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283 results for “Kelps”
Non-trophic interactions amplify kelp harvest-induced biomass oscillations and biomass changes in a kelp forest ecological network model
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Individual high-quality reads (dd-RADsequencing) from: Genomic signatures of clonality in the deep water kelp Laminaria rodriguezii
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Turf algae redefine the chemical landscape of temperate reefs, limiting kelp forest recovery
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Climate-driven shifts in kelp forest composition reduce carbon sequestration potential
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Using Unoccupied Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to map and monitor changes in emergent kelp canopy after an ecological regime shift
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Pathways of blue carbon export from kelp and seagrass beds along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia
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Historical kelp forests in California over multiple centuries
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Sunflower sea star predation on urchins can facilitate kelp forest recovery
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SONGS Mitigation Monitoring: Experimental Reef Survey – Giant Kelp Size and Abundance
These data describe annual estimates of the size, fecundity, and abundance of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, at an artificial reef (Wheeler North Reef in Orange County, CA) and two natural reference reefs (San Mateo Kelp in Orange County, CA and Barn Kelp in San Diego County, CA). Data were collected from 2000 to 2004 as part of the experimental phase of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) kelp reef mitigation program. In the spring and fall of each year, divers collected data on the number of fronds > 1 m tall, the amount of reproductive tissue, and the size of the holdfast for each giant kelp plant encountered along permanent transects at each reef and recorded the type of substrate to which each plant was attached.
Data for a meta-analysis of the effect of kelp forests on fish communities around the world from observational and experimental studies spanning 1983-2020
Data for Pérez-Matus, A., Micheli, F., Konar, B., Shears, N., Low, N., Okamoto, D., Wernberg, T., Krumhansl, K., Ling, S., Kinsgford, M., Navarrete-Fernandez, T., Ruz, C., and Byrnes, J. 2024. Kelp forests as nursery and foundational habitat for reef fish. Ecology. For the definitive analysis, see the paper. Code is at https://github.com/jebyrnes/fish_kelp_meta. This data set concerns the effects of kelp on fish community composition. Data was mined as part of the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) working group on "Global impacts of climate change on kelp forest ecosystems." It consists of digitized information from studies searched (see methods) examining fish community composition with and without kelp. To summarize the study, conservation of marine biodiversity requires an understanding of the habitats needed to support and replenish species of interest. It also requires knowledge about the abundance and diversity of multi-species assemblages. Variation in the distribution and composition of kelp forests, one of the most productive marine coastal habitats globally, can have major influences on reef fishes – a group of ecologically and socio-economically important species. In the face of widespread and escalating loss of kelp forests, quantification of these effects is urgently needed to assess and project cascading impacts on biodiversity. Here, we evaluate relationships between kelp forests and associated reef fish populations using a global meta-analysis of experimental kelp removals and comparative surveys of kelp and adjacent non-kelp habitats. These analyses show that kelp forests increase the abundance of reef fishes, though the significance of this effect varied depending on the structural complexity of kelp forests. In experimental studies, kelp forests have a significant positive effect on fish species richness, revealing that kelp act as true foundation species by supporting the diversity of associated multi-species assemblag
UCSB SONGS Mitigation Monitoring: Reef Process Study - Density of Giant Kelp Recruits and Cover of Dead Holdfasts
These data describe annual estimates of the density of giant kelp recruits and the percent cover of dead giant kelp holdfasts from replicate quadrats at three subtidal reefs. Data collection occurred from 2000 -2023 at an artificial reef (Wheeler North Reef in Orange County, CA) and two natural reference reefs (San Mateo Kelp in Orange County, CA and Barn Kelp in San Diego County, CA) to evaluate the ability of Wheeler North Reef to compensate for losses of kelp forest habitat and associated biota caused by the operation of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS).
SBC LTER: REEF: Exudation of dissolved organic carbon by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera
We estimated rates of DOC exudation by Macrocystis pyrifera using short-term (2-4 hours) in situ incubations of entire blades and portions of stipes in the kelp forest at Mohawk Reef near Santa Barbara, California, USA (34o 23.660’ N, 119o 43.800’ W). Incubations of blades were conducted within 2 m of the sea surface at midday on eight dates between October 2007 and August 2011 to investigate the effects of blade growth stage, nutrient status (as indicated by C:N ratio determined using an Exeter Analytical CE-440 CHN/O/S elemental analyzer), epiphyte load, sea surface irradiance, and sea surface temperature on rates of DOC release from intact blades.
SBC LTER: REEF: Frond Lifespans of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera
These data describe the demography of 109 cohorts of giant kelp fronds on 194 tagged plants (1007 total fronds surveyed). Cohorts of fronds on tagged plants were followed monthly in three kelp forests near Santa Barbara, CA from April 2002 to June 2005. These data are useful for determining frond birth rates, death rates, lifespan and age structure.
SBC LTER: REEF: Allometric Measurements of Giant Kelp
These data describe the allometry of 55 giant kelp plants collected monthly from three kelp forests near Santa Barbara, CA from May 2002 to June 2003. Included are values for the length and mass of each frond, distinguishing material in the water column from that found at the surface. Data on stipe diameter, number of blade nodes and blade mass are also provided for a subset of fronds. These data were used by Rassweiler et al. (2018) to develop relationships predicting the mass of giant kelp found in the water column and canopy as a function of a few measurements taken from each plant.
Giant Kelp Microbiome Altered in the Presence of Epiphytes
This data package includes data tables documenting microbial community on kelp blades as well as surrounding water column, and R script that analyzes diversity of the microbiomes in kelp forests. Samples were collected using stand up paddle boards at two kelp beds in the Santa Barbara Channel: Arroyo Quemado (AQ: 34° 28.127′ N, 120° 07.285′ W) and Mohawk Reef (MR; 34° 23.660′ N, 119° 43.800′ W) from May to August, 2018. Seawater samples were also collected as part of this project and to compare kelp microbiomes to microbial communities in the surrounding water column. The raw sequencing reads were archived in the Sequence Read Archive data repository through NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA612503) This work was conducted by AK James, CJ English, N Nidzieko, CA Carlson, and EG Wilbanks. This data package is a mirror of a GitHub project: https://github.com/ajamesk10/KELP_SBC_16S_2018
SBC LTER: Beach: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning - sandy beach detritivore kelp consumption rates
These data describe the consumption rates of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) wrack by sandy beach detritivore species common to beaches in the Santa Barbara Channel during a laboratory experiment in August 2016. Species included Megalorchestia minor, Megalorchestia benedicti, Megalorchestia corniculata, Megalorchestia californiana, Phaleria rotundata, and Alloniscus perconvexus. The data file includes the mass of dry kelp consumed per day per individual, the mass of dry kelp consumed per day, and the total mass of dry kelp consumed over the 3-day experiment. There were 12 individuals per treatment and the kelp tissue was measured at the beginning and the end of the 3-night experiment. Consumption rates given here have been corrected for non-consumptive mass loss determined by control treatments with no consumers (4.0 ± 1.5% dry mass or 6.0 ± 2.5 mg).
SBC LTER: Time series of kelp biomass in the canopy from Landsat 5, 1984 -2011
This data package has been deprecated because the models/methods have been changed. Please see the new data package using updated models: Kelp canopy biomass from Landsat 5, 7, and 8. These data are a time series of canopy biomass of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, derived from LANDSAT 5 Thematic Mapper satellite imagery. The kelp canopy is composed of the portions of fronds floating on the surface of the water. Biomass data (wet weight, kg) are given for individual 30 x 30 meter pixels in the coastal areas extending from near Pt. Reyes, California, to Punta Abreojos, Baja California Sur, Mexico, including the Northern and Southern Channel Islands. Data were derived from Landsat 5 TM images. Observations are made on a 16 day reqeat cycle but the temporal coverage is irregular because of cloud cover and instrument failure. Estimates of kelp canopy biomass are derived from the relationship between satellite surface reflectance and empirical measurements of kelp canopy biomass in long-term SBC LTER study plots obtained using SCUBA. Data are organized into yearly files, and zipped to compress. In its entirety this dataset is large, more than 3 GB and 80 million lines. To receive an archive of all data, or for assistance with subsets (e.g., range of dates or a latitude/longitude) contact sbclter@msi.ucsb.edu.
Data from: Convergent evolution of niche structure in Northeast Pacific kelp forests
<ol> <li>Much of the morphological and ecological diversity present on earth is believed to have arisen through the process of adaptive radiation. Yet, this is seemingly at odds with substantial evidence that niches tend to be similar among closely related species (i.e., niche conservatism). Identifying the relative importance of these opposing processes in driving niche evolution under different circumstances is therefore essential to our understanding of the interaction between ecological and evolutionary phenomena.</li> <li>In this study, we make use of recent advances in our understanding of the phylogeny of kelps (Laminariales) to investigate niche evolution in one of the most ecologically significant groups of benthic habitat-forming organisms on the planet. We quantify functional traits and use community sampling data from a kelp diversity hotspot to determine which traits are responsible for the habitat (β) niche of kelps and whether they are labile or conserved across the kelp phylogeny. </li> <li>We find that combinations of functional traits have evolved convergently across kelp subclades and that these functional traits are significant predictors of community structure. Specifically, traits associated with whole-kelp structural reinforcement and material properties were found to be significantly correlated with species distributions along a gradient of wave disturbance and thus predict the outcome of environmental filtering. However, kelp assemblages were made up of species that are more phylogenetically distinct than expected (i.e., phylogenetic overdispersion), suggesting that niche partitioning along this gradient of wave disturbance has been an important driver of divergence between close relatives.</li> <li>These results are consistent with the hypothesis that environmental filtering associated with wave disturbance plays an essential role in determining the habitat niche of kelps across local communities and further suggest that this process can drive phenotypic divergence and niche partitioning between close relatives. We propose that parallel adaptive radiation of kelp subclades has shaped the diversity and species composition of kelp forests in the Northeast Pacific and we discuss how evidence from the literature on incipient or ongoing speciation events support this hypothesis.</li> </ol>
Data from: Protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores
Kelps (order Laminariales) are foundation species in temperate and arctic seas globally, but they are in decline in many places. Laminarian kelp have an alternation of generations and this poses challenges for experimental studies due to the difficulties in achieving zoospore release and gametophyte growth. Here we review and synthesize the protocols that have been used to induce zoospore release in kelps to identify commonalities and provide guidance on best practices. We found 171 papers, where zoospore release was induced in four kelp families from 35 different ecoregions. The most commonly treated family was Laminariaceae, followed by Lessoniaceae and the most studied ecoregion was Central Chile, followed by the Southern California Bight. Zoospore release generally involved three steps: a pre-treatment which included cleaning of the reproductive tissue to eliminate epiphytic organisms, followed by desiccation of the tissue, and finally a post-desiccation immersion of the reproductive material in a seawater medium for zoospore release. Despite these commonalities, there was a high degree of variation in the detail within each of these steps, even among studies within genera and from the same ecoregions. This suggests that zoospore release may be relatively insensitive across the Laminariales. Nevertheless, greater attention to standardisation of protocols would facilitate comparisons of kelp zoospore release across species and locations. Based on practicality and most common practices, we suggest zoospore release should be achieved through 1) wiping clean the reproductive material, 2) desiccating the reproductive material by wrapping in moist paper towels for 12 hours at room temperature in darkness, and 3) submerging the tissue in seawater medium for one hour at room temperature in darkness. The choice of seawater medium should depend on the actual experiment conducted. Standardized protocols will facilitate broad scale comparative studies across this key taxa.
Data from: Curation: heat stress responses and population genetics of the kelp Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae) across latitudes reveal differentiation among North Atlantic populations
<p>We aim to understand the thermal plasticity of a coastal foundation species across its latitudinal distribution by assessing physiological responses to high temperature stress in the kelp <i>Laminaria digitata</i> in combination with population genetic characteristics. We <a>hypothesize</a> that Arctic and cold-temperate populations are less heat resilient than warm-temperate populations. Using meristems of natural <i>L. digitata</i> populations from six locations ranging between Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen (79°N), and Quiberon, France (47°N), we performed a common-garden heat stress experiment applying 15°C to 23°C over eight days. We assessed growth, quantum yield, carbon and nitrogen storage, and xanthophyll pigment contents as response traits. Population connectivity and genetic diversity were analysed with microsatellite markers to relate heat resilience to genetic features and phylogeography. Microsatellite genotyping revealed all sampled populations to be genetically distinct, underlying strong hierarchical structuring between and within southern and northern clades. Genetic diversity was lowest in the isolated population of the North Sea island of Helgoland and highest in Roscoff in the English Channel. Results from the heat stress experiment suggest that the upper temperature limit of <i>L. digitata</i> is nearly identical across its distribution range, but subtle differences we<a>re </a>revealed for the two populations currently at their warm limits. They respectively <a>show</a> a significant advantage in growth at 19°C and 21°C (Quiberon) and a lack of stress responses in photosynthetic quantum yield and xanthophyll pigments at 23°C (Helgoland). In addition, quantum yield indicated the highest heat sensitivity in <i>L. digitata</i> from the northernmost population in Spitsbergen. All together, these results support the hypothesis of moderate local differentiation across <i>L. digitata</i>'s European distribution, whereas effects are likely too weak to ameliorate the species' capacity to withstand ocean warming and marine heatwaves at the southern range edge.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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