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Fig. 7. Trace element environmental proxies for the F–F in The Frasnian-Famennian events in a deep-shelf succession, Subpolar Urals: biotic, depositional, and geochemical records

Fig. 7. Trace element environmental proxies for the F–F transition in the Syv'yu River section. Bio−productivity tracers* are normalized according to Schmitzetal.(1997).DownwardarrowedtrendsarebasedonthesinglesampleCB99−222,located2.15mbelow;recognizedMo/Alenrichment,indicative of anoxic−sulfidic deposition, is shown as well. For explanations see Fig. 4.

Fig. 6 in The Frasnian-Famennian events in a deep-shelf succession, Subpolar Urals: biotic, depositional, and geochemical records

Fig. 6. Various upper Frasnian spongiolitic microfacies, Syv'yu River section. A. Sponge boundstone(?); note large growth cavities, and complex and diverse, peloidal to bioclastic geopetal fill up, as well as preserved spicular network; sample Syv96−58. B, C. Sponge relics (Sp) distinguished by a variety of grumeous fabric, pyrite−rich marginal rims, and partly chertified interstitial mudstone matrix (Ch); samples CB99−224 (B) and CB99−314 (C).

Fig. 1 in The Frasnian-Famennian events in a deep-shelf succession, Subpolar Urals: biotic, depositional, and geochemical records

Fig. 1. Location of the studied area in Russia (A) and Timan−Pechora region (B, modified from Becker et al. 2000: fig. 1A), and location of the Kozhym River basin (C) and locality map of studied outcrops along the Syv'yu River section (D), western slopes of the Subpolar Urals; C1t, Tournaisian. D1, Lower Devonian; D2tk,?Middle Devonian, Takata Suite; D2ef−gv, Eifelian–Givetian; D3fr, Frasnian; D3fm, Famennian.

Fig. 1 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 1. Locality map showing important Frasnian–Fammenian (F–F) sections (solid triangles) in central Hunan Province. A. Location of Hunan Province in China. B. Location of studied sections in Hunan Province. C. Lithofacies map of central Hunan (based on Hou et al. 1988, slightly revised).

Fig. 4 in The Frasnian-Famennian events in a deep-shelf succession, Subpolar Urals: biotic, depositional, and geochemical records

Fig. 4. Upper Frasnian and lower Famennian lithologic column of the Syv'yu River section (upper Vorota Fm.), sampling pattern and conodont succession across the F–F boundary, with emphasis on principal biotic events and alleged Kellwasser levels (see also Figs. 7, 8); figures in the lithological column refer to microfacies photos (Figs. 5, 6).

Fig. 2. F–F in The Frasnian-Famennian events in a deep-shelf succession, Subpolar Urals: biotic, depositional, and geochemical records

Fig. 2. F–F boundary beds exposed along the right bank of Syv'yu River, outcrop 2 (line marks F–F boundary; for location see Fig. 1D).

Fig. 8 in The Frasnian-Famennian events in a deep-shelf succession, Subpolar Urals: biotic, depositional, and geochemical records

Fig. 8. Stable isotope geochemistry for the Upper Frasnian and lower Famennian in the Syv'yu River section, F–F background values taken from Joachimski and Buggisch (1996: fig. 1); for explanations see Fig. 4.

FIGURE 8 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 8. Graphic correlation of the three Compte subfacies area sections. The columns show the observed first occurrences of important taxa in the studied sections, indicated by their projected position on the Pyrenean CS. The numbers represent the taxa listed in the range chart (Figures 5 and 6) and in the Appendix. (CSU: Composite Standard Unit).

FIGURE 10 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 10. Graphic correlation of four composite standard (CS) databases, three from NW-Gondwana (Anti-Atlas, Pyrenees and Montagne Noire) and one from S-Laurussia (Ardenne) (Golonka, 2000). The standard reference section for the Middle Devonian CS and the Anti-Atlas CS is the Jebel Ou Driss section in the Eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco) (Belka et al., 1997). The standard reference sections for the Ardenne and Montagne Noire CSs are the Couvin-Givet section and the Pic de Vissou section, respectively. The columns show the observed first occurrences of important taxa in the regional CS's, indicated by their projected position on the Middle Devonian CS. The numbers represent the taxa listed in the range chart (Figures 5–6) and in the Appendix.

FIGURE 9 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 9. Correlation between the Pyrenean composite standard and the Middle Devonian composite standard. The numbers represent the taxa listed in the range chart (Figures 5 and 6) and Appendix. See also legend in Figure 4.

FIGURE 1. 1 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 1. 1. Middle Devonian paleogeographic situation with indication of the study area (courtesy of R. Blakey, NAU Geology), 2. Map of Paleozoic rocks on the Iberian Peninsula and position of figure 1.3, 3. Location of the studied Devonian outcrops.

FIGURE 4 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 4. Graphic correlation between the La Guàrdia d'Ares section and the composite standard (third round). The numbers represent the taxa listed in the range chart (Figures 5 and 6), error boxes indicate the sampling intervals.

FIGURE 6 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 6. Conodont range chart based on the Spanish Central Pyrenean sections (continued). Precise CSU values are given in the Appendix.

FIGURE 3 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 3. Graphic correlation between the Villech section and the composite standard for the Spanish Central Pyrenees (third round). The numbers represent the taxa listed in the range chart (Figures 5 and 6), the error boxes indicate the sampling intervals. (sem./lat.: semialternans/latifossatus).

FIGURE 5 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 5. Conodont range chart based on the Spanish Central Pyrenean sections. Precise CSU values are given in the Appendix.

FIGURE 2. 1 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 2. 1. Map of Paleozoic rocks on the Iberian Peninsula and position of Figure 2.2 (black square), 2. Structural geological map of the Spanish Pyrenees with indication of the studied area (white square) and 2. Structural geological map of the Spanish Pyrenees with indication of the studied area (red square) and the most important faults and thrust faults, FNP: North Pyrenean Fault, CPP: Petites Pyrénées thrust fault, CFN: Frontal North Pyrenean thrust fault, CFS: Frontal South Pyrenean thrust fault [modified from Barnolas and Pujalte (2004)], 3. Map of the Devonian facies areas and subdivision of the southern facies area in the southern Spanish Pyrenees [modified from Zwart (1979)], studied area in black square, location of the sections indicated by black stars.

Fig. 14 in Early Frasnian acanthodians from central Iran

Fig. 14. Photomicrographs of histological structure of?ischnacanthiform tooth whorl (A) and dentigerous jaw bones (B, C) in vertical longitudinal sections. Early Frasnian, horizon GI4 of an unnamed formation in the Chahriseh section, Kaftari Mt., central Iran. A. Thin section LIGG 3810 of a whorl with randomly displaced anterior tooth cusps of different size (left part in A1) and an axial line of three larger cusps behind. A1, high vascularisation of odontocytic mesodentine or bone tissue composing most of whorl; lamellar bone filling only thin basal plate; A2, appearance of denteons (light strips surrounding dark vascular canals) and densely concentrated polygonal odontocyte cells characteristic of mesodentine/osteodentine in the intervascular space exposed in a central area of the same whorl, at higher magnification. B. Thin section LIGG 3813 of a single tooth cusp with the jaw bone portion from the presumed first type of jaw fragment showing general structure of tissues, with dentine canals in syncitial mesodentine of a cusp superficially grading to odontocytic mesodentine in a deeper layer (B1), at higher magnification (B2), and pulp canals with branching dentine tubules in odontocytic mesodentine which covers the basal osseous layer of the central cusp (B3) (place indicated by rectangle in B1). C. Thin section LIGG 3814 of a single tooth from the lingual row on a portion of jaw bone of the second type. The odontocytic mesodentine with large vascular canals extends to the cusp apex (C1), grading into a cellular bone more deeply with increased density of osteocyte cells and wider vascular canals surrounded by thin osteons (magnified basal part of jaw bone, C2). Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Fig. 13 in Early Frasnian acanthodians from central Iran

Fig. 13. SEM micrographs of ischnacanthiform jaw bone fragments from early Frasnian, horizon GI4 of an unnamed formation in the Chahriseh section, Kaftari Mt., central Iran. A. First type of fragment. AEU 321 in mesial (A1) and occlusal (A2) views. B, C. The second type of fragment in occluso−lateral view. B. AEU 322. C. AEU 323.

Fig. 12 in Early Frasnian acanthodians from central Iran

Fig. 12. SEM micrographs of?ischnacanthiform tooth whorls from early Frasnian, horizon GI4 of an unnamed formation in the Chahriseh section, Kaftari Mt., central Iran. A. AEU 314 in occluso−lateral view. B. AEU 315 in occluso−lateral view. C. AEU 316 in occlusal view. D. AEU 317 in occlusal view. E. AEU 318 in occluso−lateral view. F. AEU 319 in occlusal (F1) and in occluso−lateral (F2) views. A, B, and F2 anterior to the left, C, D, and F1 anterior to the page bottom, and E anterior to the right.

Fig. 11 in Early Frasnian acanthodians from central Iran

Fig. 11. Diplacanthid spine morphology and histology. Early Frasnian, horizon GI4 of an unnamed formation in the Chahriseh section, Kaftari Mt., central Iran. A. AEU 320, fin spine in lateral (A1) and leading edge (A2) views. B. Histological microstructure of a diplacanthid fin spine. Vertical transverse section LIGG 3807 of spine fragment which had two roundedquadrangular sculptural ribs (lost during sectioning, but were positioned at top). B1, general structure of an osseous vascularised tissue embracing all of the preserved spine; B2, abundant osteocyte cells densely displaced among the large vascular canals appeared in two perpendicular directions, longitudinal and transverse.