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Graph 1 in Gastroesophageal tube of the Iguana iguana (Iguanidae): histological description, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of 5-HT and SS cells
Graph 1. Number of 5-HT and SS-cells/µm2 per oesophageal and gastric region in I. iguana. Values are averages with their standard deviatin shown by vertical bars (p = 0,05). Cervical oesophagus (CER): 4.6x10-2 ± 2.0 [5-HT cells]/µm2. Celomatic oesophagus (CEL): 4.0x10-2 ± 1.0 [5-HT cells]/µm2. Cranial and middle regions of the stomach (C/MS): 6.18x10-2 ± 3.2 [5-HT cells]/µm2. Caudal Stomach (CS): 0.6x10-2 ± 0.2 [5-HT cells]/µm2 and 1.4x 10-2 ± 0.9 [SS-cells]/µm2.
Figure 2 in Histological structures of the midguts of adult Rhipicephalus bursa and Rhipicephalus turanicus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)
Figure 2. Histology of the digestive tract of the midgut of Rhipicephalus bursa. Í: muscle layer, R: caecae, Ḩ: stem (generative) cell, gdc: granular digestive cell, ddc: densely granulated digestive cell. X400, H&E.
Figure 1 in Histological structures of the midguts of adult Rhipicephalus bursa and Rhipicephalus turanicus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)
Figure 1. Histology of the digestive tract of the midgut of Rhipicephalus turanicus. Í: muscle layer, R: caecae, Ḩ: stem (generative) cell, gdc: granular digestive cell, ddc: densely granulated digestive cell, hc: host cell, mt: Malpighian tube. X400, H&E.
Fig. 5 in Enamel microstructure and dental histology in a heterodontosaurid dinosaur: Heterodontosaurus tucki
Fig. 5. Simplified ornithischian phylogeny depicting characteristic schmelzmusters and enamel types for studied clades. Note: Presence of enamel tubules in Heterodontosaurus tucki dentary teeth remains unknown. Modified from Hwang (2005).
Fig. 3 in Enamel microstructure and dental histology in a heterodontosaurid dinosaur: Heterodontosaurus tucki
Fig. 3. Enamel microstructure of heterodontosaurid dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig, 1962 (BP/1/9007), from Lower Jurassic upper Elliot Massospondylus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. A. Scanning electron micrographs: A1, simplified, thin, labial edge enamel with incremental lines in transverse view; A2, thick, mesio-distal edge enamel exhibiting poorly organized crystallites and extremely infrequent enamel tubules in transverse view; A3, mesio-distal edge enamel exhibiting three enamel layers in longitudinal view. Long, sinuous, and continuous enamel tubules are frequently observed in this sectioning plane. B. Schematic enamel block depicting how enamel crystallite complexity might differ in different planes of sectioning. Abbreviations: BUL, basal unit layer; CUL, columnar unit layer; EDJ, enamel dentine junction; OES, outer enamel surface; PC, parallel crystallite.
Fig. 2 in Enamel microstructure and dental histology in a heterodontosaurid dinosaur: Heterodontosaurus tucki
Fig. 2. Maxillary tooth histology of heterodontosaurid dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig, 1962 (BP/1/9007), from Lower Jurassic upper Elliot Massospondylus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. A. Histological sections: A1, primary ridge: thick band of translucent dentine lines the labial edge of the tooth, no enamel is present; A2, whole tooth: transversely sectioned at the base of the wear facet; A3, mesial ridge: histologically distinct dentine thickens and enamel is absent; A4, labial edge: on the mesial distal edges the enamel is extremely thin, resulting from wear and likely a natural thinning of the enamel, histologically distinct dentine is present, but thin; A5, lateral edge: the enamel is thickest with no distinct dentine present. B. Scanning electron micrograph of labial edge of tooth showing crest formation from differential wear from the last stage of polishing.
Fig. 4 in Enamel microstructure and dental histology in a heterodontosaurid dinosaur: Heterodontosaurus tucki
Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs depicting histologically distinct dentine on the outer labial edge of maxillary teeth of heterodontosaurid dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig, 1962 (BP/1/9007), from Lower Jurassic upper Elliot Massospondylus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. A1, shows the change in dentinal tubule orientation from radially emanating (below black dashed line) to longitudinally emanating (above black dashed line, circular cross-sections) to the atubular dentine present on the outermost edge (above white dashed line). Inset shows the position of the micrograph on the tooth cross section. A2, depicts the marked decrease in dentinal tubules in the outer ~20 µm of dentine. Inset shows that only intertubular dentine is present and the absence of occluded tubules which would be expected if this was derived from sclerotization of the dentine. A3, high magnification image of open dentinal tubules in the histologically distinct enamel (above black dashed line in A1). A4, close up showing the transition zone of tubule orientation. White arrow shows tubule cut along its long axis; black arrows show orthogonally sectioned tubules (circular). More circular tubules are present above the black dashed line than below indicating the zone of tubule orientation shift.
Fig. 1 in Enamel microstructure and dental histology in a heterodontosaurid dinosaur: Heterodontosaurus tucki
Fig. 1. Heterodontosaurid dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig, 1962 (BP/1/9007), from Lower Jurassic upper Elliot Massospondylus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. Left partial maxillary tooth row in lingual view; preserves partial crowns with wear facets. Blue plane indicates location of histological transverse sections from the middle of the tooth row.
Fig. 8 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 8. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/13 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; adult stage, about 100% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2, A3). Note moderately vascularized cortex that is predominantly composed of parallel-fibred bone and the predominantly longitudinal orientation of vascular canals. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pfb, parallel-fibred bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; tb, trabeculae.
Fig. 7 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 7. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/9-10 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; adult stage, about 90% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1, A2) and close-ups of the cortex (A3, A4) under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Note the parallelfibred bone in the outermost part of the cortex. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; pfb, parallel-fibred bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon; tb, trabeculae.
Fig. 6 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 6. Histological sections of femora KOKM 4652/1 (A) and KOKM 4652/11 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; subadult stage; about 63–70% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1, B1) under polarized light with lambda waveplate and without lambda waveplate (A3) and close-ups of the cortex (A2, A4, B2) under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Note the presence of the fibrolamellar complex and four LAGs (white arrows). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; tb, trabeculae. subadults indicate a continuing period of fast growth with a The femur KOKM 4652/11 (about 63% of maximal femocyclical temporary and local decrease in growth rate. ral size; Fig. 6B) is poorly preserved, but reticular canals and
Fig. 3 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 3. Histological sections of femora PM TSU 16/0-55 (A) and PM TSU 16/0-56 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage; about 30% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1), close-up of the cortex (A2), and histological overview of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A3) and without lambda waveplate (A4). Note the presence of erosion bays, secondary bone, and LAGs (white arrows). Microanatomical overview (B1) and close-up of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (B2). Note the presence of erosion bays. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; LAGs, lines of arrested growth; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.
Fig. 5 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 5. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/16 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage, about 40–45% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2, A3). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone.
Fig. 4 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 4. Histological sections of femur PM TSU 16/0-54 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage, about 30–35% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2–A4). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.
Fig. 2 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 2. Histological sections of the smallest femur PM TSU 120-Sh3-125 (<20% of maximal femoral size) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; hatchling stage, under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Microanatomical (A1) and histological (A2) overview of the cortex showing primary highly vascularized bone. Note the presence of radial primary osteons and primary vascular canals. Close-up of the cortex, showing predominantly reticular orientation of the primary osteons and primary vascular canals (A3). Details of the composition of the primary bone tissues of the cortex (A4). Note the presence of the incipient fibrolamellar complex. Abbreviations: lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; po, primary osteon; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; wb, woven bone.
Fig. 1 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia
Fig. 1. Diagrammatic outline of the femur of Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia, indicating the relative positions of sections taken for histological examination. A. Sections taken from specimens from Paleontological Museum of Tomsk State University (PM TSU). B. Sections taken from specimens from Kuzbass State Museum of Local Lore (KOKM).
Fig. 1 in Bone histology of eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the Middle Triassic of Poland reveals new insights into taxonomic affinities
Fig. 1. Remaining specimen of the eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus Volz, 1902 (MGU Wr. 4438s), from the Lower Muschelkalk of Poland. A. Photograph of the remaining part of the holotype. B. Distally incomplete femur. Sampling location is indicated by the black arrow, the grey arrow marks the position of the femur at the slab. Arrows indicating the anterior orientation is only an estimate because the specimen is partially disarticulated. Abbreviations: v, vertebra. For more details see Volz (1902) and Rieppel and Hagdorn (1997) who both provided outline sketches of the bones preserved with the slab.
Fig. 3 in Bone histology of eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the Middle Triassic of Poland reveals new insights into taxonomic affinities
Fig. 3. Growth pattern in the femoral cross section of the eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus Volz, 1902 (MGU Wr. 4438s), from the Lower Muschelkalk of Poland; in normal (A1) and polarized (A2) light. Arrows indicate the end of annual growth cycles. Altogether seven annual cycles are counted. The individual thus died in its 8 year of life. The innermost juvenile tissue is also divided by a clear growth mark, accompanied by a distinct change in tissue organization and vascularization. In polarized light subcycles are obvious, marked by grey arrows.
Fig. 2 in Bone histology of eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the Middle Triassic of Poland reveals new insights into taxonomic affinities
Fig. 2. Bone histological details of the femur of the eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus Volz, 1902 (MGU Wr. 4438s), from the Lower Muschelkalk of Poland. Detail of inner cortex, i.e., the medullary region and juvenile bone tissue in normal (A1) and polarized (A2) light. Note the remains of calcified cartilage and small erosion cavities in the medullary region as well as the well vascularized surrounding periosteal tissue; the white arrow marks the sharp line, which separates the endosteal from the periosteal region. Detail of low organized and well vascularized parallel-fibred tissue, here interpreted as juvenile tissue in normal (A3) and polarized (A4) light. Note the mixture of primary osteons, simple vascular canals and a secondary osteon. Highly organized parallel-fibred tissue in the middle cortex showing local accumulation of primary osteons in normal light (A5). Middle and outer cortex in polarized light (A6). Note the highly organized parallel-fibred tissue, which is stratified by thin bright layers formed by multiple rest lines. Detail of inner and middle →
Fig. 5 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 5. Transverse section of the rib (BP/1/5409) of cf. Jonkeria sp. from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, overall view of the rib showing the highly cancellous nature of the cortex; note that only the top area of the section preserves the compact cortical bone tissue. A2, A3, detail showing slight change in the tissue type around the lines of arrested growths but overall matrix is woven; note: numbers associated with arrowheads indicate lines of arrested growth (LAGs) in ascending order from the medullary region to periosteal periphery. A4, detail showing enlarged erosional cavities (inset). A5, detail showing fibrolamellar bone between lines of arrested growth. A6, detail showing dense woven matrix; note the change in the density of osteocyte lacunae around the LAG (number associated with arrowhead indicates LAG). Abbreviation: wb, woven bone. Photographs under ordinary light (A1, A3, A4, A5), and cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A2, A6).
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