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Fig. 7 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 7. Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) of fresh and dried Peruvian ginger samples. A. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear separation of fresh and dried ginger samples. B. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed clear separation of fresh and dried ginger samples. C. Splot of OPLS-DA. D. VIP scores based on the metabolite data from fresh and dry ginger extracts.

Fig. 9 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 9. [6]-Gingerol (A) and [6]-shogaol (B) contents in μg/g fresh weight (μg/ g FW) among the tested fresh ginger samples using different extraction solvents. Error bars indicate mean ± SE for five replicates. Black asterisks indicate significance difference from the Peruvian samples (*P <0.05, Student's t-test).

Fig. 5 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 5. The influence of geographical distribution of ginger on the gingerols and gingerol-related metabolites. The figure also describes the biosynthetic pathway of [6]-gingerol and hexahydrocurcumin and subsequent transformations. The opposed abundances of the precursors (i.e., phenylalanine and cinnamic acid) and end products (i.e., [6]-gingerol, hexahydrocurcumin, and gingerenone A and B) hypothesize that they have the same biosynthetic pathway.

Fig. 3 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 3. The use of retention time, accurate mass, and co-elution pattern for compound validation. A. Total ion chromatogram (TIC) and extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of [6]-gingerol measured by UPLC/MS in positive and negative ionization modes. B. Different gingerols within the same class show a retention time pattern according to their chain length. Intra-class variability is shown by XIC in positive ionization mode for the 6, 8 and 10-gingerol. C. Scatter plot representation of different gingerols annotated from the tested samples. The m/z of the loss of water from the protonated adducts is given on the x-axis and the observed RT (min) is given in the y-axis. The plot illustrates how the correlation between elution (RT) and chain length in the annotated gingerols can be used for the prediction of other compounds within the same class.

Fig. 4 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 4. Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) of fresh Ginger samples collected from different localities. A. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear separation of geographically different fresh ginger samples. B. VIP scores showing the top 25 metabolites discriminating ginger samples C. Dendrogram of the investigated fresh ginger samples based on the metabolites obtained after MS data analysis.

Fig. 2 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram showing the steps for confident compound identification. The feature with the retention time of 12.94 min and 295.191 m/z, representing 6-gingerol was selected. Total ion chromatogram (TIC) and extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) were measured by UPLC/MS in the positive ionization mode.

Fig. 1 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 1. Experimental design for metabolic profiling of fresh ginger rhizomes collected from different geographical sources and the effect of drying.

FIGURE 17 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 17. Correlation between body length (BL) and carrier frequency (F2*). (1): R2 calculation with all Tibicina species (black line; n = 10) with R2 = 0.6477; (2): R2 calculation for Tibicina species except T. tomentosa and T. maldesi (dotted line; n = 8) with R2 = 0.9401. For (2) R2 = 0.9401, 95% confidence interval for the regression in grey and 95% prediction band in light grey. Vertical bars represent minimum and maximum frequencies for each species.

FIGURE 14. A in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 14. A, distribution map of T. q. quadrisignata (green and red dot) and T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. (blue dot). B, distribution map of T. maldesi (black dot) and T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. (blue dot). LC: locus typicus; RC: site of the recordings. Red dot represent stations that need to be confirmed (see explanation in text).

FIGURE 15 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 15. Male dorsal view of T. q. quadrisignata at the top and T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. at the bottom. The black lines show the differences in the ratio between forewing length and pronotal collar width in the two species.

FIGURE 13 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 13. Tymbal activity of T. maldesi. A, seven groups of pulses taken in the full signal (slow amplitude modulation). B, detailed oscillogram of a part of A showing two groups of pulses with their pulses structure (fast amplitude modulation). C, the same two groups of pulses of B with their number of pulses per cymbal visualized under the function "Envelope (analytic signal)". D, the same two groups of pulses with their number of pulses per cymbal visualized under the function "Envelope". GP: group of pulses (= syllable); ipsi–contra: sub-groups of pulses of the first tymbal (ipsi) followed by the second tymbal (contra) of asynchronous activity; LR: long ribs of the tymbal.

FIGURE 11 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 11. Courtship song of T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. A, spectrogram and B, oscillogram (from top to bottom) of a succession of phrases composed of two echemes. C, oscillogram of a part of B showing two phrases and their component echeme, a one long echeme (E1) and a one short terminal echeme (E2). D, detailed spectrogram and E, oscillogram of a part of C showing a phrase with, for each echeme, a low amplitude part duration (LPD) and a shorter high amplitude part duration (HPD).

FIGURE 10 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 10. Spectrogram and oscillogram (from top to bottom) of the rivalry song of T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. One male producing an irregular train of echemes in the foreground (M2) is interrupted by another male producing a fast trains of rivalry song pulse groups in the background (M1).

FIGURE 8 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 8. Calling song recording of T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. with a digitization at 96 kHz sampling frequency. Frequency amplitude envelope peaking at 28 kHz, encapsulating the second upper harmonic at around 27 kHz.

FIGURE 6 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 6. Thermal image of T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. from infrared camera FLIR E50. Dot (Sp1), temperature measured at the surface of the stem. Red triangle in the rectangular area (Bx1), surface of the body of the singing individual where the temperature is the higher.

FIGURE 7 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 7. Typical physical structure of vegetation where specimen of T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. can be very numerous.

FIGURE 4. T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 4. T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n., right lateral view of exuviae. A, habitus. B, forelimb robust with accessory tooth of femur (↑) long and flattened. C, head with bulging postclypeus (↑).

FIGURE 1. Tibicina quadrisignata pilleti Puissant ssp. n in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 1. Tibicina quadrisignata pilleti Puissant ssp. n., Holotype male, Morocco. A, habitus, dorsal view. B, lateral view of pygofer, uncus curved with apex highly angular (↑). C, lateral view of dissected aedeagus, vesica of median lobe curved and inflated with apex short. D, distal end of aedeagus deeply curved and trilobed, the two lateral lobes small and edged, strongly elongated and rounded at their apex with numerous conjunctival claws (↑).

FIGURE 2. Tibicina maldesi Boulard, 1981 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 2. Tibicina maldesi Boulard, 1981, male, Morocco. A, habitus, dorsal view. B, lateral view of pygofer, uncus curved with apex slightly angular, vesica of median lobe curved and inflated with apex elongated. C, distal end of aedeagus deeply curved and trilobed, the two lateral lobes small, curved and rounded at their apex with numerous conjunctival claws (↑).

FIGURE 3 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 3. Right tymbal of T. maldesi. Series of six short ribs (SR) alternate with seven long ribs (LR). Tymbal plate (TP).