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182 results for “Hydrological Data”
Data from: Long-term climate and hydrologic regimes shape stream invertebrate community responses to a hurricane disturbance
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Yangtze River basin ecological and hydrogeomorphic data relevant to regional hydrologic classification for sustainable dam operation
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[Model outputs] Identifying major hydrologic change drivers in a highly managed transboundary endorheic basin: integrating hydro‐ecological models and time‐series data mining techniques
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Monthly data from Climate Station 1 (CS01), Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC, 1934-2018
This dataset contains base-line climatic information for the main climate station (CS01) at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in Macon County, North Carolina, USA. The station is operated by the Southern Research Station, Forest Service, USDA. CS01 is also a cooperative station with the National Weather Service. Since May 1963 it has been located in a grassy field NW of the junction of Ball Creek and Shope Fork of Coweeta Creek. Previously CS01 was located about 100m SW of its current location. The current elevation is 685.5m (2249ft) at latitude 35-3-37.21N and longitude 83-25-49.02W. During the 1940s, forest re-growth was tolerated up to 150 feet from the station. In August 1949, the larger opening was reestablished. The high elevation precipitation gage is located in a forest opening on Mooney Gap at elevation 1362.6m (4475ft). Additional USDA Forest Service Data for this climate station can be found at this link: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/coweeta/tools-and-data/
Data for "Function Space Optimization: A symbolic regression method for estimating parameter transfer functions for hydrological models"
<p>This repository contains all geo-physical catchment properties used in the publication "Function Space Optimization: A symbolic regression method for estimating parameter transfer functions for hydrological models".</p>
DC2 High resolution future hydrological data for Sweden
<p>Hourly river flow and total runoff were computed for the southern part of Sweden using the hourly version of a high resolution hydrological model S-HYPE, which is operationally used by SMHI. The model was calibrated and validated using radar based hourly precipitation and an operationally used hourly reanalysis temperature data. Projection of the impact of climate change was performed by running the model with hourly forcing data from an ensemble of EURO-COREX climate model simulations over 1971 - 2100. Four GCM-RCM combinations were used under two emission scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The results can be used to assess the risk of riverine flooding in areas located along a small to meso-scale river basin. The results can, in particular, be used to assess the risk of flash flooding that can result from heavy precipitation of short duration.</p>
Data from: Secondary contact and changes in coastal hydrology influence the nonequilibrium population structure of a salmonid (Oncorhynchus keta)
Numerous empirical studies have reported lack of migration–drift equilibrium in wild populations. Determining the causes of nonequilibrium population structure is challenging because different evolutionary processes acting at a variety of spatiotemporal scales can produce similar patterns. Studies of contemporary populations in northern latitudes suggest that nonequilibrium population structure is probably caused by recent colonization of the region after the last Pleistocene ice age ended ~13 000 years ago. The chum salmon's (Oncorhynchus keta) range was fragmented by dramatic environmental changes during the Pleistocene. We investigated the population structure of chum salmon on the North Alaska Peninsula (NAP) and, using both empirical data and simulations, evaluated the effects of colonization timing and founder population heterogeneity on patterns of genetic differentiation. We screened 161 single nucleotide polymorphisms and found evidence of nonequilibrium population structure when the slope of the isolation-by-distance relationship was examined at incremental spatial scales. In addition, simulations suggested that this pattern closely matched models of recent colonization of the NAP by secondary contact. Our results agree with geological and archaeological data indicating that the NAP was a dynamic landscape that may have been more recently colonized than during the last deglaciation because of dramatic changes in coastal hydrology over the last several thousand years.
Data from: A global dataset for economic losses of extreme hydrological events during 1960-2014
A comprehensive dataset of extreme hydrological events (EHEs) – floods and droughts, consisting of 2,171 occurrences worldwide, during 1960‐2014 was compiled, and then their economic losses were normalized using a price index in U.S. dollar. The dataset showed a significant increasing trend of EHEs before 2000, while a slight post‐2000 decline. Correspondingly, the EHEs‐caused economic losses increased obviously before 2000 followed by a slight decrease; the post‐2000 decline could be partially attributed to the decreases in drought and flood‐prone area, or climate adaptation practices. Spatially, Asia experienced most EHEs (969), corresponding to the largest share of economic losses (approximately $868 billion for floods and $50 billion for droughts, respectively), while Oceania had the least EHEs (102) and the least economic losses (approximately $19 billion for floods and $45 billion for droughts). The five countries with the highest EHE‐caused economic losses were China, USA, Canada, Australia, and India. Countries that suffered the highest flood‐caused economic losses were China, USA, and Canada. This dataset provides a quantitative linkage between climate science and economic losses at a global scale; and it is beneficial for the regional climatic impact assessments and strategical development for mitigating climate change impacts.
Data from: The variation of grain size distribution in rock granular material in seepage process considering the mechanical-hydrological-chemical coupling effect: An experimental research
<p>As a common solid waste in geotechnical engineering, rock granular material should be properly treated and recycled. Rock granular material often coexists with water when it is used as the filling material in geotechnical engineering. Water flowing in rock granular materials is a complex progress with the mechanical-hydrological-chemical (MHC) coupling effect, i. e. the water scours in the gaps and spaces in the rock granular material structure, produces chemical reactions with rock grains, rock grains squeeze each other under the water pressure and compression leading re-breakage and producing secondary rock grains, the fine rock grains are migrated with water and rushed out. In this process, rock grain size distribution (GSD) changes, it affects the physical and mechanical characteristics of the rock granular materials, and even influences the seepage stability of the rock granular materials. To study the variation of GSD in the rock granular material considering the MHC coupling effect after the seepage process, seepage experiments of rock grain samples are carried out and analyzed in this paper. The result is expected to have a positive impact on further studies of the properties of the rock granular material.</p>
Data from: Reconstructing the migratory behavior and long-term survivorship of juvenile Chinook salmon under contrasting hydrologic regimes
The loss of genetic and life history diversity has been documented across many taxonomic groups, and is considered a leading cause of increased extinction risk. Juvenile salmon leave their natal rivers at different sizes, ages and times of the year, and it is thought that this life history variation contributes to their population sustainability, and is thus central to many recovery efforts. However, in order to preserve and restore diversity in life history traits, it is necessary to first understand how environmental factors affect their expression and success. We used otolith 87Sr/86Sr in adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytcha) returning to the Stanislaus River in the California Central Valley (USA) to reconstruct the sizes at which they outmigrated as juveniles in a wetter (2000) and drier (2003) year. We compared rotary screw trap-derived estimates of outmigrant timing, abundance and size with those reconstructed in the adults from the same cohort. This allowed us to estimate the relative survival and contribution of migratory phenotypes (fry, parr, smolts) to the adult spawning population under different flow regimes. Juvenile abundance and outmigration behavior varied with hydroclimatic regime, while downstream survival appeared to be driven by size- and time-selective mortality. Although fry survival is generally assumed to be negligible in this system, >20% of the adult spawners from outmigration year 2000 had outmigrated as fry. In both years, all three phenotypes contributed to the spawning population, however their relative proportions differed, reflecting greater fry contributions in the wetter year (23% vs. 10%) and greater smolt contributions in the drier year (13% vs. 44%). These data demonstrate that the expression and success of migratory phenotypes vary with hydrologic regime, emphasizing the importance of maintaining diversity in a changing climate.
Data from: Dissecting the hydrological niche: soil moisture, space and lifespan
Questions: Are communities structured on a hydrological (soil moisture) gradient? Is there spatial segregation into hydrological niches? What is the shape of the hydrological niches of individual species? Controlling for spatial autocorrelation, how much of the spatial structure in the community is due to variation in hydrology? Do annuals and perennials behave alike with respect to the above questions? Locations: La Mina in Moscosa Farm, Salamanca, western Spain (dehesa community) and Laguna Larga in the Urbión Peaks, Soria, central-northern Spain (alpine grassland). Methods: The presence of plant species was sampled in two contrasting field sites, for which we also built hydrological models. First, we reduced the dimensionality of the plant distribution data (non-metric multidimensional scaling) and measured the correlation between the resulting ordination and the hydrological gradient. Then we defined hydrological niches and tested niche segregation of plant species against null models (Pianka metrics). Finally, we characterized the hydrological niche of each species using generalised additive mixed models and partitioned the species distribution variance into (1) a hydrological component, (2) a linear trend component and (3) and a spatial component, defined through sets of spatial variables (Moran's eigenvector maps). Results: Both plant communities were primarily structured along hydrological gradients, and spatial segregation into hydrological niches occurred among perennial species, although not among annuals in the dehesa community. Dehesa annuals were spatially aggregated in the driest niches. Hydrological variation shaped the responses of 60% of the annual and about 70% of the perennial species in both the dehesa meadow and the alpine community. Most responses were either monotonic or hump-shaped. Finally, spatially structured hydrological variation proved to be the main driver of spatially structured species composition in all cases. Conclusions: Linearly (gradient of slope) and topographically (at a fine scale) structured variation in hydrology is the main driver of spatially structured species composition in both communities. Our results support the ecological hypothesis that spatial niche segregation on soil moisture gradients is an important mechanism of co-existence for perennials in both test communities, although not for the species-rich sub-community of annuals in the dehesa meadow.
Data from: Climate-driven hydrological variability determines inter-annual changes in stream invertebrate community assembly
Although flow regime is one of the major drivers of riverine communities, not much is known about how inter-annual variability and extremes of flow influence community assembly mechanisms. We used data on benthic macroinvertebrates and modelled flow regimes in 23 near-pristine boreal streams to assess how community assembly mechanisms and species occupancy varied in response to inter-annual variability in flow conditions across 11 successive years encompassing extreme (both low and high) flow events. A null model approach was used to test whether deterministic or stochastic processes dominated community assembly and how much regional (among-stream) flow variability contributed to community variability (β-diversity). Mean daily flow and the greatest rate of flow rise were the strongest flow-related descriptors of invertebrate community composition. Communities were differentially assembled depending on the direction of change in flow magnitude: in high-flow years, communities were more similar than expected by chance, while at low flows they tended to be more dissimilar than expected. Beta-diversity of macroinvertebrate communities was related to among-stream flow variability only at high flows. Common species correlated strongly with flow variability and contributed most to variation in β-diversity, suggesting that changes in assembly mechanisms are mainly driven by common species. While homogenization of communities in high-flow years reflected increased species occupancies and environmental sorting, increased turnover during low flows likely resulted from stochastic extinctions and dispersal limitation. Our findings suggest that extreme hydrological events exert a strong control over stream invertebrate community assembly, and their effect may be even more profound in the future as high and low-flow spells are expected to occur more frequently, not allowing time for communities to recover.
Data from: Hydrological niche segregation defines forest structure and drought tolerance strategies in a seasonal Amazon forest
1) Understanding if and how trees coordinate rooting depth and aboveground hydraulic traits to define drought-resistance strategies in seasonal Amazon forests is a major gap to model parametrization aimed at predicting the effects of climate change in these ecosystems. 2) We assessed the rooting depth of 12 dominant tree species (representing ~ 42% of the forest basal area) in a seasonal Amazon forest, using the stable isotope ratios (δ18O and δ²H) of water collected from tree xylem and soils from a range of depths. We took advantage of a major ENSO-related drought in 2015/2016 that caused substantial evaporative isotope enrichment on soil. We measured the minimum dry-season leaf water potential both in a normal year (2014; Ψnon-ENSO) and in an extreme drought year (2015; ΨENSO). Furthermore, we measured xylem hydraulic traits that indicate the range of water potentials that trees tolerate without risking hydraulic failure (P50 and P88). 3) We demonstrate that coexisting trees are largely segregated along a single hydrological niche axis defined by root depth differences, access to light, and tolerance of low water potential. These differences in rooting depth were strongly related to tree size; diameter at breast height (DBH) explained 72% of the variation in the δ18Oxylem. Additionally, δ18Oxylem explained 49% of the variation in P50 and 70% of P88, with higher tolerance of low water potential in shallow-rooted species, while δ18O of xylem water explained 47% and 77% of the variation of minimum Ψnon-ENSO and ΨENSO. 4) We propose a new formulation to estimate an effective functional rooting depth, i.e., the likely soil depth from which roots can sustain water uptake for physiological functions, using DBH as predictor of root depth at this site. Based on these estimates, we conclude that a number of families, genera and species are restricted to drawing water from shallow to deep soil in a large area of the Tapajós forest. 5) Our results support the theory of hydrological niche segregation and its underlying trade-off related to drought resistance, which also affect the dominance structure of trees in this seasonal eastern Amazon forest.
Data from: Hydrological conditions explain wood density in riparian plants of south-eastern Australia
1. Wood density is a key plant functional trait which integrates the trade-offs characteristic to riparian plant ecological strategies. Although high-density wood is costly to construct, it confers mechanical stiffness to stems, increasing a plant's capacity to withstand flooding, and also enables increased tolerance to water stress. For riparian plants, fluctuations in soil moisture driven by surface hydrology should therefore be an important driver of variation in wood density. 2. We asked the following questions in the study: (1) Does wood density increase with increasing frequency and magnitude of flood disturbance? (2) Does wood density increase with increasing unpredictability of water availability in the riparian zone? (3) Does dispersion of wood density peak at intermediate levels of hydrological disturbance? 3. We surveyed wood density of dominant species at 15 riparian sites along flow-gauged rivers across south-eastern Australia. Due to the broad range of hydrological variability associated with Australian river systems, this set of sites functions as a useful model for assessing the response of riparian plants to changing hydrological conditions. 4. We found wood density varied strongly along a single axis of hydrological variability. This axis integrates flood intensity and frequency with metrics of hydrological unpredictability and can be conceptualized as a gradient of environmental harshness, with higher wood density associated with harsher conditions. 5. Synthesis. Our study highlights the importance of hydrological conditions, particularly disturbance and environmental unpredictability, as determinants of ecological strategy in riparian plants. Large, rare flood events in particular appear to favour higher wood density strategies. This is likely to have significant ecological consequences for riparian plant communities in a south-east Australian context, as well as in other regions where increasing climatic variability and frequency of extreme events are hallmarks of climate change predictions.
Data from: Pulsing hydrology determines top-down control of basal resources in a tropical river-floodplain ecosystem
Variable hydrology of rivers strongly affects biophysical factors that influence primary production and population densities, thereby affecting the relative influence of bottom-up and top-down processes in trophic networks. Many tropical floodplain rivers have sustained seasonal flood pulses driven by precipitation patterns of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. These changes in flow alter concentrations of dissolved nutrients, aquatic primary productivity, and per-unit-area densities of aquatic organisms. Therefore, one would predict that the strength of top-down effects of animals on basal resources should shift as the annual flood pulse progresses. We conducted a series of field experiments in a Neotropical lowland river to test for effects of hydrologic phase, habitat (in-channel vs. floodplain aquatic habitat), and benthic feeding fish and meiofauna on particulate organic matter, chlorophyll, and benthic microalgae. Net ecosystem productivity of this oligotrophic river is higher during the low phase of the annual flood cycle, which is also when resident fishes are at highest densities and there is a seasonal influx of migratory benthic feeding fish. We therefore hypothesized that top-down effects of benthic-feeding fish would fluctuate temporally, with strongest effects during low water levels. We found that fish controlled the abundance of particulate organic matter and algae on solid substrates, but not on sand, during falling- and low-water phases within both channel and floodplain habitats. Except for diatom assemblages, which responded to fish exclusion, the taxonomic structure of algal and meiofauna assemblages was not significantly influenced by fish exclusion treatments, but varied in relation to habitat type and hydrologic phase. Meiofauna densities were highest during the low-water period; experimental exclusion of meiofauna during this period had a significant effect on accumulation of particulate organic matter in sand. By controlling abundance of important basal resources, fishes and meiofauna have large potential to influence other components of this tropical ecosystem. Our findings emphasize the predictable, gradual, changes in consumer-resource interactions associated with the seasonal flood pulse in tropical river systems.
Data from: Hydrology controls recruitment of two invasive cyprinids: bigheaded carp reproduction in a navigable large river
In the Mississippi River Basin of North America, invasive bigheaded carp (silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp H. nobilis, also referred to as Asian carp) have spread rapidly over the past several decades. In the Illinois River, an important tributary of the Upper Mississippi River, reproduction appears to be sporadic and frequently unsuccessful, yet bigheaded carp densities in this river are among the highest recorded on the continent. Understanding the causative factors behind erratic recruitment in this commercially-harvested invasive species is important for both limiting their spread and managing their harvest. We analyzed weekly catch records from 15 years of a standardized monitoring program to document the emergence of age-0 bigheaded carp in relation to environmental conditions. The appearance of age-0 fish was generally linked to hydrographic attributes, which probably serve as a cue for spawning. However, we found profound differences in the number of age-0 fish among years, which varied by as much as five orders of magnitude in successive years. The strong link between summer flooding and age-0 fish production we observed emphasizes the importance of understanding the hydrologic context in which sustained invasions occur. Despite evidence of sporadic recruitment, bigheaded carp populations in the Illinois River appear to be consistent or increasing because of particularly strong, episodic year classes.
Data for Cumulative hydrological impacts of forest disturbance follow the Law of Diminishing Returns
<p>This dataset supports the analysis of the manuscript, entitled "<span lang="EN-US">Long-term Cumulative Hydrological Effects of Forest Disturbances Follow the Law of Diminishing Returns in British Columbia, Canada</span>". It includes forest disturbance history, i.e., cumulative equivalent clear-cut area (CECA), hydrological sensitivities in the post-threshold period in the study watersheds, and the estiamted CECA at the upper limit and environmental variables. </p>
Data Products associated with "Stream hydrology controls on ice cliff evolution and survival on debris-covered glaciers"
<p>Data products from the study "Stream hydrology controls on ice cliff evolution and survival on debris-covered glaciers," by Petersen et al, submitted September 2023 to Earth Surface Dynamics.</p>
Hydrological data of the Wei River
<p>In situ river discharge, flow velocity, water level, and cross-sections were derived from the hydrological bureau of the Yellow River Conservancy Commission. UAV (DSM) data represents the land surface elevation changes of river sections extracted from UAV image-generated DSM data. Note that the velocity/discharge around all stations in this dataset has been normalized using the min-max normalization method due to the confidentiality of the in situ data.</p>
The long-term monthly discharge data of hydrological stations in the Pearl River during 1994-2018
<p>This dataset contains the monthly discharge data of hydrological stations (i.e., Gaoyao, Shijiao, and Boluo) in the Pearl River during 1994-2018. The total discharge means the sum of discharges of Gaoyao, Shijiao, and Boluo. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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