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Fig. 5 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants

Fig. 5. The wall of the cecum Philomachus pugnax, the area of the body, cross cut. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, х100). 1 — mucosal plates; 2 — crypt; 3 — lymphoid tissue; 4 — submucosal basis; 5 — muscle.

Fig. 4 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants

Fig. 4. Crypt in the wall of the duodenum Tringa nebularia, cross cut. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, ×250). 1 — crypt; 2 — corpuscle enterocytes; 3 — alveolar extension of the bottom part of the crypt; 4 — separate muscle cell myocytes; 5 — submucosal basis; 6 — muscle (а — inner longitudinal layer; b — outer circle layer); 7 — gray serum.

Fig. 3 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants

Fig. 3. The wall of the jejunum Calidris ferruginea, cross cut, cranial section. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, х100). 1 — plates of the mucous, located zigzag; 2 — goblet cells; 3 — intestinal crypt; 4 — muscle.

Fig. 2 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants

Fig. 2. The wall of the muscular stomach Tringa nebularia cross cut. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, х40). 1 — cuticle, 2 — tubular glands; 3 — muscle (а — inner longitudinal layer; b — outer thick circle layer); 4 — layers of connective tissue; 5 — blood vessels,

Fig. 6 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants

Fig. 6. The wall of the rectum Tringa glareola, cross cut, cranial section. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, ×100). 1 — fold of the wall; 2 — mucosal plates; 3 — crypt; 4 — muscle plate; 5 — submucosal basis; 6 — muscle (а — inner circle layer; б — outer longitudinal layer).

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Gene expression plasticity, genetic variation and fatty acid remodelling in divergent populations of a tropical bivalve species: lipid profiles

Ocean warming challenges marine organisms' resilience, especially for species experiencing temperatures close to their upper thermal limits. A potential increase in thermal tolerance might significantly reduce the risk of population decline, which is intrinsically linked to variability in local habitat temperatures. Our goal was to assess the plastic and genetic potential of response to elevated temperatures in a tropical bivalve model, Pinctada margaritifera. We benefit from two ecotypes for which local environmental conditions are characterized by either large diurnal variations in the tide-pools (Marquesas archipelago) or lower mean temperature with stable to moderate seasonal variations (Gambier archipelago). We explored the physiological basis of individual responses to elevated temperature, genetic divergence as well as plasticity and acclimation by combining lipidomic and transcriptomic approaches. We show that P. margaritifera has certain capacities to adjust to long-term elevated temperatures that was thus far largely underestimated. Genetic variation across populations overlaps with gene expression and involves the mitochondrial respiration machinery, a central physiological process that contributes to species thermal sensitivity and their distribution ranges. Our results present evidence for acclimation potential in P. margaritifera and urge for longer term studies to assess populations resilience in face of climate change.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Climatic history, constraints, and the plasticity of phytochemical traits under water stress

Environmental stress can induce changes in organismal traits and in resulting intraspecific variation. The nature of such effects will depend on the plasticity of trait expression and on any ecological constraints to such expression. Plants can mitigate abiotic stress, like drought, by changing their chemistry, but the ability to induce costly metabolites may be under strong local selection and ecologically constrained. Here we asked whether climate at the seed source predicts plant chemical plasticity in response to water stress and what the consequences are for intraspecific variation in phytochemical traits. To this end, we used common gardens of two widespread species of western milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis and Asclepias speciosa) that had been collected from sites across an aridity gradient. Both species produce high concentrations of leaf flavonols, which are hypothesized to mitigate water stress by functioning as antioxidants. These compounds were found in higher constitutive concentrations in plants sourced from drier sites, and both species responded to water stress in the common garden by increasing leaf flavonol concentrations. Interestingly, flavonol plasticity was higher in plants sourced from wetter sites in A. fascicularis, with similar, but weaker, patterns in A. speciosa. These opposing patterns in constitutive and induced flavonol expression reduced the variation between populations in leaf flavonol concentrations under water stress. These results suggest that local adaptation in plants can shape phytochemical strategies for water limitation but that the cost of metabolite production may ultimately limit the range of phytochemical variation.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Phenotypic plasticity and genetic diversity in a polyploid Arabidopsis complex

Polyploid species possess more than two sets of chromosomes and may show high gene redundancy, hybrid vigor and masking of deleterious alleles compared to their parent species. Following this, it is hypothesized that this makes them better at adapting to novel environments than their parent species, possibly due to phenotypic plasticity. The allopolyploid Arabidopsis suecica and its parent species A. arenosa and A. thaliana were chosen as a model system to investigate relationships between phenotypic plasticity, fitness and genetic variation. Particularly, we test if A. suecica is more plastic, show higher genetic diversity and/or have higher fitness than its parent species. Wild Norwegian populations of each species were analyzed for phenotypic responses to differences in availability of nutrient, water and light, while genetic diversity was assessed through analysis of AFLP markers. Arabidopsis arenosa showed a higher level of phenotypic plasticity and higher levels of genetic diversity than the two other species, probably related to its outbreeding reproduction strategy. Furthermore, a general positive relationship between genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity was found. Low genetic diversity were found in the inbreeding A. thaliana. Geographic spacing of populations might explain the clear genetic structure in A. arenosa, while the lack of structure in A. suecica could be due to coherent populations. Fitness measured as allocation of resources to reproduction, pointed towards A. arenosa having lower fitness under poor environmental conditions. Arabidopsis suecica, on the other hand, showed tendencies towards keeping up fitness under different environmental conditions.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Data from: Evolved differences in thermal plasticity of mosquitofish mating behavior are unrelated to source temperature

Phenotypic plasticity in response to temperature is expected to play a key role in how organisms cope with climate change. Evolved differences in plastic responses are often linked to historical differences in average temperatures, yet we know little about how behavioral plasticity is affected by prevailing thermal environments. In this study, we used a common-garden design to test whether historical differences in average temperatures caused evolutionary divergence in the plasticity of mating behavior of Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) inhabiting geothermal springs with average source temperatures spanning from 18.8 to 33.3 C. We found population differences in the thermal plasticity of courtship displays, copulation attempts, copulations, and mating efficiency, but these differences could not be explained by average source temperatures. We also tested for differences in thermal optima and maximum performance in mating behavior among populations. We found that only the maximum number of displays differed among populations, although these differences were also unrelated to source temperature. While temperature may have predictable evolutionary consequences for some thermally sensitive traits, our findings are inconsistent with theoretical predictions of evolutionary responses to divergent average temperatures, highlighting the need for greater synergy between empirical and theoretical work to understand thermal adaptation.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Differential reproductive plasticity under thermal variability in a freshwater fish (Danio rerio)

Human-driven increases in global mean temperatures are associated with concomitant increases in thermal variability. Yet, few studies have explored the impacts of thermal variability on fitness-related traits, limiting our ability to predict how organisms will respond to dynamic thermal changes. Among the myriad organismal responses to thermal variability, one of the most proximate to fitness – and, thus, a population's ability to persist - is reproduction. Here, we examine how a model freshwater fish (Danio rerio) responds to diel thermal fluctuations that span the species' viable developmental range of temperatures. We specifically investigate reproductive performance metrics including spawning success, fecundity, egg provisioning, and sperm concentration. Notably, we apply thermal variability treatments during two ontogenetic timepoints to disentangle the relative effects of developmental plasticity and reversible acclimation. We found evidence of direct, negative effects of thermal variability during later ontogenetic stages on reproductive performance metrics. We also found complex interactive effects of early and late-life exposure to thermal variability, with evidence of beneficial acclimation of spawning success and modification of the relationship between fecundity and egg provisioning. Our findings illuminate the plastic life-history modifications that fish may undergo as their thermal environments become increasingly variable.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Underwater Plastic dataset

The dataset was generated using the <a href="https://roboflow.com/">Roboflow</a> platform. The annotations are compatible with the <a href="https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5">PyTorch YOLOv5</a> architecture. Dataset details: # Images: 1220 images Image Split: Train / Test Split: 92 Training Set: 1.1k Preprocessing Auto-Orient: Applied Resize: Stretch to 416x416 Augmentations Outputs per training example: 5 Flip: Horizontal, Vertical Crop: 0% Minimum Zoom, 49% Maximum Zoom Grayscale: Apply to 47% of images Hue: Between -25° and +25° Saturation: Between -42% and +42% Exposure: Between -22% and +22% Blur: Up to 3.25px Cutout: 8 boxes with 10% size each Mosaic: Applied Details Version Name: 2022-07-24 12:50am Version ID: 1 Generated: Jul 24, 2022

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Evidence of climate-driven selection on tree traits and trait plasticity across the climatic range of a riparian foundation species

Selection on quantitative traits by heterogeneous climatic conditions can lead to substantial trait variation across a species range. In the context of rapidly changing environments, however, it is equally important to understand selection on trait plasticity. To evaluate the role of selection in driving divergences in traits and their associated plasticities within a widespread species, we compared molecular and quantitative trait variation in Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood), a foundation riparian distributed throughout Arizona. Using SNP data and genotypes from 16 populations reciprocally planted in three common gardens, we first performed QST-FST analyses to detect selection on traits and trait plasticity. We then explored the environmental drivers of selection using trait-climate and plasticity-climate regressions. Three major findings emerged: 1) There was significant genetic variation in traits expressed in each of the common gardens and in the phenotypic plasticity of traits across gardens, both of which were heritable. 2) Based on QST-FST comparisons, there was evidence of selection in all traits measured; however, this result varied from no effect in one garden to highly significant in another, indicating that detection of past selection is environmentally dependent. We also found strong evidence of divergent selection on plasticity across environments for two traits. 3) Traits and/or their plasticity were often correlated with population source climate (R2 up to 0.77 and 0.66, respectively). These results suggest that steep climate gradients across the Southwest have played a major role in shaping the evolution of divergent phenotypic responses in populations and genotypes now experiencing climate change.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Raw Datasets of: "Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Plastic Surgery Based on the Satisfaction with Quality of Life and Nasolabial Appearance in Thai Preteens with Cleft Lip and Palate"

A cross-sectional study with 30 Thai preteen CLP patients aged between 8 to 12-year-old was undertaken between 2017 and 2019 at Tawanchai center. Their satisfaction with QoL was reflected through an interview and a questionnaire with the cooperation of their parents as their caregivers while satisfaction with their nasolabial appearance was from the evaluation of five experts who compared their photos with those of normal faces to determine correlation values of the nasolabial appearance from 5-rating scales using Fleiss’s kappa coefficient scores.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Data and Source codes: Ancestral sex-role plasticity facilitates the evolution of same-sex sexual behavior

This repository provides access to the tracking data and analysis code used for the manuscript: Ancestral sex-role plasticity facilitates the evolution of same-sex sexual behavior by Nobuaki Mizumoto1, Thomas Bourguignon1, and Nathan W. Bailey2 1 Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan 2 School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K. published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Data for: Adaptive, maladaptive, neutral, or absent plasticity: Hidden caveats of reaction norms

Adaptive phenotypic plasticity may improve the response of individuals when faced with new environmental conditions. Typically, empirical evidence for plasticity is based on phenotypic reaction norms obtained in reciprocal transplant experiments. In such experiments, individuals from their native environment are transplanted into a different environment, and a number of trait values, potentially implicated in individuals' response to the new environment, are measured. However, the interpretations of reaction norms may differ depending on the nature of the assessed traits, which may not be known beforehand. For example, for traits that contribute to local adaptation, adaptive plasticity implies non-zero slopes of reaction norms. By contrast, for traits that are correlated to fitness, high tolerance to different environments (possibly due to adaptive plasticity in traits that contribute to adaptation) may, instead, result in flat reaction norms. Here we investigate reaction norms for adaptive versus fitness-correlated traits, and how they may affect the conclusions regarding the contribution of plasticity. To this end, we first simulate range expansion along an environmental gradient where plasticity evolves to different values locally and then perform reciprocal transplant experiments in silico. We show that reaction norms alone cannot inform us whether the assessed trait exhibits locally adaptive, maladaptive, neutral or no plasticity, without any additional knowledge of the traits assessed and species' biology. We use the insights from the model to analyse and interpret empirical data from reciprocal transplant experiments involving the marine isopod Idotea balthica sampled from two geographical locations with different salinities, concluding that the low-salinity population likely has reduced adaptive plasticity relative to the high-salinity population. Overall, we conclude that, when interpreting results from reciprocal transplant experiments, it is necessary to consider whether traits assessed are locally adaptive with respect to the environmental variable accounted for in the experiments, or correlated to fitness.

Developmental bias in the evolution and plasticity of beetle horn shape

The degree to which developmental systems bias the phenotypic effects of environmental and genetic variation, and how these biases affect evolution, is subject to much debate. Here, we assess whether developmental variability in horn shape aligns with the phenotypic effects of plasticity and evolutionary divergence, yielding three salient results. First, we find that most pathways previously shown to regulate horn length also affect shape. Second, we find that the phenotypic effects of manipulating divergent developmental pathways are correlated with each other as well as multivariate fluctuating asymmetry – a measure of developmental variability. Third, these effects further aligned with thermal plasticity, population differences, and macroevolutionary divergence between sister taxa and more distantly related species. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that changes in horn shape —whether brought about by environmentally plastic responses, functional manipulations, or evolutionary divergences— converge along 'developmental lines of least resistance', i.e., are biased by the developmental system underpinning horn shape.

Limited sex differences in plastic responses suggest evolutionary conservatism of thermal reaction norms: A meta-analysis in insects

Temperature has a profound effect on the growth and development of ectothermic animals. However, the extent to which ecologically-driven selection pressures can adjust thermal plastic responses in growth schedules is not well understood. Comparing temperature-induced plastic responses between sexes provides a promising but underexploited approach to evaluating the evolvability of thermal reaction norms: males and females share largely the same genes and immature environments but typically experience different ecological selection pressures. We proceed from the idea that substantial sex differences in plastic responses could be interpreted as resulting from sex-specific life-history optimization, whereas similarity among the sexes should rather be seen as evidence of an essential role of physiological constraints. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of sex-specific thermal responses in insect development times, using data on 161 species with comprehensive phylogenetic and ecological coverage. As a reference for judging the magnitude of sex-specificity in thermal plasticity, we compared the magnitude of sex differences in plastic responses to temperature with those in response to diet. We show that sex-specific responses of development times to temperature variation are broadly similar. We also found no strong evidence for sex-specificity in thermal responses to depend on the magnitude or direction of sex differences in development time. Sex differences in temperature-induced plastic responses were systematically less pronounced than sex differences in responses induced by variations in larval diet. Our results point to the existence of substantial constraints on the evolvability of thermal reaction norms in insects as the most likely explanation. If confirmed, the low evolvability of thermal response is an essential aspect to consider in predicting evolutionary responses to climate warming.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Deep potential model and datasets used in the publication "Plastic Deformation of Superionic Water Ices"

The file training_data_for_deepmd.zip contains the training set and deep potential model for superionic ices used in the publication "Plastic Deformation of Superionic Water Ices". The deep potential (DP) neural-network model was generated using the DeepMD-kit package. The training set was generated using AIMD/CP2K calculations for both undeformed and deformed states of the fcc superionic phase at temperatures of 2500, 3000, 3500 and 4000 K.    The file cp2k_shear.zip contains instructions to modify the CP2K code to calculate the shear vs strain deformation in continuous mode.     The file lammps_dislocation.zip contains the files needed to run the dislocation mobility calculation.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Data supplement to "From Grains to Plastics: Modeling Nourishment Patterns and Hydraulic Sorting of Fluvially Transported Materials in Deltas"

Supplementary data and codes for "From Grains to Plastics: Modeling Nourishment Patterns and Hydraulic Sorting of Fluvially Transported Materials in Deltas". Zipped files contain ANUGA hydrodynamic model outputs, dorado particle-routing simulation outputs, Python scripts for running additional dorado simulations, and other metadata used in the analysis of dorado outputs. See README for additional details about directory contents. Note that this directory does not contain the model software itself, which is available on GitHub and has been archived elsewhere (relevant links can be found in README).

Data for: Associations between leaf developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in an architectural perspective

Associations between developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity have been predicted, but rarely supported by direct evidence. Architectural analysis may provide a more powerful approach to finding correlations among these mechanisms in plants. To investigate the relationships among the three mechanisms in architectural perspective, we subjected plants of Abutilon theophrasti to three densities, measured and calculated fluctuating asymmetry (FA), coefficients of variation (CV) and plasticity (PI) of three leaf traits, to analyze the correlations among these variables. As density increased, mean leaf size, petiole length and angle of most layers and mean leaf FA of some layers decreased (at both stages), CV of petiole angle increased (at day 50), and PI of petiole length and angle across all layers decreased (at day 70); leaf FA and CV of traits generally increased with higher layers at all densities. At both stages, there were more positive correlations between FA and CV at lower vs. high densities; at day 50, little correlation of plasticity with FA or CV was found; at day 70, more positive correlations between FA and PI occurred for response to high vs. low density than for response to medium vs. low density, and more positive correlations between CV and PI occurred at lower vs. high densities. Results suggested that developmental instability, decreased canalization and plasticity can be cooperative and the relationships between decreased canalization and plasticity are more likely to be positive if decreased canalization is due to vibrant growth rather than stressful effects. The relationships of plasticity with developmental instability differed from its relationship with decreased canalization in the way of variation. Decreased canalization should be more beneficial for possible plasticity in the future, while canalization may result from already-expressed plasticity.