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FIGURE 10 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations

FIGURE 10. Three novel habitat types of Notaris weevils; red rectangles indicate the exact spot where specimens were detected. A: leaf litter in the mountainous deciduous forest on Mount Emei, Sichuan, the collecting spot of V1207; B: leaf litter in the mountainous Rhododendron-dominated shrub on Mount Gongga, Sichuan, the collecting spot of the specimen V2375, note the glacial moraine in the foreground; C–D: leaf litter in the mountainous Rhododendron-dominated shrub in vicinities of Songpan, Sichuan, the landscape (C) and the collecting spot of V5376 and V5377 (D); E–H: rocks in the alpine zone on Mount Haba, Yunnan (F–H: together with a weevil molytine larva of the genus Niphadonyx Schenkling); I–L: rocks in the alpine zone of Trans-Ili Alatau (=Zailiysky Mt. Range), Kazakhstan, habitat of Notaris sp., including V6165.

FIGURE 9 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations

FIGURE 9. Distribution of flightless Notaris in Asia. The gap between two circled areas is likely a sampling artefact.

FIGURE 7 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations

FIGURE 7. Same as Fig. 6, with only the Notaris + Tournotaris clade shown. Placement of volant Holarctic N. aethiops shown by a dotted line inside the clade of flightless Notaris of Southwest China is likely an artefact; this terminal is not considered as a member of the clade and, therefore, the Analysis 2 bootstrap support of 17 is indicated (together with those of Analyses 3 and 4, boxed). Four different habitats are colour coded. Multiple sequenced specimen habitus images were randomly selected to illustrate morphological variation; terminals marked with an eye symbol are illustrated in four views and their genitalia dissected (Figs 1–3, 5).

FIGURE 8. Ultrametric time tree obtained from Analysis 5 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations

FIGURE 8. Ultrametric time tree obtained from Analysis 5 by using BEAST software to date evolutionary events of the Notaris + Tournotaris clade. Numbers at nodes and on the scale below are million years before present. Node bars represent 95% confidence interval of the age estimate. Alternating snowflake and sun symbols denote Pleistocene climatic fluctuations.

FIGURE 2 in Flightless litter-dwelling Cotasterosoma (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cossoninae) found outside of Japan, with mtDNA phylogeography of a new species from Southwest China

FIGURE 2. Cotasterosoma coronus sp.n., paratype, female, specimen #1110 from Mt. Emei. A–D: habitus; E–F: head and prothorax (E: ventral, F: lateral); G–I: distal part of right legs (G: fore-, H: mid-, I: hind-); J: genitalia, ventral; K: spermatheca.

FIGURE 3 in Flightless litter-dwelling Cotasterosoma (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cossoninae) found outside of Japan, with mtDNA phylogeography of a new species from Southwest China

FIGURE 3. Distribution of both named species of Cotasterosoma and ultrametric time tree obtained from BEAST analysis to date evolutionary events of C. coronus sp.n. First four digits of terminals denote specimen number, followed by a GenBank accession number. Note that the population on Mount Emei consists of two discrete mtDNA lineages separated by about 1.53 Mya.

FIGURE 1 in Flightless litter-dwelling Cotasterosoma (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cossoninae) found outside of Japan, with mtDNA phylogeography of a new species from Southwest China

FIGURE 1. Cotasterosoma coronus sp.n., holotype, male. A–D: habitus; E: genitalia and abdominal tergites 7 and 8, ventral; F–H: genitalia (F: dorsal, G: ventral, H: lateral).

FIGURE 10 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 10. Type locality of Eremias dzungarica sp. nov. in vicinity of Uyench Sum, Khovd Aimaq, western Mongolia: rock outcrops, typical habitat of Eremias dzungarica sp. nov. (the "rock form") (A); sand dunes, typical habitat of the "sand form" of E. multiocellata (B).

FIGURE 11 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 11. Dorsal patterns of Eremias multiocellata—E. przewalskii complex members (in scale): A—E. multiocellata; sand form A (ZMMU R-12841); B—E. multiocellata; sand form B (ZMMU R-13215); C—E. multiocellata; sand form B (ZMMU R-13206); D—E. szczerbaki (ZMBPI R-000657; 635; 655); E—E. stummeri (ZMMU R–14335); F—Eremias sp. 1 (ZMMU R- 14330); G—E. yarkandensis (types BMNH 1917.3.6.28; 1917.3.6.29); H—E. buechneri (ZISP-9131); I—E. yarkandensis (ZMMU R-14344); J—E. dzungarica sp. nov. (ZMMU R–12846); K—E. cf. reticulata (ZMMU R-12855); L—E. przewalskii (ZMMU R-13214); M—E. przewalskii (ZMMU R-13209).

FIGURE 9 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 9. Eremias dzungarica sp. nov. in life in situ showing sexual variation in coloration: adult male (A) and adult female (B).

FIGURE 8 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 8. Paratype series of Eremias dzungarica sp. nov. (juveniles; ZMMU R-12846) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 5. Cloacal region of Eremias dzungarica sp. nov. holotype (ZMMU R-12845); black dots indicate location of femoral pores. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 3. Holotype of Eremias dzungarica sp. nov. (ZMMU R-12845) in preservative in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 4 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 4. Head scalation of Eremias dzungarica sp. nov. holotype (ZMMU R-12845) in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (B) aspects. Scale bar equals 4 mm.

FIGURE 6 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 6. Holotype of Eremias dzungarica sp. nov. (ZMMU R-12845) in life in lateral (A) and dorsolateral (B) views.

FIGURE 2 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 2. The tree resulting from the Bayesian Inference analysis of the studied samples of Eremias multiocellata—E. przewalskii complex. For the major cladogenetic events BI/ML posterior probabilities and bootstrap support values are given. Icons representing main lineages correspond to those in Fig. 1.

FIGURE 7 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 7. Paratype series of Eremias dzungarica sp. nov. (adults; ZMMU R-12846; R-12862) in preservative in dorsal view. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in MtDNA differentiation and taxonomy of Central Asian racerunners of Eremias multiocellata - E. przewalskii species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Eremias multiocellata—E. przewalskii complex (following Szczerbak 1974, modified) and localities studied. Populations of Eremias multiocellata—E. przewalskii complex used in this study are shown, bold numbers correspond to those in Appendix II and Figure 2. The inlet map shows the location of the sampling area on the globe. Icons represent the main lineages of Eremias multiocellata—E. przewalskii complex (see Figure 2). Numbers in circle correspond to exact (solid line) and approximate (dashed line) location of the type localities of taxa described within Eremias multiocellata— E. przewalskii complex: 1—multiocellata Günther, 1872—Mongolia, Gobi, road from Sume to Tola [Tuul]; 2—yarkandensis Blanford, 1875—China, southern Kashgaria, Yarkend; 3—saturata Blanford, 1875—China, southern Kashgaria, Kashgar [Kashi]; 4—planiceps (Strauch, 1876)—China, Gansu [no exact locality available]; 5—przewalskii (Strauch, 1876)—China, Alashan Desert [no exact locality available]; 6—kessleri (Strauch, 1876)—China, Gansu [no exact locality available]; 7— brachidactyla (Strauch, 1876)—China, Alashan Desert [no exact locality available]; 8—quadrifrons (Strauch, 1876)—China, Alashan Desert, vicinity of Narin–Ula Moutnain Ridge; 9—buechneri Bedriaga, 1907—China, southern Kashgaria, between Yarkend and Chotan; lectotype ZISP 7087 from Dol, southern Kashgaria, Sampula oasis; 10—kozlowi Bedriaga, 1907—China, Sachzheu envrions [Dunhuang]; 11 —reticulata Bedriaga, 1912—China, eastern Dzungaria [no exact locality available]; 12— stummeri Wettstein, 1940—Kyrgyzstan, Issyk–Kul district, envrions of Przewalsk [Karakol]; 13—tuvensis Szczerbak, 1970— Russia, Southern part of Tuva Republic, between Tere–Khol Lake and River Tes–Khem; 14—bannikowi Szczerbak, 1973— Russia, Southern part of Tuva Republic, Sharasur; 15—szczerbaki Eremchenko, Panfilov & Zarinenko, 1992—Kyrgyzstan, Naryn district, At–Bashi River and Arpa River valleys; 16—kokshaaliensis Eremchenko & Panfilov, 1999—Kyrgyzstan, Issyk– Kul district, Sary–Jaz, ravine Terekty; 17—tsaganbogdensis Munkhbayar & Borkin, 2010—Mongolia, Bayanhongor Aimaq, Tsagaan Bogd Uul Mountain.

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Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships among Viverra tangalunga inferred from mtDNA haplotypes from the concatenated 797 in The distribution of the Malay civet Viverra tangalunga (Carnivora: Viverridae) across Southeast Asia: natural or human-mediated dispersal?

Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships among Viverra tangalunga inferred from mtDNA haplotypes from the concatenated 797-bp mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b sequences. Trees for each of the three analyses (neighbour joining, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference) had similar topologies. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap support, with only values> 60% shown. Numbers in parentheses represent the number of individuals sharing the same haplotype; haplotype codes are listed in Appendix S3.