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Fig. 9 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 9. Entactiniid (A–F) and albaillellid (G, H) radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian (Middle Pa. triangularis Zone), sample Kw−154, all × 75. A. Trilonche grandis. B. Stigmospherostylus crustescens. C–E. Trilonche guangxiensis. F. Polyentactinia tenera. G, H. Albaillella sp. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 7. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 7. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian (Middle Pa. triangularis Zone), sample Kw−154, all × 75. A–C, E. Haplentactinia cf. rhinophyusa. D. Spongentactinella sp. F, G. Haplentactinia cf. inaudita. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 4. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 4. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian (Middle Pa. triangularis Zone), sample Kw−154, all × 150 except J × 240. A–C. Astroentactinia stellaepolus. D. Stigmospherostylus diversita. E, G. Astroentactinia stellata. F. Astroentactinia cf. crassata. H. Stigmospherostylus cf. micula. I, J. Helioentactinia cf. perjucunda.

Fig. 3 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 3. Radiolarian−spiculite facies, set H−3, Frasnian–Famennian boundary beds at Kowala quarry, Poland (see Figs. 1C, D and 2; Racki 1999: fig. 2). A. Field photo of a laminated (marginally−agraded) limestone bed with black bedded chert; arrowed is a lighter diagenetically unaffected band. B. Radiolarian−spiculite limestone packstone (sample Kw−154), with mostly incipiently neomorphozed micritic matrix and numerous pyrite aggregations in the upper part.

Fig. 2 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 2. Micropalaeontological characteristics of the upper Frasnian and Frasnian–Famennian passage at Kowala, based on the eastern quarry wall section + from 1991 (section Kw). The material obtained from marly−shaly samples, supplemented by few conodont samples and thin sections for the unit H−3. Productive radiolarian (R) and spicule (S) samples studied (see Fig. 3 and Table 2) are arrowed. 1, tentaculitoids; 2, entomozoids; 3, large−sized palynomorphs; 4, goniatites; 5, ichtyolithes; 6, palmatolepid conodonts; 7, polygnathid conodonts; 8, ramose conodont elements; 9, phyllocarid remains; 10, benthic ostracods; 11, nanicellid foraminiferans; 12, sponge spicules; 13, rhynchonellid brachiopods;14, chonetid brachiopods; 15, lingulids; 16, phosphatized burrow fills and pellets; 17, agglutinated foraminiferans; 18, icriodontid conodonts; 19, echinoderm remains; 20, ramose fossils (a, amphiporid stromatoporoids; b, others [fragmented?auloporids]); 21, sphaerical microfossils (?mostly calcispheroids).

Fig. 1. A, B in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 1. A, B. Location of the Kowala basin succession in Poland (A) and Holy Cross Mountains (B; see details in Racki 1993). C. Composite lithological section of the Late Devonian strata at Kowala (modified after Szulczewski 1996: fig. 8), the reference succession showing environmental evolution typical of intermittently drowned shelf from reef (units A–C) to slope (D–G) to intrashelf basin (H–L). Three sampled radiolarian−sponge intervals are arrowed. D. Sedimentary record of eustatic, anoxic and tectono−volcanic events around the Frasnian–Famennian boundary, with emphasis on selected biotic markers. Note blooms of siliceous biota, thought as promoted mostly by submarine exhalative volcanism paired with tectonically−driven shallowing, and a cooling pulse (see Racki 1999; Racki et al. 2002).

Fig. 6 in Temporal dynamics of the geographic differentiation of Late Devonian Palmatolepis assemblages in the Prototethys

Fig. 6. Size (estimated by the zeroth harmonic of a Fourier analysis of the platform outline) and shape variations of Palmatolepis (Manticolepis) through Coumiac (France), Mrirt (Morocco), Xom Nha (Vietnam) and Thong Pha Phum (Thailand). Shape is estimated by the score on PC1 (25.5%) and by the score on PC1sf (24.4%). The symbols represent the average value per level; error bars correspond to the 95% confidence interval. The grey beld corresponds to the Upper Kellwasser (UKW). Open symbols: Frasnian; grey and black symbols: Famennian; circles = Coumiac, squares = Mrirt, triangles = Xom Nha, diamond = Thong Pha Phum. Grey boxes = the 3 time−slices.

Fig. 1 in Temporal dynamics of the geographic differentiation of Late Devonian Palmatolepis assemblages in the Prototethys

Fig. 1. Palaeogeographic map of the Late Devonian showing the location of the sections considered in the present study (after Scotese and McKerrow 1990; Scotese and Golonka 1992). Circle = Coumiac Upper Quarry (France), square = Mrirt (Morocco), triangle = Xom Nha (Vietnam), diamond = Thong Pha Phum (Thailand).

Fig. 5 in Temporal dynamics of the geographic differentiation of Late Devonian Palmatolepis assemblages in the Prototethys

Fig. 5. Differences in size and shape variance through time and space. A. Size distribution of the Palmatolepis (Manticolepis) elements per geographical region and per time slice. Each dot corresponds to a value. Size is estimated by the zeroth harmonic of a Fourier analysis of the platform outline. B. Shape distribution, of the Palmatolepis (Manticolepis) elements per geographical region and per time slice. Shape is estimated by the scores on PC1. Each dot corresponds to a value. C. Distribution of the size−free shape, estimated by the scores on PC1sf, of the Palmatolepis (Manticolepis) elements per geographical region and per time slice. Each dot represents single specimen; the grey beld corresponds to the Upper Kellwasser (UKW). Abbreviations: M, mean (Kruskall−Wallis); V, variance (Levene test).

Fig. 2 in Temporal dynamics of the geographic differentiation of Late Devonian Palmatolepis assemblages in the Prototethys

Fig. 2. Stratigraphical logs of the four compared sections, Coumiac (France), Mrirt (Morocco), Xom Nha (Vietnam) and Thong Pha Phum (Thailand). The studied levels are marked by a black circle. In gray, the dysoxic Kellwasser (UKW = Upper Kellwasser). Pa., Palmatolepis.

FIGURE 1 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 1. Simplified geological map of the Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous Fairfield Group outcrop, Lennard Shelf, northern Canning Basin, showing sampled sites at Oscar Hill and Laurel Downs (after Druce and Radke, 1979).

FIGURE 2 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphy and correlation of Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous units of the Lennard Shelf (after Smith et al., 2013). Approximate temporal positions of the sampled localities: 1, OH4; 2, 198480; 3, 198404; 4, LG-1; and 5, TS-1. Abbreviations: Fm, Formation; and Lst, Limestone.

FIGURE 7 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 7. Shark teeth from the Upper Devonian Gumhole Formation, Oscar Hill and Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-2, Protacrodontidae gen. et sp. indet., WAM 15.6.29, sample OH-4, in lingual (1) and labial (2) views; 3-5, Lissodus sp., WAM 15.6.42, sample TS-1, in lingual (3), occlusal (4) and labial (5) views; 6-7, Hybodontoidea gen. et sp. indet., WAM 15.6.41, sample TS-1, in lingual (6) and labial (7) views; 8-11, Euselachii gen. et sp. indet.1, WAM 15.6.21, sample 198404, in lingual view (8), WAM 15.6.20, sample 198404, in occlusal view (9), WAM 15.6.27, sample 198404, in occluso-lingual view (10), and WAM 15.6.39, sample TS-1 in labial view (11); 12-13, Euselachii gen. et sp. indet. 2, WAM 15.6.40, sample TS-1, in occluso-lingual view (12) and WAM 15.6.22, sample TS-1, in labial view (13); 14-17, Holocephali gen. et sp. indet. 1, WAM 15.6.4, sample 198404, in occlusal view (14), and WAM 15.6.3, sample 198404, in lingual (15), labial (16) and occlusal (17) views. Scale bar length: 1-2, 0.5 mm; 3-5, 0.4 mm; 6-7, 0.75 mm; 8-10, 0.3 mm; 11, 1 mm; 12-13, 0.6 mm; 14-17, 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 5. Ctenacanthiform teeth from the Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-5, Cladodontomorphi indet. sp., WAM 15.6.5, sample 198404, in lingual (1), lateral (2), labial (3), basal (4) and occlusal (5) views; 6-11, Ctenacanthiform gen. et sp. indet. 1, WAM 15.6.24, sample 198404, in lingual view (6), WAM 15.6.36, sample TS-1, in lingual view (7), WAM 15.6.35, sample TS-1, in lingual view (8), WAM 15.6.37, sample TS-1, in labial (9) and lateral (10) views, and WAM 15.6.35, sample TS-1, in labial view (11); 12-15, Ctenacanthiform gen. et sp. indet 2, WAM 15.6.3.8, in lingual (12), occlusal (13), labial (14) and basal (15) views. Scale bar length: 1-5, 10 mm; 6-11, 0.5 mm; 12-15, 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 4. Ctenacanthiform teeth from the Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-7, Cladodus thomasi, WAM 15.6.50, sample 198404, in lingual view (1), WAM 15.6.25, sample 198404, in occlusal view (2), WAM 15.6.12, sample 198404, in lingual (3) and labial views (4), WAM 15.6.19, sample 198404, partial platform and crown in lingual view (5), and WAM 15.6.13, sample TS-1, in occlusal (6) and labial (7) views; 8-12, Cladodoides cf. wildungensis, WAM 15.6.15, sample 198404, in lingual (8), occlusal (9) and labial (10) views, WAM 15.6.16, sample 198404, in labial (11) and lingual (12) views. Scale bar length: 1-7, 1 mm; 8-10, 0.25 mm; 11-12, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 3. Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous shark teeth from the Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-4, Ageleodus sp., WAM 15.6.23, sample 198404, in lingual view (1), WAM 15.6.34, sample TS-1, in labial (2) and lingual (3) views, and WAM 15.6.33, sample TS-1, in lingual view (4); 5-7, Phoebodus cf. turnerae, WAM 15.6.28, sample OH-4, in occlusal (5), labial (6) and lateral (7) views; 8-11, Thrinacodus ferox, WAM 15.6.32, sample LG-1, in occlusal view (8), WAM 15.6.8, sample 198404, in occlusal view (9), WAM 15.6.11, sample 198404, in lateral view (10), and WAM 15.6.9, sample 198404, in occlusal view (11); 12-16, Stethacanthus? sp., WAM 15.6.6, sample 198404, in occlusal view (12), and WAM 15.6.7, sample 198404, in basal (13), lingual (14), occlusal (15) and labial (16) views. Scale bar length: 1-4, 1 mm; 5-7, 0.5 mm; 8-11, 0.25 mm; 12, 0.5 mm; 13-16, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 8. Maps depicting common taxa between the Canning Basin and other areas in Gondwana and Laurentia for the Late Devonian (1, Frasnian and Famennian chondrichthyans - * indicating Frasnian age, ^ indicating Famennian age) and Early Carboniferous (2, Tournaisian to Visean) (base map modified from Scotese and McKerrow, 1990; Golonka et al., 1994; Metcalfe, 2011). Abbreviations: A, Khor Virap and Erytch, Armenia; Ai, Carnarvon Basin, Australia; Aii, Canning Basin, Australia; Aiii, Burdekin Star, Australia; Aiv, Broken River, Australia; B, Belgium; Ch, Hunan, South China; F, Montagne Noire, France; G, Thuringia, Germany; I, Chahriseh, Dalmeh, Hojedk, Hutk, and Kale-Sardar, Iran; Ir, Kilbride, Ireland: M, Tafilalt, Morocco; N, Nevada, Utah, and New Mexico, North America; P, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; and R, South Urals, Russia. Sources of information: Armenia (Ginter et al., 2011), Australia (Turner and Dring, 1981; Turner, 1982; Trinajstic, 2001; Trinajstic and George, 2009; Roelofs et al., 2015), Royseux, Belgium (Derycke-Khatir et al., 2005), China (Wang and Turner, 1985; Ginter and Sun 2007), France (Derycke-Khatir et al., 2005), Germany (Ginter, 1999), Iran (Long and Hairapetian, 2000; Ginter et al., 2002; Hairapetian and Ginter, 2010), Ireland (Duncan, 2003), Morocco (Ginter et al., 2002; Derycke et al., 2008), North America (Ginter, 2001; Ivanov and Lucas, 2011), Poland (Ginter, 1990, 1995; Ginter and Ivanov, 2000), Russia (Ginter, 1994; Ginter and Ivanov, 1992, 2000; Ivanov, 1996), and South China (Lelièvre and Derycke, 1998).

FIGURE 6 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 6. Protacrodont teeth from Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1, Protacrodus aequalis, WAM 15.6.43, sample TS-1, in lingual view (1); 2-4, Protacrodus sp. 1, WAM 15.6.45, sample TS-1, in lingual (2), occlusal (3) and labial (4) views; 5-12, Deihim mansureae, WAM 15.6.17, in lingual view (5), WAM 15.6.18, sample 198408, in occlusal view (6), WAM 15.6.46, sample TS-1, in lingual view (7), WAM 15.6.48, sample TS-1, in lingual view (8), WAM 15.6.19, sample 198404, in labio-basal view (9), WAM 15.6.17, sample 198404, in labial view (10), WAM 15.6.49, sample TS-1, in labio-basal view (11), and WAM 15.6.18, sample 198404, in lateral view (12); 13-16, Dalmehodus cf. turnerae, WAM 15.6.30, sample LG-1, in lingual (13) and labial (14) views, WAM 15.6.44, sample TS-1, in occlusal (15) and lateral (16) views. Scale bar length: 1-4, 0.5 mm; 5- 12, 1 mm; 13-16, 0.25 mm.

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FIGURE 3 in A new Late Devonian isoetalean lycopsid from New South Wales, Australia: Cymastrobus irvingii gen. et sp. nov.

FIGURE 3. Cymastrobus irvingii gen. et sp. nov. NMVP 161998. Virtual sections, X-Ray synchrotron microtomography. 1-5, Proximal-distal series of longitudinal sections through a sporophyll-sporangium unit; note the heel (H) in 1, keel (K) in 2 and 3, microsporangium (mS) and longitudinal pad of tissue (P) in 4 and 5, vascular strand (VS) in 5.