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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2012View details →

Figure 1. A in Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmermann), a New Thrips Species Infesting Bamboo Orchids Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. and Commercially Grown Orchids in Hawaii

Figure 1. A bamboo orchid blossom infested with adult females of D. smithi, which appear black against the light pink color of the petals.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2012View details →

Figure 4. A normal female and a in Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmermann), a New Thrips Species Infesting Bamboo Orchids Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. and Commercially Grown Orchids in Hawaii

Figure 4. A normal female and a teneral (newly molted, light colored) female D. smithi after storage in 70% ethanol (4a). Male and female D. smithi in ethanol (4b). The two males are lighter in color. Note that females stored in ethanol appear lighter brown with abdominal segments stretched out in comparison to the live female on blossom tissue pictured in 4c.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2012View details →

Figure 3. D in Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmermann), a New Thrips Species Infesting Bamboo Orchids Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. and Commercially Grown Orchids in Hawaii

Figure 3. D. smithi (adults females and larvae) and two unidentified Orius predators (lower right area of picture) washed from a bamboo orchid flower blossom and stored in ethanol. Note that predators are similar in length to D. smithi adults. Note also orange-colored second instar larva of D. smithi (middle left). Large secondinstar larvae are distinctly orange in life.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2025View details →

Datasets for: Climate change and conservation of Caladenia orchids in Western Australia

Occurence data for 26 Caladenia species for the paper: "Climate change and conservation of Caladenia orchids in Western Australia"  Abstract Understanding how species distributions are being shaped by current rises in atmospheric temperature is of immediate conservation importance. Orchids are a globally threatened plant family, with many species having narrow ranges and low abundances that heighten extinction risk due to rising atmospheric temperature. Using 26 rare and common Caladenia orchid species in Western Australia, we first performed a conservation assessment by calculating the proportion of populations that currently occur in conservation areas. We then compared current range extents with past and future climate scenarios. We performed a niche overlap test with a future climate scenario to test how the current population level climatic niche of these species will change. As some of these orchids frequently hybridize, we then quantified how ecogeographical isolation will change under future climates. Only 27% of all Caladenia populations are currently found in protected areas. Most species had reduced range extents in historically warmer climates. However, only three species will experience range extent contractions under future climate scenarios. The current population climatic niche has a 36% overlap with future climates, indicating that current population level conditions may change. Ecogeographical isolation will potentially increase in hybridizing species, thereby acting as a stronger barrier against hybridization. As Caladenia species evolved in seasonally dry conditions, this suggests that there is potential preadaptation to survive under elevated temperatures. Despite their physiological tolerances to elevated temperature, conservation of Caladenia species will depend on the availability of habitat to allow migration within future range limits, and the presence of their key mutualists.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Phylogenomics and Intergenomic Conflict in a Challenging Orchid Clade (Calypsoinae): Monophyly of Corallorhiza, Paraphyly of Oreorchis, and Resurrection of Kitigorchis

Dataset S1: Concatenated nuclear sequence capture data (Angiosperms353) for Calypsoinae. This nexus file contains a partition block, which can be used to plit the data into individual alignments (in R, Trifusion, SequenceMatrix, etc.). Dataset S2: Concatenated nuclear sequence capture data (Angiosperms353) for Calypsoinae without partition block. Dataset S3: Concatenated mitochondrial sequence data for Calypsoinae. Dataset S4: Concatenated plastid gene sequence data for Calypsoinae.

publicMar 2025View details →

Genetic structure and diversity of the declining orchid Gymnadenia conopsea in Scandinavia: Implications for conservation and management

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publicDec 2024View details →

Data from: Population viability of the orchid Gymnadenia conopsea increases with population size but is not related to genetic diversity

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publicAug 2025View details →

Data from: Exploring the potential of Angiosperms353 markers for species identification of Eastern Mediterranean orchids

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publicNov 2022View details →

Demographic study of a tropical epiphytic orchid with stochastic simulations of hurricanes, herbivory, episodic recruitment, and logging

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zenodo36/100

Salep orchid patent documents

Spreadsheet of patent documents referring to salep, used in publication: 'Patent analysis as a novel method for exploring commercial interest in wild harvested species' Biological Conservation

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2020View details →

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Mechanisms of male-male interference during dispersal of orchid pollen

Siring success of flowering plants depends on the fates of male gametophytes, which compete for access to stigmas, stylar resources and ovules. Although rarely considered, pollen may often compete during dispersal, affecting the processes required for export to stigmas; pollen pickup, transport and deposition. We quantified dispersal interference by tracking bee dispersal of stained Anacamptis morio (Orchidaceae) pollen from individual donor flowers and inferred the affected dispersal mechanisms based on the fit of a process-based model. During individual trials, all recipient flowers were either emasculated, precluding interference with donor pollen, or intact, adding potentially interfering pollen to the pollinator. The presence of competing pollinaria on bees reduced pickup of additional pollinaria, doubled the overall proportion of lost donor pollen and reduced total pollen export by 27%. Interference specifically increased loss of donor pollen between successive flower visits and variation in deposition among trials, and likely also reduced pollen contact with stigmas and pollen deposition when contact occurred. Thus, by altering pollen removal, transport and deposition, male-male interference during pollen dispersal can significantly, and perhaps commonly, limit plant siring success.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Dense infraspecific sampling reveals rapid and independent trajectories of plastome degradation in a heterotrophic orchid complex

Heterotrophic plants provide excellent opportunities to study the effects of altered selective regimes on genome evolution. Plastid genome (plastome) studies in heterotrophic plants are often based on one or a few highly divergent species or sequences as representatives of an entire lineage, thus missing important evolutionary-transitory events. Here we present the first infraspecific analysis of plastome evolution in any heterotrophic plant. By combining genome skimming and targeted sequence capture, we address hypotheses on the degree and rate of plastome degradation in a complex of leafless orchids (Corallorhiza striata) across its geographic range. Plastomes provide strong support for relationships and evidence of reciprocal monophyly between C. involuta and the endangered C. bentleyi. Plastome degradation is extensive, occurring rapidly over a few million years, with evidence of differing rates of substitution among the two principal clades of the complex. Genome skimming and targeted sequence capture differ widely in coverage depth overall, with depth in targeted sequence capture datasets varying immensely across the plastome as a function of GC content. These findings will help fill a knowledge gap in models of heterotrophic plastid genome evolution, and have implications for future studies in heterotrophs.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Data from: Fine-scale genetic structure in the orchid Gymnadenia conopsea is not associated with local density of flowering plants

Premise: Density-dependent pollinator visitation can lead to density-dependent mating patterns and within-population genetic structure. In Gymnadenia conopsea, individuals in low-density patches receive more self-pollen than individuals in high-density patches, suggesting higher relatedness at low density. Ongoing fragmentation is also expected to cause more local matings, potentially leading to biparental inbreeding depression. Methods: To evaluate whether relatedness decreases with local density, we analysed 1315 SNP loci in 113 individuals within two large populations. We quantified within-population genetic structure in one of the populations, recorded potential habitat barriers, and visualized gene flow using estimated effective migration surfaces (EEMS). We further estimated the magnitude of biparental inbreeding depression that would result from matings restricted to within 5 m. Results: There was no significant relationship between local density and relatedness in any population. We detected significant fine-scale genetic structure consistent with isolation-by-distance, with positive kinship coefficients at distances below 10 m. Kinship coefficients were low, and predicted biparental inbreeding depression resulting from matings within the closest 5 m was a modest 1–3%. EEMS suggested that rocks and bushes may act as barriers to gene flow within a population. Conclusions: The results suggest that increased self-pollen deposition in sparse patches does not necessarily cause higher selfing rates, or that inbreeding depression results in low establishment success of inbred individuals. The modest relatedness suggests that biparental inbreeding depression is unlikely to be an immediate problem following fragmentation of large populations. The results further indicate that habitat structure may contribute to governing fine-scale genetic structure in G. conopsea.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Actuarial senescence progresses similarly across sites and species in four boreal orchids

Whole-plant senescence, defined as a decrease in individual fitness as an organism grows older, has often been assumed to not occur in plants; however, it has now been detected in a range of plant taxa. Still, reported senescence patterns vary substantially, and it remains unknown how consistent patterns are within phylogenetic groups and how they may be affected by environmental factors. Plants show a high diversity in life-history traits within phylogenetic groups and environments, but shared traits amongst related species are also common, making both diverse and similar patterns probable. Here, we explore how mortality changes with advancing age in four closely related species (Dactylorhiza incarnata, D. lapponica, D. maculata, and Gymnadenia conopsea) across two sites in Norway: the coastal Nordmarka and inland Sølendet. Using data collected over 34 years, following more than 2500 individual plants, we conduct Bayesian survival trajectory analysis to assess mortality age-trajectories. A simple Weibull model, illustrating increasing mortality at a decelerating rate with age, was the best fit for all species at both sites. From these models, we calculate rates of senescence and compare them using Kullback-Leibler divergences, finding no notable differences in rates between species or sites. Synthesis. Our findings suggest that actuarial senescence, an increase in mortality with advancing age, may be common in orchids and show that demographic ageing can proceed similarly in closely related taxa across different environments.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Core collection of Taiwanese Phalaenopsis orchids

This study establishes the first core collection (CC) for Taiwanese Phalaenopsis orchids, employing a novel approach crucial for preserving genetic diversity and key traits integral to breeding and research. The investigation encompasses 207 orchid commercial cultivars from ten nurseries, characterized by phenotypic and genotypic data from eight SSRs. To address missingness, multiple imputation was applied to mitigate potential uncertainties, ensuring analytic robustness. The weighted k-means clustering identified seven distinct clusters, revealing substantial genetic diversity. Utilizing the two-step 'P+G strategy' and MGD algorithms, 22 core accessions were selectively chosen, demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach in preserving genetic diversity while retaining key features. Evaluation of the CC revealed notable phenotypic and genotypic diversity, surpassing alternative methodologies. Pedigree background analysis supported the representativeness of the CC in preserving diverse genetic materials. We underscored the importance of evaluating the CC, detailing criteria and statistical analyses to ensure the quality, representativeness, and effectiveness of the selected accessions. This study contributes to orchid breeding, conservation efforts, and sustainable agricultural practices by providing a valuable and comprehensive resource. In conclusion, the research establishes a groundbreaking CC, offering insights into the genetic landscape of Taiwanese Phalaenopsis orchids and highlighting potential advancements in breeding commercially sought-after varieties.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Remote sensing and field information aid in predicting the presence of the terrestrial orchid Cyclopogon lute-albus

Tropical montane cloud forest is one of the most threatened ecosystems, in central Veracruz, Mexico. Within this ecosystem, terrestrial orchids are strongly dependent on forest conditions and may be sensitive to environmental change. We applied field surveys of abiotic and biotic factors associated with the presence of the terrestrial orchid Cyclopogon luteo-albus and combined this with correlative niche modeling approaches to evaluate its potential distribution under two different environmental sets and two different extents. Layers of environmental information were obtained from Landsat imagery and interpolated bioclimatic and soil property layers. Existing species records were used as training data by sampling five forest fragments in central Veracruz, utilizing herbarium and global biodiversity information facility databases. The resulting predictions were tested by sampling at 15 sites of potential distribution. The model predicted the presence of C. luteo-albus with a reliability of 80%. The most important variables of models derived from interpolated layers coincide with site-relevant parameters suggesting the utility of these tools to further explore species suitabilities at larger geographic extents. Potential distribution mapping is an important tool to identify key areas for conservation and priority areas for future studies of species and partially resolves the lack of records of many orchid species.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data from: Strong phylogenetic congruence between Tulasnella fungi and their associated Drakaeinae orchids

The study of congruency between phylogenies of interacting species can provide a powerful approach for understanding the evolutionary history of symbiotic associations. Orchid mycorrhizal fungi can survive independently of orchids making cospeciation unlikely, leading us to predict that any congruence would arise from host-switches to closely related fungal species. The Australasian orchid subtribe Drakaeinae is an iconic group of sexually-deceptive orchids that consists of approximately 66 species. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary relationships between representatives of all six Drakaeinae orchid genera (39 species) and their mycorrhizal fungi. We used an exome capture dataset to generate the first well-resolved phylogeny of the Drakaeinae genera. A total of 10 closely related Tulasnella Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and previously described species were associated with the Drakaeinae orchids. Three of them were shared among orchid genera, with each genus associating with 1–7 Tulasnella lineages. Cophylogenetic analyses show Drakaeinae orchids and their Tulasnella associates exhibit significant congruence (P < 0.001) in the topology of their phylogenetic trees. An event-based method also revealed significant congruence in Drakaeinae-Tulasnella relationships, with duplications (35), losses (25), and failure to diverge (9) the most frequent events, with minimal evidence for cospeciation (1) and host-switches (2). The high number of duplications suggests that the orchids speciate independently from the fungi, and the fungal species association of the ancestral orchid species is typically maintained in the daughter species. For the Drakaeinae-Tulasnella interaction, a pattern of phylogenetic niche conservatism rather than coevolution likely led to the observed phylogenetic congruency in orchid and fungal phylogenies. Given that many orchid genera are characterized by sharing of fungal species between closely related orchid species, we predict that these findings may apply to a wide range of orchid lineages.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Data from: Orchid trade at the source: Epiphytic species with conspicuous flowers in low-elevation forests are more locally collected in a Philippine key biodiversity area

Orchids are the most heavily traded plant group globally, putting pressure on wild populations in many source countries like the Philippines. Despite its rich orchid diversity, there remains a notable gap in understanding the factors driving orchid trade within the country. To address this knowledge gap and support orchid conservation efforts, we utilized a five-year orchid diversity dataset extensively collected through floristic field and village garden surveys in one of the largest key biodiversity areas in the southern Philippines. We employed a trait-based approach to investigate ecological drivers of local orchid collection within this source area. Our results show that around 36% of local orchid diversity have predicted collection risks of ≥50%. Notably, locally collected orchid species exhibited multiple, large, and conspicuously colored flowers that are found in low-elevation forests and higher up in forest stratum. Elevational distribution and flower size emerged as the strongest predictors, potentially influencing collection preferences. Our analysis of predicted collection risks underscores the vulnerability of both threatened and non-threatened orchid species to local collection pressures. Moreover, we highlight the practical utility of our trait-based approach in predicting risks and informing management strategies for local orchid conservation. This research marks a significant step towards identifying ecological drivers influencing orchid trade at its source, providing insights that can inform targeted conservation strategies across many key biodiversity areas for this highly diverse, charismatic, and threatened plant family.