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Fig. 10 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown "calcification center") and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence.

Fig. 9 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 9. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), collection J.B. Steere. A, B. Morphology of distal septal edge (A) and septal flank spine (B). Note "Persian lamb" texture of skeletal surface (as shown by these fasciculi). C, D. Transverse section of polished and etched septum. Arrow in enlarged (D) fragment (general view in C) shows "blurry", probably organic material in dCRA and adjacent, radiating TD fibers (ca. 3–5 µm growth increments). E, F. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane; note dissolved/etched dRAF components in longitudinal "strand" (F enlargement). All are SEM.

Fig. 4. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns 1977. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 4. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns 1977. ZPALH.23/1. Locality data as in Fig. 1. A–C. AFM (contact mode): height—2D projection (A), phase (B), and height—3D projection (C) images of 5 m2 polished (not etched) septum sectioned in RAF plane; AFM tip was placed in dRAF "strand" region as seen in etched sections (Fig. 3C). D, E. AFM (tapping mode) height—2D projection (D) and phase (E) images of spherical bodies seen on the bottom of dRAF "strand".

Fig. 8 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 8. "Ceratotrochus" magnaghii Cecchini, 1914. A. ZPALH.23/4 in oblique view (A 1); distal septal edge enlarged in A2. A3. "Patches of microcrystals" at growing septal edge (RAF). B. ZPALH.23/5. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely with dRAF that appear to be com − posed of homogenous "microcrystalline" material, SEM micrograph. C. TL M (C1, C2) and MFM (C3) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum ZPALH.23/6 in RAF plane. Organic and mineral phases regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in C 2); brownish organic dRAF components (C1) stained with acridine orange, fluoresce (C2) with bright−green light. Seemingly homogenous dRAF in transverse section (B), sectioned longitudinally is composed of elongated units spaced ca. 5–7 µm (red arrows in C1). Growth direction of septum indicates black arrow. A. Recent, deep−water specimen, SEAMOUNT 2 cruise, Stat. DW 279, 33°55.60'N, 28°23.70'W, 805 m. B, C. Recent, shallow−water specimen from Mediterranean (Marseille, Riou−Grand Conglu submarine cave), 50 m.

Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23/1 (originally NMNH 46443 lot). Recent, south of Bonaire, 11°18.8'N, 68°22'W, 384–607 m. Pills sta. P−753. July 26, 1968. A–C. Distal (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views of corallum. D, E. SEM of septa and paliform lobes. D. Arrow indicates portion of septum enlarged on E. E. "Patches of microcrystals" (fasciculi of Wise 1972) at the growing septal edge here called the Rapid Acretion Front (RAF).

Fig. 11 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 11. Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786); ZPALH.23/8 (originally NMNH A.G. Humes collection. Acc. number 274378). Recent, 25 m, north of Ankazo−beravina, near Nosy Be, Madagaskar, August 24, 1967. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note brownish "calcification centers" (dRAF), regular growth increments of fibers (e.g., in encircled area), and dark brown regions (red arrows) of filaments of endolithic organisms (most likely algae, fungi). B. The same septal fragment as A, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit very light, green−yellow fluorescence; higher magnifications (C) show delicate greenish bands matching organic components trapped between successive growth increments of fibers (white arrows). D. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; dRAF in lower right corner; regular growth increments of fibers (TD) are emphasized by levels of brownish bands. E. SEM micrograph of transverse polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to row of dRAF ("calcification centers") taper regularly at ca. 3 µm matching brownish bands in D.

Fig. 7 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66'S, 77°35.47'E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA ("centers of calcification") (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, "blurry" material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as "denticulations" on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow.

Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23/2/4. Locality data as in Fig. 5. A–C. Complementary regions of longitudinally sectioned and polished septum (RAF plane): TLM (A), Back−Scattered Electron mode (BSE) (B), and pseudocolor carbon mapping images acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques (C); black/dark blue equals lower concentration (<150 counts per second) whereas yellow−white equals higher concentrations (>150 c/s). Brownish structures exposed at section surface (A), appear darker in BSE mode (B) as it enhances atomic number contrast; elements with lower atomic numbers appear darker, those with higher atomic numbers appear lighter. BSE darker regions (arrows) match exactly to carbon−enriched regions in WDS x−ray mapping image (C, arrows). D–F. TL M (D, E) and MFM (F) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum. Organic and mineral phase of dRAF regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in E); brownish organic components (D) exposed and stained with acridine orangedye, fluoresce (F) with bright−green light. Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

The in situ Mg/Ca ratios of planktonic foraminifera shells in the northeastern South China Sea: an attempt to get efficient and reliable proxies

Planktonic foraminifera are one of the important carriers of the physico-chemical environments. Nowadays, the development of in situ microanalysis technology provides a new opportunity for further understanding the distribution and variation of trace element concentrations in foraminifera shells. In this study, we focus on the in situ Mg/Ca ratios in four planktonic foraminifera shells from the surface sediments of the northeastern slope of the South China Sea (SCS). The results of electron microprobe mapping indicate that G. ruber had periodic bands of high Mg contents and Mg/Ca ratios, consistent with the results of LA-ICP-MS. In contrast, N. dutertrei, P. obliquiloculata, and G.inflata had thick calcite layer with low Mg contents and Mg/Ca ratios. The Mg/Ca ratios of shells may be attributed to symbionts, but the physiological regulation may also have some contributions. Meanwhile, contaminants may lead to the relatively higher Mg/Ca ratios. Therefore, the large Mg/Ca variations in foraminifera shells are not only affected by the surrounding seawater temperature but also constrained by other factors. At last, we employed this method to reconstruct the Mg/Ca-SST in the northeastern SCS over the past ~3000 years. The similar trend to the previous SST records proves that this method is reliable. We hope that this method can be widely applied in the future due to the efficient, fast, and high spatial resolution with small sample amounts.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Data from public granaries as a source of proxy data on grain harvests and weather extremes (Sušice region, Czech Republic)

This deposit contains eight .xlsx files related to the study of public granary data and their relation to grain harvests and weather extremes in the Su&scaron;ice region (Czech Republic). In the study, annual values of grain borrowed by serfs, their grain depositions, the total grain storage and the total debt of serfs at the end of year were used to calculation of weighted grain indices considering the balance between borrowed and returned grain: a weighted bad harvest index (WBHI), a weighted good harvest index (WGHI), a weighted stored grain index (WSGI: WSGI-, more borrowed than returned; WSGI+, more returned than borrowed) and a weighted serf debt index (WSDI: WSDI+, more borrowed than returned grain; WSDI-, more returned than borrowed grain). WBHI, WSGI- and WSDI+ were used to select years of extreme bad harvest and WGHI, WSGI+ and WSDI- years of extreme good harvest. Selected extreme harvest years were tested against documentary weather data and reconstructed temperature, precipitation and drought series of the Czech Lands. First six files (01a_borrowed grain_plus, 01b_returned grain_plus, 01c_stored grain_minus, 01d_stored grain_plus, 01e_serfs debt_plus, 01f_serfs debt_minus) contain three sheets representing individual cereals (rye, oats and barley). For each cereal, there are series of multiples of standard deviation used for calculation of individual indices mentioned above. These multiples were obtained from detrended series (using high-pass filter) of every grain characteristic as arithmetic mean plus/minus corresponding multiple of standard deviation. The file &bdquo; 02_indices“ contains three sheets with weighted grain indices: WBHI, WGHI, WSGI-, WSGI+, WSDI+, WSDI-. Sheets represent individual cereals – rye, oats and barley. The file &bdquo; 03_clima factors“ contains mean seasonal (DJF, MAM, JJA, and SON) temperature, precipitation and scPDSI for the period 1789–1849, expressed in deviations relative to the 1961–1990 reference period. The series are reconstructed temperatures for central Europe (Dobrovolný et al., 2010), reconstructed precipitation for the Czech Lands (Dobrovolný et al., 2015) and both of them were used for creation of scPDSI series (Brázdil et al., 2016).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Benthic Foraminifera Carbon Gradient Proxy in the Southeast Pacific

Release for paper 'Carbon stable isotopes of deep infaunal and epifaunal benthic foraminifera in the Southeast Pacific: lessons from shallow-water samples for a paleoxygenation proxy" (in preparation)' to be submitted to Biogeosciences.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2021View details →

A simplified palaeoceanography archiving system (PARIS) and GUI for storage and visualisation of marine sediment core proxy data vs age and depth.

Scientific discovery can be aided when data is shared following the principles of findability, accessibility, interoperability, reusability (FAIR) data (Wilkinson et al., 2016). Recent discussions in the palaeoclimate literature have focussed on defining the ideal database format for storing data and associated metadata. Here, we highlight an often overlooked primary process in widespread adoption of FAIR data, namely the systematic creation of machine readable data at source (i.e. at the field and laboratory level). We detail a file naming and structuring method that was used at LSCE to store data in text file format in a way that is machine-readable, and also human-friendly to persons of all levels of computer proficiency, thus encouraging the adoption of a machine-readable ethos at the very start of a project. Thanks to the relative simplicity of downcore palaeoclimate data, we demonstrate the power of this simple but powerful file format to function as a basic database in itself: we provide a Matlab-based GUI tool that allows users to search and visualise data by sediment core location, proxy type and species type. The adoption of similarily accessible, machine-readable file formats at other laboratories will promote data sharing within projects, while also allowing for the automation of submission of data to online database repositories with particular formatting and/or metadata requirements, thus reducing post-hoc workload.

opencc-by-4.0May 2021View details →

Magnetic Proxy for Solar Activity

Proxies for solar activity are often used to extend solar irradiance measurements in time or forecast future variability. We calculate images of the solar photospheric magnetic field from a flux transport simulation and create a multicomponent proxy for solar activity.

FIG. 7. — Dendrograms resulting from Q in Micropaleontological parameters as proxies of late Miocene surface water properties and paleoclimate in Gavdos Island, eastern Mediterranean

FIG. 7. — Dendrograms resulting from Q-mode cluster analysis and the assemblages identified in each section.

FIG. 5 in Micropaleontological parameters as proxies of late Miocene surface water properties and paleoclimate in Gavdos Island, eastern Mediterranean

FIG. 5. — Relative frequency curves of the planktonic foraminifera identified in Bo Section. Refer to Figure 2 for the explanation of the lithostratigraphical column.

FIG. 3 in Micropaleontological parameters as proxies of late Miocene surface water properties and paleoclimate in Gavdos Island, eastern Mediterranean

FIG. 3. — Relative frequency curves of the planktonic foraminifera identified in Ag. Giannis Section. Refer to Figure 2 for the explanation of the lithostratigraphical column.

FIG. 2 in Micropaleontological parameters as proxies of late Miocene surface water properties and paleoclimate in Gavdos Island, eastern Mediterranean

FIG. 2. — Lithostratigraphical columns of the Ag. Giannis, Potamos and Bo sections, Gavdos Island, Greece.

FIG. 4 in Micropaleontological parameters as proxies of late Miocene surface water properties and paleoclimate in Gavdos Island, eastern Mediterranean

FIG. 4. — Relative frequency curves of the planktonic foraminifera identified in Potamos Section. Refer to Figure 2 for the explanation of the lithostratigraphical column.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Southern Hemisphere winds, pressure, and temperature over the 20th century from proxy-data assimilation

This archive contains four reconstructions of annually resolved zonal surface wind (us), sea level pressure (psl), and surface temperature (tas) anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere over the period 1900 to 2005 CE. The anomaly reference period is 1961-1990.  The reconstructions are generated using the Last Millennium Reanalysis data assimilation framework (Hakim et al., 2016; Tardif et al., 2019). The proxies assimilated come from a global database comprising the PAGES2k database (PAGES2k Consortium, 2017), additional ice core accumulation records (Thomas et al., 2017), and additional coral records (Sanchez et al., 2021). We use four climate models to produce the four reconstructions: <ol> <li>the iCESM Last Millennium Ensemble (“CESM LM”, Brady et al., 2019, Stevenson et al., 2019)</li> <li>the HadCM3 Last Millennium Ensemble (“HadCM3 LM”, Collins et al., 2001)</li> <li>the CESM1 Large Ensemble (“LENS”; Kay et al., 2015)</li> <li>the CESM1 Pacific Pacemaker Ensemble (“PACE”; Schneider and Deser, 2018).</li> </ol> The four reconstructions are named after the prior that is used. The last millennium ensemble of simulations include natural forcings only and the LENS and PACE ensemble of simulations include historical external forcings. For each reconstruction, there are three netCDF files containing the ensemble mean (mean of 100 ensemble members) for each climate field. More details can be found in O'Connor et al. (2021). Please cite O'Connor et al. (2021) when using these datasets. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095999">https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095999</a>