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216 results for “Protista”
FIGURE 1 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)
FIGURE 1. Strongylidium pseudocrassum, morphology of interphasic cells (a, live specimen; b–j, after protargol-impregnation; k–l, modified from Wang & Nie, 1935). a–b) ventral side. Arrow marks postperistomial cirrus, double arrows point to the anterior region of the ventral cirral rows; c) right side; d) dorsal side; e–f) positional variation of the postperistomial cirrus (arrows); g) arrows mark the extra ventral cirri present in some specimens; h) anterior macronuclear nodule bissected (encircled); i) posterior nodule bissected (encircled); j) both nodules bissected; k) ventral side showing postperistomial cirrus; l) dorsal side with arrows pointing to ciliary structures referred in the original description as "transverse cirri" (see text). Scale bars = 10 µm; k–l, 410x. aCV = anterior contractile vacuole; BC = buccal cirrus; CC = caudal cirrus/cirri; DK(n) = dorsal kinety; E = endoral membrane; FC = frontal cirrus/cirri; FVC = frontoventral cirrus; LMR = left marginal cirral row; LVR = left ventral cirral row; Ma = macronuclear nodule; Mi = micronucleus; P = paroral membrane; pCV = posterior contractile vacuole; PpC = postperistomial cirrus; RMR = right marginal cirral row; RVR = right ventral cirral row.
FIGURE 9 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)
FIGURE 9. Micrographs of Strongylidium pseudocrassum after protargol-impregnation showing aspects of physiological reorganization (a–c) and scanning electron images (d–g).
FIGURE 12 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)
FIGURE 12. Species of Strongylidium assigned to Group 2 (a–f) and Group 3 (g–k), modified from originals. S. deflectum, a) ventral side, b) ventral side and detail of the posterior region, from Tucolesco (1962), 110–120 µm; S. packi, c) ventral side; d) specimen leaving from an empty cyst wall, from Pack (1919), 70 µm, e, f) redrawn from Pack (1919) by Kahl (1932); S. mucicola, g, h) ventral side, i) dorsal side, from Packroff and Wilbert (1991), 100 µm in vivo; S. seravini, j) ventral side with nuclear apparatus depicted outside of cell, k) dorsal side, from Alekperov (2005), 160–200 µm. Figures were resized out of scale.
Figure 7 in Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species
Figure 7. The Bayesian inference (BI) tree inferred from small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence data, displaying the phylogenetic positions of Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum sp. nov. and Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. (red font). Red arrow and red box show the position of Paralitonotidae. Numbers at nodes represent the bootstrap values of BI out of 1000 replicates. The scale bar corresponds to one substitution per 200 nucleotide positions.
Figure 6 in Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species
Figure 6. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree inferred from small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence data, displaying the phylogenetic positions of Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum sp. nov. and Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. (red font). Red arrow and red box show the position of Paralitonotidae. Numbers at nodes represent the bootstrap values of ML out of 1000 replicates. The scale bar corresponds to one substitution per 100 nucleotide positions.
Figure 2 in Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species
Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (A–D) and after silver proteinate staining (E–H). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn−1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H.
Figure 3 in Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species
Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (A–I), after silver proteinate staining (J–L) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. D–F, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in A–E; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M.
Figure 7 in Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis
Figure 7. The infraciliature of eight urostylid families. A–D, four families assigned in the order Urostylida by Lynn (2008), arrow in D indicates the rightmost midventral row as a pseudorow. C–F, four families assigned in the Urostyloidea by Berger (2006). G, Bergeriellidae Liu et al., 2010. H, the new family Clampidae.
Figure 3 in Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis
Figure 3. Morphology of Clampia sinica gen. et sp. nov.from life (A–E), after protargol staining (F, G) and photomicrographs of Clampia sinica in vivo (H–K, Q–S, bright field; L–P, differential interference contrast). A, B, ventral views of representative specimens. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view showing the distribution of cortical granules. E, ventral views of individuals, showing different body shapes, location of contractile vacuoles. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the holotype specimen showing the infraciliature and nuclear apparatus. H–M, ventral views of typical individuals, showing the flexibility of body and different body shapes, arrow marks the contractile vacuole. N–P, ventral (N) and dorsal (O, P) views, showing cortical granules (arrowheads). Q, ventral view of the anterior portion, to show adoral zone of membranelles and frontoventral cirri. R, posterior part of cell, showing irregular granules of cytoplasm and a food vacuole (arrow). S, macronuclear nodules (arrowheads). Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirri; e, endoral membrane; FVR1–3, frontoventral rows; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; MV n and n–1, long midventral rows; p, paroral membrane; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; DK1–3, dorsal kineties; 1–3, short midventral rows. Scale bars: 50 µm.
Figure 10. A in Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species
Figure 10. A hypothetical evolutionary trajectory of Pleurostomatida based on morphological and molecular data.
Figure 2 in Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis
Figure 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences. Numbers near nodes represent the bootstrap values of ML analyses and posterior probability of Bayesian inference (BI). Nodes designated by an asterisk correspond to nodes not recovered in the estimated BI tree. The scale bar corresponds to 0.01 expected nucleotide substitutions per site. The newly-sequenced Clampia sinica gen. et sp. nov. provided in the present work is indicated in bold red font. The morphologically similar species are marked in bold blue font.
Figure 5 in Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species
Figure 5. Photomicrographs of Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum sp. nov. in life (A–H) and after silver proteinate staining (I–M). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow shows the contractile vacuole. B, D, G, shape variants; the arrows point to the contractile vacuole. C, posterior end; the arrows indicate extrusomes. E, macronuclear nodules. F, details of cytoplasm; the arrows indicate extrusomes. H, surface of pellicle; the arrows indicate cortical granules. I, nuclear apparatus; the arrow indicates the micronucleus. J, right view. K, anterior portion of left side; the arrow indicates perioral kinety 1; the arrowhead marks the dorsal brush kinety. L, left view. M, details of left side; the arrows indicate the left somatic kineties. Abbreviation: Ma, macronucleus. Scale bars: 75 µm in A, J, L; 80 µm in B, D, G.
Figure 5 in Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis
Figure 5. Morphogenesis of Clampia sinica gen. et sp. nov. after protargol staining. A, portion of ventral view of an early divider, arrows show the basal body patches forming the oral primordium of the opisthe. B, ventral view of an earlymiddle divider to show the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen, arrows denote the anlage n–1 which forms the left long midventral row, arrowheads denote the anlage n that develops into the right long midventral row. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of an early-middle divider, showing marginal anlagen and dorsal kineties anlagen developed intrakinetally, arrows and arrowheads mark the anlage n–1 and anlage n respectively, double arrowheads denote the proter's oral primordium. E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a middle divider to show the differentiated frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen, the macronuclear nodules fused into a single mass, the separation of undulating membranes (arrows), the proter's oral primordium (arrowhead in E), and dorsal kineties anlagen (arrowheads in F), double arrowheads mark the leftmost frontoventral row generated from the undulating membranes anlagen, dashed areas denote buccal cirral rows. G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of a late divider, showing all the cirri almost in their final positions, which are linked according to anlagen. Arrow shows the partly renewed adoral zone of membranelles of proter, arrowheads mark extra dorsal bristles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DKA1–3, dorsal kineties anlagen; e, endoral membrane; LMA, left marginal anlagen; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; MV n and n–1, long midventral rows; OP, oral primordia; p, paroral membrane; RMA, right marginal anlagen; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; I–VI, frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen. Scale bars: 50 µm.
Figure 4 in Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis
Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Clampia sinica gen. et sp. nov. after protargol staining. A, ventral view of the infraciliature of the holotype specimen. B, ventral view of the anterior portion, to show frontoventral rows, short midventral rows, long midventral rows, and undulating membranes. Cirri are linked according to anlagen. C, dorsal view of the anterior portion, to show the dorsal kineties. D, ventral view of the middle portion, showing macronuclear nodules (arrowhead) and an ingested small-sized ciliate (arrow). E, ventral view of an early divider, arrows show the basal body patches forming the oral primordium of the opisthe. F, ventral view of an early-middle divider, arrows show anlage n and n–1, arrowheads mark marginal anlagen. G, ventral view of a middle divider. At this stage the macronuclear nodules have fused into a single mass, arrows show the newly formed undulating membranes, double arrowheads mark the anteriormost cirrus of the first frontoventral row generated from the undulating membranes anlage. H, a middle-late divider, showing the fission of macronuclear nodules and micronuclei (arrows). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of a middle-late divider to show one transverse cirrus formed at the rear end of each frontoventral-transverse cirral anlage and the newly formed dorsal kineties (arrowheads). K, dorsal view of a late divider, arrow marks two extra bristles at the anterior end of the right marginal anlage. L, ventral view of a late divider, arrows show two long midventral rows, arrowheads show transverse cirri. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirri; DK1–3, dorsal kineties; e, endoral membrane; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; MV n and n–1, long midventral rows; p, paroral membrane; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 µm (A), 30 µm (B–L).
Figure 9 in Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species
Figure 9. Schematic drawings showing the key morphological features for separating genera within the order Pleurostomatida. Arrowheads mark anterior ends of right somatic kineties, and arrows indicate the glabrous area formed by anteriorly shortened right kineties in genera of Paralitonotidae.
Figure 8 in Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species
Figure 8. Nucleotide differences between similar species based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences. A, nucleotide differences between Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. and similar species. B, nucleotide differences between Loxophyllum spp. Two new sequences in our present work are on the first row. Numbers indicate the position of nucleotides. Missing sites are indicated by dashes (–). Filled circles represent the same position of nucleotides. Abbreviations: Apo., Apolitonotus; L., Loxophyllum; Lit., Litontous; Par. foissneri, Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov.; Pro., Protolitonotus; Pse., Pseudolitonotus.
Figure 1 in Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species
Figure 1. Locations and images of sampling sites in China. A–C, maps showing locations of sampling sites (blue circles). D, a marine intertidal area near Gangdong Fishing Pier (36°16′35.817″N, 120°40′32.0124″E) in Qingdao, where Paralitonotus foissneri gen. & sp. nov. was collected. E, view of Weishan Lake Wetland (34°45′59.56″N, 117°09′22.65″E), where Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum sp. nov. was collected.
Figure 1 in Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis
Figure 1. Geographical location and photographs of the sampling site of the freshwater fishpond. A–C, location of sampling site; D, details of the sampling site of the fishpond where Clampia sinica gen. et sp. nov. was collected.
Figure 4 in Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species
Figure 4. Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum sp. nov. in life (A, D–F, H–J) and after silver proteinate staining (B, C, G). A, left view of a typical individual; arrows point to dorsal warts. B, C, ciliary pattern of left (B) and right (C) sides. D, distribution of extrusomes; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. E, shape variants in the same individual. F, specimens from the original population of Loxophyllum chlorelligerum, redrawn from Vuxanovici (1959). G, anterior portion of left side. H, nuclear apparatus. I, cortical granules. J, extrusomes. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; Ex, extrusomes; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; PK3, perioral kinety 3. Scale bars: 75 µm in A–C; 40 µm in D, E; 2 µm in J.
Figure 7. A in Re-evaluation of the systematic position of the order Prostomatida (Protista: Ciliophora), with the establishment of two new genera and two new species
Figure 7. A, putative secondary structure of V9 region of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of 18 representative species. The major differences are indicated by shading. B, the unique sites of the alignment of SSU rRNA gene sequences for the two groups. Group 1 contains Prostomatida and Trimyemidae; group 2 contains Apsiktratidae and some representative prorodontids.
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