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202 results for “Lake Tanganyika”
Data from: Genetic evidence for prevalence of alloparental care in a socially monogamous biparental cichlid fish, Perissodus microlepis, from Lake Tanganyika supports the "selfish shepherd effect" hypothesis
Alloparental care – care for unrelated young – is rare in animals, and its ecological or evolutionary advantages or, alternative maladaptive nature, remain unclear. We investigate alloparental care in the socially monogamous cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis from Lake Tanganyika that exhibits bi-parental care. In a genetic parentage analysis, we discovered a surprisingly high percentage of alloparental care represented by brood mixing, extra-pair paternity and extra-pair maternity in all broods that we investigated. The percentage of nondescendant juveniles of other parents, i.e., brood mixing, ranged from 5% to 57% (mean = 28%). The distribution of genetic parentage also suggests that this socially monogamous species has, in fact, polygamous mating system. The prevalence of genetically mixed broods can be best explained by two, not mutually exclusive hypotheses on farming-out and fostering behaviors. In the majority of broods, the sizes of the parents' own (descendant) offspring were significantly larger than those of the adopted (nondescendant) juveniles, supporting the 'selfish shepherd effect' hypothesis, i.e., that foster parents preferentially accept unrelated "smaller or not larger" young since this would tend to lower the predation risks for their own larger offspring. There was also a tendency for larger parents particularly mothers, more so than smaller parents, to care predominantly for their own offspring. Larger parents might be better at defending against cuckoldry and having foreign young dumped into their broods through farming-out behavior. This result might argue for maladaptive effects of allopatric care for the foster parents that only larger and possibly more experienced pairs can guard against. It needs to be determined why, apparently, the ability to recognize one's own young has not evolved in this species.
FIGURE 8 in Lepidiolamprologus kamambae, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika
FIGURE 8. Eastern part of Kamamba Island, type locality of Lepidiolamprologus kamambae. Photo by Mikael Karlsson and Magnus Karlsson, 30 April 2008.
FIGURE 5 in Lepidiolamprologus kamambae, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika
FIGURE 5. Lepidiolamprologus kamambae. Living specimen, not preserved, photographed in natural habitat at Kamamba Island, 15 m depth. Photo by Mikael Karlsson and Magnus Karlsson, 30 April 2008.
FIGURE 3. Lepidiolamprologus kamambae. Holotype, NRM 61943, 137.2 in Lepidiolamprologus kamambae, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika
FIGURE 3. Lepidiolamprologus kamambae. Holotype, NRM 61943, 137.2 mm SL. A. Lateral aspect of snout. B. frontal aspect of snout. C. dorsal aspect of head.
FIGURE 2 in Lepidiolamprologus kamambae, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika
FIGURE 2. Lepidiolamprologus kamambae. Lower pharyngeal jaw in occlusal (upper) and approximately lateral (lower) aspect. Scale for occlusal aspect. From paratype NRM 51558, 122.1 mm SL.
FIGURE 7 in Lepidiolamprologus kamambae, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika
FIGURE 7. Outline map of Lake Tanganyika showing collecting localities of L. kamambae and comparative material of L. elongatus, L. kendalli, L. mimicus, and L. profundicola.
FIGURE 1 in Lepidiolamprologus kamambae, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika
FIGURE 1. Preserved specimens, all from Tanzania, Lake Tanganyika. A. Lepidiolamprologus kamambae, holotype, NRM 61943, 137.2 mm SL, Kamamba Island. B. L. kendalli, NRM 51590, 100.5 mm SL, Muzi. C. L. elongatus, NRM 59555, 116.4 mm SL, Udachi. D. L. mimicus, NRM 51595, 126.7 mm SL, Frontosa Reef.
FIGURE 4 in Lepidiolamprologus kamambae, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika
FIGURE 4. Living specimens photographed in the field, showing live colors, all from Tanzania, Lake Tanganyika. A. Lepidiolamprologus kamambae, paratype, NRM 51558, 135.2 mm SL, Kamamba Island. B. L. kendalli, NRM 51544, 124.0 mm SL, Muzi. C. L. elongatus, NRM 59555, 150.1 mm SL, Udachi. D. L. profundicola, NRM 61570, 260.9 mm SL, Kansombo. Photographs by Mikael Karlsson and Magnus Karlsson.
FIGURES 457–461 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 457–461. Diploneis elongata sp. nov., SEM external valve views, Lake Tanganyika. 457, 458. Specimen from Kiganza Bay. 459, 460. Specimen from Jakobsen Beach. 461. Specimen from Kalambo Falls Lodge. 457, 460. View of a whole valve. 458. Central area showing the teardrop shaped depression with proximal raphe ends; note inter-areolar semi-circular shaped fin ornamentations of the canal and biseriate striae (white arrow). 459. Close view of the areolae structure in a broken specimen. 461. Distal raphe ends with deflected terminal fissures. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 457, 460), 5 μm (Fig. 458), 2 μm (Figs 459, 461).
FIGURES 434–438 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 434–438. Diploneis cocquytiana sp. nov., SEM external valve views, Lake Tanganyika, Isanga Bay. 434, 437. View of a whole valve. 435. Mid-valve, showing linear extended teardrop shaped depressions with proximal raphe ends and serrated inter-areolar fin-like shaped ornamentations. 436. Half-valve, showing the raphe branch system. 438. Distal raphe end with deflected terminal fissure; white arrowed uniseriate becoming biseriate striae pattern. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 434, 437), 5 μm (Figs 435, 436, 438).
FIGURES 409–414 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 409–414. Diploneis clara sp. nov., SEM external valve views, Lake Tanganyika. 409–411. Specimen from Isanga Bay. 412– 414. Specimen from Kalambo Falls Lodge. 409. A whole valve. 410. Distal raphe ends with deflected terminal fissures; white arrowed uniseriate becoming biseriate striae pattern. 411. Central area with linear extended teardrop shaped depressions with proximal raphe ends. 412. Central area of corroded valve. 413. View of a corroded valve. 414. Valve apices of corroded specimen. Scale bars = 10 μm (Fig. 409), 5 μm (Figs 410, 411, 413, 414), 2 μm (Fig. 412).
FIGURES 379–383 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 379–383. Diploneis kilhamiana sp. nov., SEM internal valve views, Lake Tanganyika, Rukoma area. 379. A whole valve. 380. Distal raphe endings slightly elevated and distant from the valve apices. 381. Half valve, showing raphe branch and valvocopula with serrated advalvar edges. 382. Close view of alveolate openings covered by thin silica layers; where destroyed the areolae are visible. 383. Central area with simple and slightly elevated proximal raphe ends. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 379), 2 μm (Figs 380–383).
FIGURES 549–560 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 549–560. Diploneis distinctebipunctata sp. nov., LM valve views. All individuals displayed from the type material, Mulungushi River. Fig. 552. Holotype specimen. Scale bar = 10 μm.
FIGURE 620 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURE 620. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Diploneis. (A) Maximum likelihood phylogeny based on rbcL chloroplast marker. (B) Maximum likelihood phylogeny based on chloroplast (rbcL) and nuclear (18S) markers. Grey branches denote outgroup taxa, light green marine and freshwater species outside East Africa, green species from the surrounding of Lake Tanganyika, dark green Tanganyika species, asterisks BI bootstrap postprobs (legend in figure). Colored symbols next to each Tanganyika species correspond to the analyzed species for the landmarks in the biplot from Fig. 619.
FIGURES 561–566 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 561–566. Diploneis distinctebipunctata sp. nov., SEM external (Figs 561–565) and internal (Fig. 566) valve views, Mulungushi River. 561. View of a whole frustule. 562. Detail valve apices, showing distal raphe ends with deflected terminal fissures; white arrowed irregularly spaced and shaped round ornamentations along the raphe branch. 563. Close view of biseriate striae pattern and chambered wall. 564. External and internal view of alveoli. 565. Central area showing teardrop shaped depressions with proximal raphe ends. 566. View of a whole valve, showing raphe structure, alveoli structure, and valvocopula with serrated advalvar edges. Scale bars. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 561, 566), 5 μm (Figs 562, 564, 565), 2 μm (Fig. 563).
FIGURES 349–372 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 349–372. Diploneis kilhamiana sp. nov., LM valve views, Lake Tanganyika. 349. Specimen from Jakobsen Beach. 350–352, 354. Specimens from Kiganza Bay. 353. Specimen from Rukoma area. 355. Specimen from Isanga Bay. 356–367, 369–372. Specimens from Kalambo Falls Lodge. 368. Specimen from Mahale National Park. Fig. 370. Holotype specimen. Scale bar = 10 μm.
FIGURES 323–343 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 323–343. Diploneis angusta sp. nov., LM valve views, Lake Tanganyika. 323, 324, 334. Specimens from Ndole Bay. 325, 326, 328, 330, 331, 335, 339–343. Specimens from Cape Nangu at Kasaba Bay. 327, 329, 333, 336, 338. Specimens from Isanga Bay. 332. Specimen from Kalambo Falls Lodge. 337. Specimen from Mahale National Park. Fig. 331. Holotype specimen. Scale bar = 10 μm.
FIGURES 299–322 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 299–322. Diploneis nana sp. nov., LM (Figs 299–319), SEM external (Figs 320, 322), and internal (Fig. 321) valve views, Lake Tanganyika. 299–302, 304, 306–308, 310–312, 315–318. Specimens from the type material, Mahale National Park. 303, 319. Specimens from Isanga Bay. 305, 309, 313, 314, 320–322. Specimens from Kiganza Bay. Fig. 306. Holotype specimen. Fig. 320. Valve view, showing canal structure, striae structure, and inter-areolar fin-like silica ridges. 321. Valve view, showing simple raphe branch and alveoli occluded by thin silica layers. 322. Detail central area with teardrop shaped depressions with proximal raphe ends bent to the same side of the valve; white arrowed inter-areolar fin-like shaped ornamentations. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 299–319), 5 μm (Figs 320, 321), 2 μm (Fig. 322).
FIGURES 294–298 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 294–298. Diploneis duplex sp. nov., SEM internal valve views, Lake Tanganyika. 294, 295, 296, 298. Specimen from Isanga Bay. 297. Specimen from Kalambo Falls Lodge. 294. Valve view and valvocopula with serrated advalvar edges. 295. Detail mid-valve, showing simple and slightly elevated proximal raphe ends. 296. Detail alveoli openings occluded by thin layers; white arrowed destroyed thin layer showing the biseriate striae. 297. View of a broken valve. 298. Distal raphe ends slightly elevated and distant from the valve apices. Scale bars = 10 μm (Fig. 294), 5 μm (Figs 295, 297, 298), 2 μm (Fig. 296).
FIGURES 373–378 in Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas
FIGURES 373–378. Diploneis kilhamiana sp. nov., SEM external valve views, Lake Tanganyika. 373–376. Specimens from Kalambo Falls Lodge. 377, 378. Specimen from Isanga Bay. 373. View of a whole valve. 374. Detail valve apices, showing distal raphe ends with deflected terminal fissures and internal alveoli structure. 375. Internal and external valve view. 376. Central area with linear extended teardrop shaped depressions with proximal raphe ends and inter-areolar semi-circular shaped fin ornamentations on the canal. 377. Close view of distal raphe ends. 378. Close view of biseriate striae pattern. Scale bars = 10 μm (Fig. 373), 5 μm (Fig. 375), 2 μm (Figs 374, 376–378).
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