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285 results for “Reproduction isolation”
Data from: Dissecting functional components of reproductive isolation among closely related sympatric species of the Anopheles gambiae complex
Explaining how and why reproductive isolation evolves and determining which forms of reproductive isolation have the largest impact on the process of population divergence are major goals in the study of speciation. By studying recent adaptive radiations in incompletely isolated taxa, it is possible to identify barriers involved at early divergence before other confounding barriers emerge after speciation is complete. Sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex offer opportunities to provide insights into speciation mechanisms. Here we studied patterns of reproductive isolation among three taxa, An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis, to compare its strength at different spatial scales, to dissect the relative contribution of pre- versus post-mating isolation, and to infer the involvement of ecological divergence on hybridization. Because F1 hybrids are viable, fertile, and not uncommon, understanding the dynamics of hybridization in this trio of major malaria vectors has important implications for how adaptations arise and spread across the group, and in planning studies of the safety and efficacy of gene drive as a means of malaria control. We first performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published surveys reporting on hybrid prevalence, showing strong reproductive isolation at a continental scale despite geographically restricted exceptions. Second, we exploited our own extensive field datasets collected at a regional scale in two contrasting environmental settings, in order to assess: i) levels of pre-mating isolation; ii) spatio/temporal and frequency-dependent dynamics of hybridization, iii) relationship between reproductive isolation and ecological divergence, and iv) hybrid viability penalty. Results are in accordance with ecological speciation theory predicting a positive association between the strength of reproductive isolation and degree ecological divergence, and indicate that post-mating isolation does contribute to reproductive isolation among these species. Specifically, only post-mating isolation was positively associated with ecological divergence, whereas pre-mating isolation was correlated with phylogenetic distance.
Data from: Genetics of incipient speciation in Drosophila mojavensis. III. Life history divergence in allopatry and reproductive isolation
We carried out a three-tiered genetic analysis of egg-to-adult development time and viability in ancestral and derived populations of cactophilic D. mojavensis to test the hypothesis that evolution of these life history characters has shaped premating reproductive isolation in this species. First, a common garden experiment with 11 populations from Baja California and mainland Mexico and Arizona reared on two host cacti revealed significant host plant X region and population interactions for viability and development time. Second, replicated line crosses with cactus-reared flies revealed autosomal, X chromosome, cytoplasmic, and autosome X cactus influences on development time. Third, a QTL analysis of development time differences on 1688 Baja X mainland F2 males revealed eight QTL. Eight GxE interactions were also detected, caused by longer development times associated with mainland alleles reared a mainland host with smaller differences among Baja genotypes on a Baja host plant. Four QTL influenced both development time and cuticular hydrocarbon differences associated with courtship success, and there was a significant QTL-based correlation between development time and cuticular hydrocarbon variation. Thus, the regional shifts in life histories that evolved once D. mojavensis invaded mainland Mexico from Baja California by shifting host plants were genetically correlated with variation in cuticular hydrocarbon-based mate preferences.
Data from: Phylogeographic structure and outbreeding depression reveal early stages of reproductive isolation in the Neotropical orchid Epidendrum denticulatum
Phylogeographic studies provide an important framework for investigating the mechanisms operating during the earliest stages of speciation, as reproductive barriers can be examined among divergent lineages in a geographic context. We investigated the evolution of early stages of intrinsic postmating isolation among different populations and lineages of Epidendrum denticulatum, a Neotropical orchid distributed across different biomes in South America. We estimated genetic diversity and structure for both nuclear and plastid markers, using a haplotype network, differentiation tests, Bayesian assignment analysis, and divergence time estimates of the main lineages. Reproductive barriers among divergent lineages were examined by analyzing seed viability following reciprocal crossing experiments. Strong plastid phylogeographic structure was found, indicating that E. denticulatum was restricted to multiple refuges during South American forest expansion events. In contrast, significant phylogeographic structure was not found for nuclear markers, suggesting higher gene flow by pollen than by seeds. Large asymmetries in seed set were observed among different plastid genetic groups, suggesting the presence of polymorphic genic incompatibilities associated with cytonuclear interactions. Our results confirm the importance of phylogeographic studies associated with reproductive isolation experiments and suggest an important role for outbreeding depression during the early stages of lineage diversification.
Data from: Reproductive isolation between phylogeographic lineages scales with divergence
Phylogeographic studies frequently reveal multiple morphologically cryptic lineages within species. What is not yet clear is whether such lineages represent nascent species or evolutionary ephemera. To address this question, we compare five contact zones, each of which occurs between ecomorphologically cryptic lineages of skinks from the rainforests of the Australian Wet Tropics. Although the contacts probably formed concurrently in response to Holocene expansion from glacial refugia, we estimate that the divergence times (τ) of the lineage pairs range from 3.1 to 11.5 Ma. Multi-locus analyses of the contact zones yielded estimates of reproductive isolation that are tightly correlated with divergence time and, for lineages with older divergence times (τ > 5 Myr), substantial. These results show that phylogeographic splits of increasing depth represent stages along the speciation continuum, even in the absence of overt change in ecologically relevant morphology.
Data from: Highly variable reproductive isolation among pairs of Catostomus species
Hybridization between diverged taxa tests the strength of reproductive isolation and can therefore reveal mechanisms of reproductive isolation. However, it remains unclear how consistent reproductive isolation is across species' ranges and to what extent reproductive isolation might remain polymorphic as species diverge. To address these questions, we compared outcomes of hybridization across species pairs of Catostomus fishes in three rivers in the Upper Colorado River basin, where an introduced species, C. commersoni, hybridizes with at least two native species, C. discobolus and C. latipinnis. We observed substantial heterogeneity in outcomes of hybridization, both between species pairs and across geographically separate rivers within each species pair. We also observed hybridization of additional related species with our focal species, suggesting that reproductive isolation in this group involves interactions of multiple evolutionary and ecological factors. These findings suggest that a better understanding of the determinants of variation in reproductive isolation is needed and that studies of reproductive isolation in hybrids should consider how the dynamics and mechanisms of reproductive isolation vary over ecological space and over evolutionary time. Our results also have implications for the conservation and management of native catostomids in the Colorado River basin. Heterogeneity in outcomes of hybridization suggests that the threat posed by hybridization and genetic introgression to the persistence of native species probably varies with extent of reproductive isolation, both across rivers and across species pairs.
Data from: Model-based species delimitation: are coalescent species reproductively isolated?
A large and growing fraction of systematists define species as independently evolving lineages that may be recognized by analyzing the population genetic history of alleles sampled from individuals belonging to those species. This has motivated the development of increasingly sophisticated statistical models rooted in the multispecies coalescent process. Specifically, these models allow for simultaneous estimation of the number of species present in a sample of individuals and the phylogenetic history of those species using only DNA sequence data from independent loci. These methods hold extraordinary promise for increasing the efficiency of species discovery, but require extensive validation to ensure that they are accurate and precise. Whether the species identified by these methods correspond to the species that would be recognized by alternative species recognition criteria (such as measurements of reproductive isolation) is currently an open question, and a subject of vigorous debate. Here we perform an empirical test of these methods by making use of a classic model system in the history of speciation research, flies of the genus Drosophila. Specifically, we use the uniquely comprehensive data on reproductive isolation that is available for this system, along with DNA sequence data, to ask whether Drosophila species inferred under the multispecies coalescent model correspond to those recognized by many decades of speciation research. We found that coalescent based and reproductive isolation based methods of inferring species boundaries are concordant for 77% of the species pairs. We explore and discuss potential explanations for these discrepancies. We also found that the amount of prezygotic isolation between two species is a strong predictor of the posterior probability of species boundaries based on DNA sequence data, regardless of whether the species pairs are sympatrically or allopatrically distributed.
Patterns of hybrid seed inviability in perennials of the Mimulus guttatus sp. complex reveal a potential role of parental conflict in reproductive isolation
<p>Genomic conflicts may play a central role in the evolution of reproductive barriers. Theory predicts that early-onset hybrid inviability may stem from conflict between parents for resource allocation to offspring. <span>Here we describe <i>M. decorus;</i> a group of cryptic species within the <i>M. guttatus </i>species complex that are largely reproductively isolated by hybrid seed inviability (HSI). HSI between <i>M. guttatus </i>and <i>M. decorus </i>is common and strong, but populations of <i>M. decorus </i>vary in the magnitude and directionality of HSI with <i>M. guttatus</i>. Patterns of HSI between <i>M. guttatus </i>and <i>M. decorus, </i>as well as within <i>M. decorus </i>conform to the predictions of parental conflict: firstly, reciprocal F1s exhibit size differences and parent-of-origin specific endosperm defects, secondly the extent of asymmetry between reciprocal F1 seed size is correlated with asymmetry in HSI, and lastly, inferred differences in the extent of conflict predict the extent of HSI between populations. We also find that HSI is rapidly evolving, as populations that exhibit the most HSI are each others' closest relative. Lastly, while all populations are largely outcrossing, we find that the differences in the inferred strength of conflict scale positively with </span><span>p</span><span>, suggesting that demographic or life history factors may influence the rate of parental conflict driven evolution. Overall, these patterns suggest the rapid evolution of parent-of-origin specific resource allocation alleles coincident with HSI within and between <i>M. guttatus </i>and <i>M. decorus. </i>Parental conflict may therefore be an important evolutionary driver of reproductive isolation. </span></p>
Dataset for Xia et al.: Reproductive isolation via divergent genital morphology due to cascade reinforcement in Ohomopterus ground beetles
<p><span>Secondary contact between incipient species and selection against maladaptive hybridization can drive reinforcement between populations in contact and result in reproductive character displacement (RCD). Resultant divergence in mating traits within a species may generate downstream reproductive isolation between populations with </span><span>d</span><span>isplaced and non-displaced traits, referred to as the cascade reinforcement hypothesis. We examined this hypothesis using three allopatric populations of the ground beetle </span><span>Carabus maiyasanus</span><span> with</span><span> a genital lock-and-key system. This species shows RCD in male and female genital morphologies in populations in contact with the sister species C. iwawakianus. In a reciprocal mating experiment using three allopatric populations with differences in male and female genital sizes, insemination</span><span>failure increased as the difference in genital size increased. Based on the reproductive isolation index, insemination failure w</span><span>as the major postmating-prezygotic isolation barrier, at least in one population pair with comparable total isolation to those of other species pairs. By contrast, there was</span><span> only incomplete premating isolation among populations</span><span>. </span><span>These results suggest that RCD in genital morphologies drives incipient allopatric speciation, supporting the cascade reinforcement hypothesis. These findings provide insight into the roles of interspecific interactions and subsequent trait diversification in speciation processes</span><span>.</span></p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Ang Y, Rajaratnam G, Su KFY, Meier R (2017) Hidden in the urban parks of New York City: Themira lohmanus, a new species of Sepsidae described based on morphology, DNA sequences, mating behavior, and reproductive isolation (Sepsidae, Diptera). ZooKeys 698: 95-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.698.13411
Aligned COI sequences for Themira putris, T. biloba, and Themira 'biloba-like' (i.e., T. lohmanus n. sp.) specimens : Data type: Fasta file
Fig. 1 in Sex or no sex? Group I introns and independent marker genes reveal the existence of three sexual but reproductively isolated biospecies in Trichia varia (Myxomycetes)
Fig. 1 Three-gene phylogeny of Trichia varia. a Associations between partial SSU and partial COI genotypes within the three groups (1, 2a, 2b). Dotted lines indicate associations found in one specimen, dashed lines in two to five specimens, and solid lines more than five specimens. b Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree of combined partial sequences of
FIG. 5 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods
FIG. 5. Genetic distances between salamanders that hybridize with heteromorphic sex chromosomes (median ¼ 0.109) and salamanders that hybridize without sex chromosomes (median ¼ 0.152). There is no significant difference (P ¼ 0.5293) between salamanders with sex chromosomes and salamanders without sex chromosomes.
FIG. 2 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods
FIG. 2. (A) Histogram of cytochrome b (MT-CYB) genetic distance estimates (HKY85 þ C) between salamanders that hybridize. Graph bin width is 0.0125. (B) Ratio of mitochondrial MT-CYB genetic distance to nuclear recombination activating 1 (RAG1) genetic distance between parental species of salamanders that hybridize on a log scale. The ratio of genetic distance ranged from 0.6 to 162 with the majority of species pairs having a higher mitochondrial genetic distance (median ¼ 21.1).
FIG. 3. Cytochrome b in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods
FIG. 3. Cytochrome b (MT-CYB) genetic distances between parental species that hybridize in different tetrapod groups. Kruskal-Wallis H test showed no significant differences across the groups (P ¼ 0.661). Salamanders are not hybridizing across greater genetic distances.
FIG. 1 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods
FIG. 1. Salamander hybrids are found in most families (Pyron and Wiens, 2011). About 12.1% of salamanders are known to hybridize with over half belonging to Plethodontidae. There was no significant correlation between the number of papers per species and the proportion of salamanders found to hybridize (Kendall's rank correlation P ¼ 0.236).
FIG. 4 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods
FIG. 4. Genetic distance ratio of mitochondrial cytochrome b (MTCYB) to nuclear recombination activating 1 (RAG1) for pairs of species that hybridize in major tetrapod clade on a log scale. Kruskal-Wallis H test showed no strong significant differences across the four groups (P ¼ 0.108).
Performance-based habitat choice can drive rapid adaptive divergence and reproductive isolation - Data
<p>Data for Performance-based habitat choice can drive rapid adaptive divergence and reproductive isolation</p>
Data from: Immigrant and extrinsic hybrid inviability contribute to reproductive isolation between lake and river cichlid ecotypes
Understanding how reproductive barriers evolve and which barriers contribute to speciation requires the examination of organismal lineages that are still in the process of diversification and the study of the full range of reproductive barriers acting at different life stages. Lake and river ecotypes of the East African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni show habitat specific adaptations, despite different levels of genetic differentiation, and thus represent an ideal model to study the evolution of reproductive barriers. To evaluate the degree of reproductive isolation between genetically divergent lake and river populations, we performed a mesocosm mating experiment in a semi-natural setting at Lake Tanganyika. We assessed reproductive isolation in the presence of male–male competition by analysing survival and growth rates of introduced adults and their reproductive success from genetic parentage of surviving offspring. The genetically divergent river population showed reduced fitness in terms of survival, growth rate, and mating success in a lake-like environment. Hybrid offspring between different populations showed intermediate survival consistent with extrinsic postzygotic reproductive barriers. Our results suggest that both prezygotic (immigrant inviability) and postzygotic reproductive barriers contribute to divergence, and highlight the value of assessing multiple reproductive barriers acting at different stages and in natural contexts to understand speciation mechanisms.
Data from: Reproductive isolation and cryptic introgression in a sky island enclave of Appalachian birds
Reproductive isolation is central to the speciation process, and cases where the strength of reproductive isolation varies geographically can inform our understanding of speciation mechanisms. Although generally treated as separate species, Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina chickadees (P. carolinensis) hybridize and undergo genetic introgression in many areas where they come into contact across the eastern United States and in the northern Appalachian Mountains. The Great Smoky Mountains harbor the last large breeding population of atricapillus in the southern Appalachians, isolated from the species' main range by nearly 200 km. This population is believed to be reproductively isolated from local carolinensis due to an unusual, behaviorally mediated elevational range gap, which forms during the breeding season and may function as an incipient reproductive isolating mechanism. We examined the effectiveness of this putative isolating mechanism by looking for genetic introgression from carolinensis in Great Smoky Mountain atricapillus. We characterized this population and parental controls genetically using hundreds of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci as well as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data from cytochrome-b. Great Smoky Mountain atricapillus have experienced nuclear genetic introgression from carolinensis, but at much lower levels than other populations near the hybrid zone to the north. No mitochondrial introgression was detected, in contrast to northern contact areas. Thus, the seasonal elevational range gap appears to have been effective in reducing gene flow between these closely related taxa.
Data from: Quantitative genetic inheritance of morphological divergence in a lake-stream stickleback ecotype pair: implications for reproductive isolation
Ecological selection against hybrids between populations occupying different habitats might be an important component of reproductive isolation during the initial stages of speciation. The strength and directionality of this barrier to gene flow depends on the genetic architecture underlying divergence in ecologically relevant phenotypes. We here present line cross analyses of inheritance for two key foraging-related morphological traits involved in adaptive divergence between stickleback ecotypes residing parapatrically in lake and stream habitats within the Misty Lake watershed (Vancouver Island, Canada). One main finding is striking genetic dominance of the lake phenotype for body depth. Selection associated with this phenotype against first and later generation hybrids should therefore be asymmetric, hindering introgression from the lake to the stream population but not vice versa. Another main finding is that divergence in gill raker number is inherited additively and should therefore contribute symmetrically to reproductive isolation. Our study suggests that traits involved in adaptation might contribute to reproductive isolation qualitatively differently, depending on their mode of inheritance.
Data from: Divergent natural selection drives the evolution of reproductive isolation in an Australian wildflower
Ecological speciation occurs when reproductive isolation evolves between populations adapting to contrasting environments. A key prediction of this process is that the fitness of hybrids between divergent populations should be reduced in each parental environment as a function of the proportion of local genes they carry, a process resulting in ecologically dependent reproductive isolation (RI). To test this prediction, we use reciprocal transplant experiments between adjacent populations of an Australian wildflower, Senecio lautus, at two locations to distinguish between ecologically dependent and intrinsic genetic reproductive barriers. These barriers can be distinguished by observing the relative fitness of reciprocal backcross hybrids, as they differ in the contribution of genes from either parent while controlling for any intrinsic fitness effects of hybridization. We show ecologically dependent fitness effects in establishment and survival of backcrosses in one transplant experiment, and growth performance in the second transplant experiment. These results suggests natural selection can create strong reproductive barriers that maintain differentiation between populations with the potential to interbreed, and implies a significant role for ecology in the evolutionary divergence of S. lautus.
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