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139 results for “Fossoriality”
Figure 9 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 9. The anterior and ventral portions of the braincase of Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032): orbitosphenoid (purple) in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; basioccipital (lime green), parabasisphenoid (light blue) and pterygoid (yellow) in (D) dorsal, (E) left lateral and (F) ventral views; parabasisphenoid in (G) ventral view; and basioccipital in (H) posterior view. Horizontal CT-image through the parabasisphenoid and basioccipital (I). aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocf, basioccipital longitudinal furrow; bolp, basioccipital lateral process; bovr, basioccipital median ridge; bovs, basioccipital vestibular space; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bt, basioccipital tubera; bvex, basioccipitalbasisphenoidal ventral excavation; clp, clinoid process; ds, dorsum sellae; dsu, orbitosphenoid dorsal sulcus; ic, internal carotid foramina; jf, jugular foramen; obasu, orbitosphenoid lateral sulci; obgu, orbitosphenoid dorsal gutter; obno, lateral notch; obpl, orbitosphenoid dorsal plate; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; pbs, parabasisphenoid; psgr, parasphenoidal groove; pt, pterygoid; ptqr, posterior (quadrate) ramus of the pterygoid; stu, sella turcica; tra, trabecular spaces; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the exoccipital is represented by the horizontal square pattern in (D). The upper scale bar equals 5 mm and 1 mm in the lower. The upper scale serves for (A-C) and the lower for (D-H).
Figure 6 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 6. The anterior, ventral and lateral walls of the braincase of Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690 and BP/1/2701a): orbitosphenoid (purple) of BP/1/2690 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) right lateral views; the pterygoid (yellow) of BP/1/2690 in (D) dorsal, (E) right lateral and (F) ventral views; ventral braincase floor of BP/1/2701a in (G) dorsal and (H) right lateral views; epipterygoid (pink) of BP/1/2701a in (I) anterior, (J) right lateral and (K) medial views; and the parabasisphenoid (turquoise) of BP/1/2690 in (L) dorsal, (M) left lateral and (N) ventral views. apf, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; epar, epipterygoid ascending ramus; epdp, epipterygoid dorsal plate; epft, epipterygoid footplate; ic, internal carotid foramina; ltcr, oblique crests of the lateral wall; obacr, orbitosphenoid vertical crest; obasu, lateral sulci of the median vertical process; obdfo, orbitosphenoid dorsal fossa; obgu, orbitosphenoid gutter; obvp, orbitosphenoid vertical process; obsp, orbitosphenoid spine process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; PRB, parasphenoid rostrum + basipresphenoid; ps, parasphenoid (light blue) rostrum; psc, parasphenoidal crests; psf, parasphenoidal foramen; pss, parasphenoidal sulcus; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt gr, pterygoid dorsal groove; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; ptqr, quadrate ramus of the pterygoid; stu, sella turcica. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-F), the third for (G-H), the fourth for (I-K) and the fifth for (L-N).
Figure 8 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny
Figure 8. The braincase of the Malawian cistecephalid DMMM-PK-16-1: ventral region of the braincase in (A) dorsal, (B) right lateral and (C) ventral views; the left exoccipital (pink) in (D) anterior and (E) posterior views; and right exoccipital (pink) in (F) medial view. Anterior wall: right prootic (blue) in (G) ventrolateral, (H) anterior; (I) lateral, (J) medial, (K) ventral and (L) posterior views. Posterior wall of the braincase: opisthotic (golden) and supraoccipital (dark green) in (M) anterior, (O) posterior and (P) right lateral views; opisthotic in (N) medial view. ap, alar process of the prootic; aptr, anterior (palatal) pterygoid ramus; ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; bo, basioccipital (lime green); boc, basioccipital condyle; bod, basioccipital ventral depression; bok, basioccipital dorsal knob; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bplr, basisphenoidal lateral recess; cc, attachment of the crus communis; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; eopsu, exoccipital posterior sulcus; epi, epipterygoid; fa, facial foramen; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; gap, gap between the prootic and the parabasisphenoid; hf, hypoglossal foramen; ic, internal carotid foramina; jf, jugular foramen; lscc, attachment of the lateral semicircular canal; oac, opisthotic anterior crests; oad, opisthotic anterior depression; obg, opisthotic anterior bulge; od, opisthotic posterior depression; op, opisthotic; opc, opisthotic posterior crests; opp, opisthotic posterior process; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pa, pila antotica; pbl, prootic blade-like process; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; pss, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal sulcus; pssc, attachment of the posterior semicircular canal; pt, pterygoid; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; pt ltr, pterygoid lateral trench; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; pt vsc, pterygoid ventral sulcus; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sp, supraoccipital; ssd, supraoccipital semicircular depressions; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tgn, passage of the trigeminal nerve (V); tmp, 'tympanic process' of Cox (1959); us, U-shaped suture; uz, unossified zone; ve, vestibular area. Scale bars equal 5 mm, except for (G) which equals to 1 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-F), the third for (G), the fourth for (H-L) and the fifth for (M-P).
Data from: Skeletal adaptations and phylogeny of the oldest mole Eotalpa (Talpidae, Lipotyphla, Mammalia) from the UK Eocene: the beginning of fossoriality in moles
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Data from: Weighing homoplasy against alternative scenarios with the help of macroevolutionary modeling: a case study on limb bones of fossorial sciuromorph rodents
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Data from: Digging their own macroevolutionary grave: Fossoriality as an evolutionary dead-end in snakes
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Data from: The recumbirostran <em>Hapsidopareion lepton</em> from the Early Permian of Oklahoma reassessed through HRμCT and the effects of fossoriality on the neurocranium of Pan-Amniota
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Incipient speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian
<p>Secondary contact of lineages in the early stages of divergence can result in lineage fusion or promote reproductive isolation through reinforcement. While these processes are well studied in many taxonomic groups, we know little about their contribution to diversification of the secretive and enigmatic caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Here, we combine genetic (mtDNA and genome-wide SNPs) and phenotypic data to investigate the divergence history of caecilians endemic to the oceanic island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea archipelago. Consistent with a previous mtDNA study, we find two phenotypically and genetically distinct lineages that occur along a north-to-south axis with extensive admixture in the centre of the island. Demographic modelling supports divergence in allopatry (~300 kya) followed by secondary contact (~95 kya). Contrary to a morphological study that interpreted latitudinal phenotypic variation in these caecilians as a cline within a single widespread species, our analyses suggest a history of allopatric lineage divergence and subsequent hybridization that may have blurred species boundaries. We propose that late Pleistocene volcanic activity favoured allopatric divergence between these lineages with local adaptation to climate maintaining a stable hybrid zone in the centre of São Tomé Island.</p>
Data from: Fossorial Damaraland mole rats do not exhibit a blunted hypercapnic ventilatory response
Damaraland mole rats (DMRs, Fukomys damarensis) are a eusocial fossorial species that spend the majority of their life in densely-populated underground burrows, in which they likely experience intermittent periods of elevated CO2 (i.e., hypercapnia). The primary physiological response to hypercapnia in most mammals is to increase depth and rate of breathing (i.e., hyperpnea), but this response is often blunted in species that inhabit hypercapnic environments. In their natural habitat, DMRs putatively experience a gaseous environment ranging from normocapnic (0.1% CO¬2) to hypercapnic (6.0% CO2) conditions (Roper et al., 2001). As such, we hypothesized that DMRs would exhibit blunted hypercapnic ventilatory and metabolic responses, relative to those of non-fossorial rodent species. To test this hypothesis, we exposed awake, freely behaving DMRs to normoxic normocapnia (21% O2, 0% CO2, balance N2) or graded normoxic hypercapnia (21% O2, 0, 2, 5, 7 and 10% CO2, balance N2), and measured ventilation and metabolism using whole-body plethysmography and indirect calorimetry, respectively. We found that ventilation and metabolism were unchanged during prolonged normocapnia, whereas during graded hypercapnia, ventilation was elevated at 2% CO2 and above. As a result, O2 extraction efficiency at the lungs decreased with increasing hyperpnea. Conversely, metabolic rate did not increase until 10% CO2, presumably due to the metabolic cost of hyperpnea. Taken together, our results suggest that despite their fossorial lifestyle, DMRs do not exhibit adaptations in their ventilatory or metabolic responses to environmental hypercapnia.
Figs 156-160 in Karakumosa gen. nov., a new Central Asian genus of fossorial wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae: Lycosinae)
Figs 156-160. Karakumosa turanica sp. nov., male holotype (156-158) and female paratype (159-160). (156, 160) Body, dorsal view. (157, 159) Ditto, ventral view. (158) Ditto, lateral view. Scale bars 1 cm.
Figs 115-125 in Karakumosa gen. nov., a new Central Asian genus of fossorial wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae: Lycosinae)
Figs 115-125. Karakumosa shmatkoi sp. nov.; male paratypes (115-120, 123-125) and female paratype (121-122); specimens from Tyub-Karagan Peninsula (115-116, 118, 120, 123, 125), Island Kulaly (117), Zhuzguntyube stow (121-122) and Tengiz (119, 124). (115, 118-119) Bulbus, ventral view. (116) Embolic division. (117) Left male palp, ventral view. (120) Bulbus, retrolateral view. (121) Vulva, dorsal view. (122) Epigyne, ventral view. (123-125) Median tooth of MA, posterior view. Scale bars 0.25 mm (115, 117, 120, 122), 0.2 mm (118-119), 0.1 mm (116, 121, 123-125). Abbreviations as explained in Material and methods.
Figs 77-82 in Karakumosa gen. nov., a new Central Asian genus of fossorial wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae: Lycosinae)
Figs 77-82. Karakumosa medica (Pocock, 1889); female paralectotype (77-80) and male lectotype (81-82). (77, 81) Body, dorsal view. (78) Ditto, lateral view. (79) Prosoma, frontal view. (80, 82) Body, ventral view. Scale bars 1 cm (77-78, 80-82), 0.5 cm (79).
Figs 142-154 in Karakumosa gen. nov., a new Central Asian genus of fossorial wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae: Lycosinae)
Figs 142-154. Karakumosa tashkumyr sp. nov., male paratypes, in ISEA. (142) Body, ventral view. (143) Ditto, dorsal view. (144) Left chelicera, ventral view. (145, 147, 152-154) Median tooth of MA, posterior view. (146) Left male palp, ventral view. (148, 150) Bulbus, ventral view. (151) Ditto, retrolateral view. (149) Embolic division. Scale bars 1 cm (142-143), 0.5 cm (144, 146, 150-151), 0.2 mm (148), 0.1 mm (145, 147, 149, 152-154).
Supplementary material 3 from: Chávez G, Thompson ME, Sánchez DA, Chávez-Arribasplata JC, Catenazzi A (2022) A needle in a haystack: Integrative taxonomy reveals the existence of a new small species of fossorial frog (Anura, Microhylidae, Synapturanus) from the vast lower Putumayo basin, Peru. Evolutionary Systematics 6(1): 9-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.80281
Supplementary File 1
Supplementary material 1 from: Chávez G, Thompson ME, Sánchez DA, Chávez-Arribasplata JC, Catenazzi A (2022) A needle in a haystack: Integrative taxonomy reveals the existence of a new small species of fossorial frog (Anura, Microhylidae, Synapturanus) from the vast lower Putumayo basin, Peru. Evolutionary Systematics 6(1): 9-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.80281
Appendix 1
Supplementary material 2 from: Chávez G, Thompson ME, Sánchez DA, Chávez-Arribasplata JC, Catenazzi A (2022) A needle in a haystack: Integrative taxonomy reveals the existence of a new small species of fossorial frog (Anura, Microhylidae, Synapturanus) from the vast lower Putumayo basin, Peru. Evolutionary Systematics 6(1): 9-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.80281
Appendix 2
Figure 2 from: Lambert SM, Hutter CR, Scherz MD (2017) Diamond in the rough: a new species of fossorial diamond frog (Rhombophryne) from Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 143-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10188
Figure 2 - Map of Ranomafana National Park and the type locality of Rhombophryne nilevina sp. n.. Map is a composite of Landsat 8 satellite imagery and a hillshade layer created from SRTM 1 Arc-Second Global digital elevation data. Data available from the U.S. Geological Survey.
Figure 5 from: Lambert SM, Hutter CR, Scherz MD (2017) Diamond in the rough: a new species of fossorial diamond frog (Rhombophryne) from Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 143-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10188
Figure 5 - Comparative spectrograms (top), oscillograms (center) and power spectra (bottom) between the calls of (A) Rhombophryne nilevina sp. n. and (B) Rhombophryne testudo (from Vences et al. 2006). Spectrogram was created using a Hanning window size of 1024.
Figure 1 from: Lambert SM, Hutter CR, Scherz MD (2017) Diamond in the rough: a new species of fossorial diamond frog (Rhombophryne) from Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 143-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10188
Figure 1 - Phylogenetic relationships between Rhombophryne species estimated using maximum likelhood in RaxML using the mitochondrial 16S rRNA barcode fragment. Rhombophryne nilevina sp. n. is highlighted with blue bold text. Outgroups are removed from the tree figure for aesthetic purposes.
Figure 4 from: Lambert SM, Hutter CR, Scherz MD (2017) Diamond in the rough: a new species of fossorial diamond frog (Rhombophryne) from Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 143-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10188
Figure 4 - The osteology of Rhombophryne nilevina sp. n. Skull in (a) lateral, (b) dorsal, and (c) ventral view; and full skeleton in (d) dorsal and (e) ventral view. Abbreviations: angspl, angulosplenial; angspl.cp, angulosplenial coronoid process; col, columella; exoc, exoccipital; fpar, frontoparietal; fpar.dop, frontoparietal dorsal process; max, maxilla; max.pf, maxillary pars fascialis; mmk, mentomeckelian bone; npl, neopalatine; pmx, premaxilla; povom, postschoanal vomer; proot, prootic; prvom, prechoanal vomer; prsph.ap, parasphenoid alary process; prsph.cp, parasphenoid cultriform process; pter.ar, pterygoid anterior ramus; pter.vr, pterygoid ventral ramus; pter.mr, pterygoid medial ramus; qj, quadratojugal; qj.pvp, quadratojugal posteroventral process; smx, septomaxilla; spheth, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; sq.or, squamosal otic ramus; sq.zr, squamosal zygotic ramus.
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