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538 results for “Local Effects”
Institutions and Cultural Diversity: Effects of Democratic and Propaganda Processes on Local Convergence and Global Diversity.
<p>In a connected world where people influence each other, what can cause a globalized monoculture, and which measures help to preserve the coexistence of cultures? Previous research has shown that factors such as homophily, population size, geography, mass media, and type of social influence play important roles. In the present paper, we investigate for the first time the impact that institutions have on cultural diversity. In our first three studies, we extend existing agent-based models and explore the effects of institutional influence and agent loyalty. We find that higher institutional influence increases cultural diversity, while individuals' loyalty to their institutions has a small, preserving effect. In three further studies, we test how bottom-up and top-down processes of institutional influence impact our model. We find that bottom-up democratic practices, such as referenda, tend to produce convergence towards homogeneity, while top-down information dissemination practices, such as propaganda, further increase diversity. In our last model – an integration of bottom-up and top-down processes into a feedback loop of information – we found that when democratic processes are rare, the effects of propaganda are amplified, i.e. more diversity emerges; however, when democratic processes are common, they are able to neutralize or even reverse this propaganda effect. Importantly, our models allow for control over the full spectrum of diversity, so that a manipulation of our variables can result in preferred levels of diversity, which will be useful for the study of other factors in the future. We discuss possible mechanisms behind our results, possible applications, and implications for political and social sciences.</p>
FIGURE 5 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 5. Male. Discriminant analysis (DA) of characters of the electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform of five male samples of South African Marcusenius species, compared to M. devosi specimens from Kenya (D symbols). B, S and P symbols, M. pongolensis specimens from different South African locations; K symbols, M. krameri. EOD waveform characters that were included in DA as given in Table 2, but Ndur excluded because of irrelevance in the male sample.
FIGURE 4 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 4. Female. Discriminant analysis (DA) of characters of the electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform of five female plus juvenile samples of South African Marcusenius species, compared to M. devosi specimens from Kenya (D symbols). B, S and P symbols, M. pongolensis specimens from different South African locations; K symbols, M. krameri. EOD waveform characters that were included in DA as given in Table 3, but PNsep excluded because of irrelevance in the female sample.
FIGURE 2 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 2. Electric organ discharge of a Marcusenius krameri with the positive peak amplitude normalized to 1 V, as an example for showing the characters analysed and their definitions. EOD shown was field-recorded from male specimen Mogol27 (ZSM 39535(7) from Mokolo River).
FIGURE 1. A in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 1. A, partial geography of southern Africa showing localities where fish were sampled. B, partial geography of South Africa. Locality 1, Tana River, Kenya, Marcusenius devosi. Locality 2, Mokolo River, M. krameri. Locality 3, Sabie River, M. pongolensis. Locality 4, Kosi Bay area, Kosi River system, M. pongolensis. Locality 5, Pongola River, M. pongolensis. Locality 6, Type locality for M. pongolensis. Locality 7, Mhlatuze River, M. caudisquamatus.
FIGURE 3 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 3. Electric organ discharges (EOD) of a male bulldog (below) and a female specimen (above) in each panel. Abscissa, time bar is 2 ms for all panels, ordinate, amplitude (V). EODs are normalised to the same positive peak amplitude from baseline = 1 V. Kosi Bay, Marcusenius pongolensis from the Kosi System, specimens PM09A90 (female, SL 10.9 cm) and PM09A91 (male, SL 16.2 cm), SAIAB 88637(2). Sabie River, M. pongolensis, specimens 8Sabi (male, SL 13.4 cm) and 9Sabi (female, SL 12.3 cm), both SAIAB 54446(11). Pongola River, M. pongolensis, specimens Pon02 (male, SL 18 cm), SAIAB 79148(5), and Pon09 (female, SL 15.5 cm), ZSM 35087(5). Witrivier River, M. pongolensis, specimen Wit 02, male, SL 18 cm, and Wit 01, female, SL 9.9 cm, both SAIAB 88846(2). Tana River, M. devosi, specimens SAIAB 79139(14), Ta32na, male, SL 10.1 cm, and ZSM 35092, Ta11na, female, SL 11.2 cm. Mhlatuze River, M. caudisquamatus, specimen PM09A242, male, SL 17.5 cm, and PM09A238, female, SL 10.2 cm, both SAIAB 191225(6). Mokolo River, M. krameri, specimen Mogol27, ZSM 39535(7), male, SL 9 cm, and Mogol29, SAIAB 88888(15), female, SL 9.7 cm.
Dataset for: Effects of local open raceme density, patch size, and distance between patches on pollinator behavior responding to floral display size in Salvia nipponica
<p>Flowers cluster at various spatial scales, so pollinators use information from multiple scales when foraging in natural plant populations. Little is known about the effects of interactions between scales or their relative strength. We examined bumblebee foraging behaviour in a natural population of <em>Salvia</em> <em>nipponica</em> in 10 and 7 patches in 2019 and 2020, respectively. We recorded within-patch factors (display size of racemes and local open raceme densities) and patch-level factors (patch size and distance from the nearest patch) and analysed their relationships with pollinator behaviour. The numbers of visits per raceme and flower were mainly affected by the interaction of patch size and raceme density; they were higher in locations with lower raceme density in larger patches. The ratio of flowers visited to all open flowers in a raceme during a raceme visit, which relates to a bumblebee's choice to leave a raceme, was mainly affected by the interaction of display size and local open raceme density; in 2019, it was higher in racemes with smaller display sizes, while in 2020 the strength and direction of the relationship depended on the open raceme density. These results suggest that pollinators relied on the sizes of flower clusters at different spatial scales when visiting and leaving racemes and adjusted their responses to the sizes of flower clusters depending on the distances between clusters. Therefore, it is important to evaluate factors at various spatial scales and their interactions to fully understand pollinator behaviour in natural plant populations.</p>
Effects of Locally formulated Milk Replacer on Calf Growth Performance; Physiological, Hematological, and Biochemical Parameters
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Replication package for the paper: Harnessing Test Call Structures for Improved Fault Localization Effectiveness
<p>This repository contains the replication package for the paper <strong>"Harnessing Test Call Structures for Improved Fault Localization Effectiveness"</strong>. The package includes the necessary scripts, data, and instructions to reproduce the results presented in the study, focusing on the effectiveness of Spectrum-Based Fault Localization (SBFL) using the Barinel algorithm.</p> <h3>Description of Folders and Files:</h3> <ul> <li><strong>algorithms/</strong>: Contains the SBFL algorithms implemented for this study. Note that only the Barinel algorithm was used in the presented results.</li> <li><strong>base/</strong>: Contains the scripts needed for calculating spectra for SBFL.</li> <li><strong>D4J/</strong>: Contains the Defects4J projects. These need to be unpacked using the appropriate scripts provided in this folder.</li> <li><strong>changeset.json</strong>: Contains metadata about changesets for the projects analyzed in this study.</li> <li><strong>main.py</strong>: The main script for calculating ranks and metrics for the selected projects and heuristics.</li> <li><strong>SBFL ranks.csv</strong>: Contains the SBFL ranks calculated from the analysis.</li> </ul> <h2>Requirements</h2> <p>To run the scripts, you will need:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Python 3.9</strong></li> <li><strong>Defects4J</strong>: The <code>D4J</code> folder should contain unpacked Defects4J projects. Please ensure you have followed the instructions in the <code>D4J</code> folder to unpack the projects accordingly.</li> <li><strong>Required Python packages</strong> (install using <code><a href="http://localhost:63343/markdownPreview/1636345610/markdown-preview-index-2076127249.html?_ijt=mqjd55qrfb1m1q15g8bm74pk1u#"></a>pip</code>): <code><a href="http://localhost:63343/markdownPreview/1636345610/markdown-preview-index-2076127249.html?_ijt=mqjd55qrfb1m1q15g8bm74pk1u#"></a>pip install -r requirements.txt</code></li> <li><strong>Prepare the Defects4J Projects</strong>: <ul> <li>Navigate to the <code>D4J</code> directory.</li> <li>Run the provided scripts to unpack the necessary Defects4J projects.</li> <li>Ensure that each project folder is structured properly to be used by the <code>main.py</code> script.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2>Running the Main Script</h2> <p>The main analysis script is <code>main.py</code>, which calculates the SBFL ranks using the Barinel algorithm based on the selected heuristics.</p> <h3>Usage</h3> <p>To run the main script:</p> <div></div> <pre><code><a href="http://localhost:63343/markdownPreview/1636345610/markdown-preview-index-2076127249.html?_ijt=mqjd55qrfb1m1q15g8bm74pk1u#"></a>python main.py </code></pre> <h3>Parameters and Settings:</h3> <ul> <li><strong>Projects and Ranges</strong>: The projects are defined in the <code>projects</code> list, with their respective bug ranges in the <code>ranges</code> list. The script iterates over these projects and bug IDs to calculate SBFL ranks.</li> </ul> <h3>Outputs:</h3> <ul> <li>The script outputs the ranks and coverage metrics directly to the console. Results can be redirected or saved as needed.</li> <li>It uses the <code>Ranks.RankContainer</code> class to calculate and print the minimum suspiciousness ranks for the selected metrics.</li> </ul>
Localized carry-over effects of pond drying on survival, growth, and pathogen defenses in amphibians
<p><span>Climate change is increasing variability in precipitation patterns in many parts of the globe. Unpredictable changes in water availability can be particularly challenging for organisms that rely on precipitation-fed water sources for completing their life cycle, such as many amphibian species. Although developmental plasticity can mitigate the impacts of changing environments for some species, this strategy can come at a cost to other fitness-linked traits, such as immune function. We investigated localized variation in the capacity to respond to pond drying and evaluated whether developmental responses induced carry-over effects in disease susceptibility in three leopard frog species (<em>Rana </em>[<em>Lithobates</em>]<em> pipiens</em> and <em>R. sphenocephala</em>; two populations each, and one population of <em>R. chiricahuensis</em>). Using mesocosms located near the site of collection (<15 km away) in five regions spanning a latitudinal gradient, we raised tadpoles under simulated fast-drying, slow-drying, or constant water levels. After metamorphosis, we characterized several aspects of the skin microbiome, immune function, and response to exposure to the fungal pathogen <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>). Note that for <em>R. chiricahuensis,</em> the only carry-over effect measured was response to <em>Bd</em> exposure, for which we observed no effects of pond drying. We found that developmental plasticity in response to drying was rare, except in the southernmost population of <em>R. sphenocephala</em>. In this location, tadpoles responded by accelerating development, and frogs with shorter larval periods developed more severe infections following <em>Bd</em> exposure<em> </em>post-metamorphosis, suggesting a trade-off between surviving pond drying and pathogen defense investment. In the three other locations, a lack of accelerated metamorphosis in drying treatments was accompanied by increased mortality, decreased anti-<em>Bd</em> function of the microbiome, and/or greater <em>Bd</em> infection after exposure. Overall, results suggest that faster drying conditions will likely have negative impacts on amphibians with long larval periods, both directly and indirectly via carry-over effects. Because effects of drying exposure were not uniform within a species, our findings suggest local responses may not be generalizable to other regions of the range. These multifaceted effects of climate change on pathogen defenses are increasingly relevant as emerging infectious diseases threaten global biodiversity.</span></p>
Effect of the localized insecticides spray technique to control Halyomorpha halys in Actinidia chinensis orchards.
<p><span>Kiwifruit production is rapidly expanding worldwide with China, New Zealand and Italy being the three major producing countries. <em>Halyomorpha halys</em>, the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive insect pest that in the last two decades has become a major problem for several agricultural commodities, including kiwifruit. Its management relies on integrating different control methods, including board-spectrum insecticides. Nevertheless, the chemical control may not achieve satisfactory results and there is still margin for improvement, considering for instance the optimization of the spray technique. This problem is even more relevant in kiwifruit due to its peculiar training system, which reduce fruit exposure to pesticide sprays. In this study, two spray techniques were tested to maximize the insecticides efficacy in controlling <em>H. halys</em> in both yellow- and green-flesh kiwifruit cultivars (‘Jintao’ and ‘Hayward’). The effects of a conventional ray atomizer and a trumpet-modified atomizer, which localizes insecticide applications in the fruit area, were assessed on <em>H. halys</em> mortality (with artificial infestations) and fruit damages (due to <em>H. halys</em><span> naturally occurring in the orchards</span>). The localized spray technique resulted in an overall significantly higher<em> H. halys</em> mortality in ‘Hayward’, but not in ‘Jintao’ cultivar. This is likely due to the differences in the canopy size and structure of these cultivars, observed recording biometric parameters of the vines. However, the fruit injury level was not different between the spray techniques. Further investigations in this direction are needed also to assess the efficiency of the localized spray technique in reducing insecticide dose and volume, in accordance to European strategies for sustainable developments that foreseen a restriction of authorized insecticidal active substances and an overall reduction of plant protection products usage.</span></p>
Data from: Effects of gene action, marker density, and time since selection on the performance of landscape genomic scans of local adaptation
Genomic "scans" to identify loci that contribute to local adaptation are becoming increasingly common. Many methods used for such studies have assumed that local adaptation is created by loci experiencing antagonistic pleiotropy and that the selected locus itself is assayed, and few consider how signals of selection change through time. However, most empirical data sets have marker density too low to assume that a selected locus itself is assayed, researchers seldom know when selection was first imposed, and many locally adapted loci likely experience not antagonistic pleiotropy but conditional neutrality. We simulated data to evaluate how these factors affect the performance of tests for genotype-environment association. We found that three types of regression-based analyses (linear models, mixed linear models, and latent factor mixed models) and an implementation of BayEnv all performed well, with high rates of true positives and low rates of false positives, when the selected locus experienced antagonistic pleiotropy, and when the selected locus was assayed directly. However, all tests had reduced power to detect loci experiencing conditional neutrality, and the probability of detecting associations was sharply reduced when physically linked rather than causative loci were sampled. Antagonistic pleiotropy also maintained detectable genotype-environment associations much longer than conditional neutrality. Our analyses suggest that if local adaptation is often driven by loci experiencing conditional neutrality, genome-scan methods will have limited capacity to find loci responsible for local adaptation.
Data from: Local and landscape-level floral resources explain effects of wildflower strips on wild bees across four European countries
1. Growing evidence for declines in wild bees calls for the development and implementation of effective mitigation measures. Enhancing floral resources is a widely accepted measure for promoting bees in agricultural landscapes, but effectiveness varies considerably between landscapes and regions. We hypothesize that this variation is mainly driven by a combination of the direct effects of measures on local floral resources and the availability of floral resources in the surrounding landscape. 2. To test this, we established wildflower strips in four European countries, using the same seed mixture of forage plants specifically targeted at bees. We used a before–after control–impact approach to analyse the impacts of wildflower strips on bumblebees, solitary bees and Red List species and examined to what extent effects were affected by local and landscape-wide floral resource availability, land-use intensity and landscape complexity. 3. Wildflower strips generally enhanced local bee abundance and richness, including Red-listed species. Effectiveness of the wildflower strips increased with the local contrast in flower richness created by the strips and furthermore depended on the availability of floral resources in the surrounding landscape, with different patterns for solitary bees and bumblebees. Effects on solitary bees appeared to decrease with increasing amount of late-season alternative floral resources in the landscape, whereas effects on bumblebees increased with increasing early-season landscape-wide floral resource availability. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that the effects of wildflower strips on bees are largely driven by the extent to which local flower richness is increased. The effectiveness of this measure could therefore be enhanced by maximizing the number of bee forage species in seed mixtures, and by management regimes that effectively maintain flower richness in the strips through the years. In addition, for bumblebees specifically, our study highlights the importance of a continuous supply of food resources throughout the season. Measures that enhance early-season landscape-wide floral resource availability, such as the cultivation of oilseed rape, can benefit bumblebees by providing the essential resources for colony establishment and growth in spring. Further research is required to determine whether, and under what conditions, wildflower strips result in actual population-level effects.
Data from: Short-term microbial effects of a large-scale mine-tailing storage facility collapse on the local natural environment
We investigated the impacts of the Mount Polley tailings impoundment failure on chemical, physical, and microbial properties of substrates within the affected watershed, comprised of 70 hectares of riparian wetlands and 40 km of stream and lake shore. We established a biomonitoring network in October of 2014, two months following the disturbance, and evaluated riparian and wetland substrates for microbial community composition and function via 16S and full metagenome sequencing. A total of 234 samples were collected from substrates at 3 depths and 1,650,752 sequences were recorded in a geodatabase framework. These data revealed a wealth of information regarding watershed-scale distribution of microbial community members, as well as community composition, structure, and response to disturbance. Substrates associated with the impact zone were distinct chemically as indicated by elevated pH, nitrate, and sulphate. The microbial community exhibited elevated metabolic capacity for selenate and sulfate reduction and an abundance of chemolithoautotrophs in the Thiobacillus thiophilus/T. denitrificans/T. thioparus clade that may contribute to nitrate attenuation within the affected watershed. The most impacted area (a 6km stream connecting two lakes) exhibited 30% lower microbial diversity relative to the remaining sites. The tailings impoundment failure at Mount Polley Mine has provided a unique opportunity to evaluate functional and compositional diversity soon after a major catastrophic disturbance to assess metabolic potential for ecosystem recovery.
Interactions with soil fungi alter density-dependence and neighborhood effects in a locally abundant dipterocarp species
<p>Seedling recruitment can be strongly affected by the composition of nearby plant species. At the neighborhood scale (on the order of tens of meters), adult conspecifics can modify soil chemistry and presence of host microbes (pathogens and mutualists) across their combined canopy area or rooting zones. At local or small spatial scales (on the order of one to few meters), conspecific seed or seedling density can influence the strength of intraspecific light and resource competition and also modify the density-dependent spread of natural enemies such as pathogens or invertebrate predators. Intrinsic correlation between proximity to adult conspecifics (i.e. recruitment neighborhood) and local seedling density, arising from dispersal, make it difficult to separate the independent and interactive factors that contribute to recruitment success. </p> <p>Here, we present a field experiment in which we manipulated both the recruitment neighborhood and seedling density to explore how they interact to influence the growth and survival of Dryobalanops aromatica, a dominant ectomycorrhizal tree species in a Bornean tropical rainforest. First, we found that both local seedling density and recruitment neighborhood had effects on performance of D. aromatica seedlings, though the nature of these impacts varied between growth and survival. Second, we did not find strong evidence that the effect of density on seedling survival is dependent on the presence of conspecific adult trees. However, accumulation of mutualistic fungi beneath conspecifics adults does facilitate establishment of D. aromatica seedlings. In total, our results suggest that recruitment near adult conspecifics was not associated with a performance cost and may have weakly benefitted recruiting seedlings. Positive effects of conspecifics may be a factor facilitating the regional hyperabundance of this species. </p> <p>Synthesis: Our results provide support for the idea that dominant species in diverse forests may escape the localized recruitment suppression that limits abundance in rarer species.</p>
Data from: Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe: effects of impervious surface, local tree cover and insect feeding guild
<p><span>Urbanization is recognized as an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are controversial. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. W</span>ith the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effect of urbanization and local canopy cover on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (<em>Quercus robur</em>) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing urbanization around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of urbanization. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of urbanization on leaf-miners and strengthened its effect on gall-inducers. These results show the complexity of plant-herbivore interactions in urbanized areas, highlighting that the presence of local canopy cover within cities has the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of urbanization on biotic interactions.</p>
Effects of winter wheat irrigation on local climate and extreme events over the North China by using the high resolution non-hydrostatic regional climate model
<p>The control and irrigation simulation dataset from RegCM4.7.</p>
Code and data for "Attentional effects on local V1 microcircuits explain selective V1-V4 communication"
<p>Code and data to replicate the analysis and figures of the publication "Attentional effects on local V1 microcircuits explain selective V1-V4 communication"</p>
Assessment of Local Anaesthesia Effectiveness in Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06862570. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
Effects of Local Anesthetic or Saline Solution on Peripheral Nerve Stimulation - a Randomised Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00176111. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.