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511 results for “Leptodactylidae”
FIGURE 40. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H).
FIGURE 29. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 29. Call A of Physalaemus erikae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H).
FIGURE 32. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H).
FIGURE 36. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F).
FIGURE 26. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 26. Call A of Physalaemus cuqui. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B).
FIGURE 23. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E).
FIGURE 18. Calls A and B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F).
FIGURE 38. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J).
FIGURE 16 in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 16. Multiplicity relationship between "instantaneous" dominant frequency and w of calls B of five Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call B of: P. crombiei (A), P. signifer (B), P. bokermanni (C), P. angrensis (D), and P. moreirae (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of "instantaneous" dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio "instantaneous" dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency.
FIGURE 10. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B).
FIGURE 21. Calls A and B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G).
FIGURE 9. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D).
FIGURE 34. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F).
FIGURE 2 in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 2. Schematic audiospectrograms of calls of Physalaemus species and diagrams for terms related to spectral call traits (A); note a initial up-downward FM and a final downward FM at the beginning and end of the call, respectively. General downward FM (B). Upward general FM (C). Shift in the relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call (D). Call energy concentrated in the higher harmonics; lower harmonics absent (E). Periodic frequency modulation, PFM (F). Subharmonics at the middle of the call (G). Deterministic chaos at the middle of the call (H). Note that the call (E) also presents pulses and up-downward FM within each pulse. These features are independent to the energy concentrated in higher harmonics.
FIGURE 1 in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 1. Schematic oscillograms of calls of Physalaemus species and schematic diagrams for terms related to amplitude traits (A). Gradual call rise and fall (B). Logarithmic call rise and fall (C). Exponential call rise and fall (D). Inclined sustain (E). Demarcation of w duration (F). Call with cycle-PAM (periodic amplitude modulation), i.e., absence of silence interval within call (G). Call with pulse-PAM (periodic amplitude modulation), i.e., presence of silence interval within call (H). Different envelopes (I–L). Rectangular envelope (I). Elliptical envelope (J). Triangular envelope pointed left (K). Triangular envelope pointed right (L).
FIGURE 17. Calls A and B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q).
FIGURE 33 in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between "instantaneous" dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of "instantaneous" dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio "instantaneous" dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B).
FIGURE 28. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 28. Call A of Physalaemus albifrons. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and levels of FM (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B); 81.2 (E); 78.9 (F).
FIGURE 5. Call types A and B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 5. Call types A and B of Physalaemus maculiventris. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single typical call A (A and B). A single call A with a variant envelope and modulations (C and D). A single call B (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s; vertical scale bars have 1 KHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (D); 61.4 (B); 78.9 (F).
FIGURE 20. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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