P – Prime dominated zone. The diagram shows the position of all three fossil samples in the prime dominated zone.

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Text-fig. 4. Mortality profile (relative abundance of age groups) of Trogontherium based on dp4 and p4 from the fossil sites of Bilzingsleben II, Mosbach 2 and Tegelen. Data from Table 4. in Mortality Profiles Of Castor And Trogontherium (Mammalia: Rodentia, Castoridae), With Notes On The Site Formation Of The Mid-Pleistocene Hominin Locality Bilzingsleben Ii (Thuringia, Central Germany)

Text-fig. 4. Mortality profile (relative abundance of age groups) of Trogontherium based on dp4 and p4 from the fossil sites of Bilzingsleben II, Mosbach 2 and Tegelen. Data from Table 4.

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Text-fig. 4. Stratigraphic correlation of the five major fossil-bearing localities in the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – loesses and soils, 2 – unlaminated loams, 3 – laminated loams, 4 – clays, 5 – sands, 6 – gravels, 7 – carbonate concretions, 8 – mollusk shells, 9 – small mammal remains, 10 – insect remains, 11 – plant macroremains. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 4. Stratigraphic correlation of the five major fossil-bearing localities in the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – loesses and soils, 2 – unlaminated loams, 3 – laminated loams, 4 – clays, 5 – sands, 6 – gravels, 7 – carbonate concretions, 8 – mollusk shells, 9 – small mammal remains, 10 – insect remains, 11 – plant macroremains.

FIG. 5. — A in Silicified angiosperm wood from the Dangu locality (Ypresian of the Gisors region, Eure, France) - final part: the problem of palaeoclimate reconstruction based on fossil wood

FIG. 5. — A, Dichrostachyoxylon cf. zirkelii (SY7), cross-section; B, Anogeissus sp. (W4), cross-section; C, Dichrostachyoxylon cf. zirkelii (SY7), tangential section; D, Anogeissus sp. (W4), tangential section, detail of a septate fibre (septum indicated by the arrow); E, Anogeissus sp. (W4), tangential section, general view. Scale bars: A, B, 500 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 50 µm; E, 200 µm.

FIG. 2. — A-E in Silicified angiosperm wood from the Dangu locality (Ypresian of the Gisors region, Eure, France) - final part: the problem of palaeoclimate reconstruction based on fossil wood

FIG. 2. — A-E, Grangeonixylon danguense (W1, W2); A, cross-section of the stem form (W2); B, cross-section of the root form (W1); C, stem form in tangential view (W2); D, stem form in tangential view, rays detail (W2); E, root form in tangential view (W1); F-H, cf. Liquidambaroxylon sp. (Wtourbe); F, cross-section (same part, vertically reversed, described in detail in Sakala et al. 1999: fig. 2a); G, tangential section; H, tangential section, detail of scalariform pitting. Scale bars: A, B, 500 µm; C, E, G, 200 µm; D, 150 µm; F, 100 µm; H, 50 µm.

FIG. 4 in Silicified angiosperm wood from the Dangu locality (Ypresian of the Gisors region, Eure, France) - final part: the problem of palaeoclimate reconstruction based on fossil wood

FIG. 4. — Anogeissus sp. (W4), cross-section. Abbreviations: F, fibres; PBT, parenchyma in tangential band; PT, terminal parenchyma; R, rays; V, vessels. Scale bar: 200 µm.

FIG. 3 in Silicified angiosperm wood from the Dangu locality (Ypresian of the Gisors region, Eure, France) - final part: the problem of palaeoclimate reconstruction based on fossil wood

FIG. 3. — Dichrostachyoxylon cf. zirkelii (SY7), cross-section. Abbreviations: F, fibres; PCM, circummedullar parenchym; PV, vasicentric parenchyma; R, rays; V, vessels. Scale bar: 200 µm.

FIG. 1 in Silicified angiosperm wood from the Dangu locality (Ypresian of the Gisors region, Eure, France) - final part: the problem of palaeoclimate reconstruction based on fossil wood

FIG. 1. — Location and overview of the Dangu locality; A, gymnosperm and angiosperm wood; B, palm wood; C, silicified peat, after Koeniguer (1981), modified.

FIG. 6 in Silicified angiosperm wood from the Dangu locality (Ypresian of the Gisors region, Eure, France) - final part: the problem of palaeoclimate reconstruction based on fossil wood

FIG. 6. — Reconstitution of the Dangu locality in the time of the sedimentation of the fossil peat (lower Ypresian, sparnacian facies); A, lagoon environment; B, fluvial environment; C, lagoon-fluvial environment; D, sandy-clay reliefs; E, environment of the peat deposition; F, Taxodioxylon; G, Palmoxylon; H, Dichrostachyoxylon; I, Liquidambaroxylon; J, Grangeonixylon; K, Anogeissus.