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Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f).
Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Ibericarpus cuneiformis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fruiting structure in lateral view showing numerous small, helically arranged wedge-shaped fruitlets each with a slightly differentiated apical stigmatic region (st); no bracts or scars from bracts, perianth or stamens were observed associated with the entire structure or with individual carpels; b) Apical portions of fruitlets showing differentiation of the stigmatic region (st); c) Detail of apical portion of fruitlet showing slightly raised stigmatic region (st) and possible ventral suture. Specimen, Catefica 49-S115851 (holotype, a–c). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Ibericarpus cuneiformis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fruiting structure in lateral view showing numerous small, helically arranged wedge-shaped fruitlets each with a slightly differentiated apical stigmatic region (st); no bracts or scars from bracts, perianth or stamens were observed associated with the entire structure or with individual carpels; b) Apical portions of fruitlets showing differentiation of the stigmatic region (st); c) Detail of apical portion of fruitlet showing slightly raised stigmatic region (st) and possible ventral suture. Specimen, Catefica 49-S115851 (holotype, a–c). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c).
Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Staminate inflorescence fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing several closely packed, almost sessile stamens that lack a well-developed filament; b, c) Distal and proximal views of pollen grains showing poorly defined aperture with verrucate aperture membrane; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107782 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Staminate inflorescence fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing several closely packed, almost sessile stamens that lack a well-developed filament; b, c) Distal and proximal views of pollen grains showing poorly defined aperture with verrucate aperture membrane; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107782 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, g, h) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b–f) images of fruits and pollen grains of Canrightiopsis crassitesta (a–c, g, h) and fruit of Canrightiopsis intermedia (d–f); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of fruit showing rim of hypanthium (arrowheads); b) Surface rendering of longitudinal section in the median plane of fruit (cut between orthoslices yz0440-0510) showing the thin fruit wall, thick endotesta of the seed coat (en, dark blue) and the orthotropous, pendent seed with the chalaza (ch) near the fruit apex and the micropyle (mi) at the fruit base; note the tiny embryo (emb) adjacent to the micropyle at the base of the fruit; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0511) through the seed wall showing the thick, finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) surrounding the nutritive tissue of the seed; d) Surface rendering of fruit in dorsal view showing rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and apical stigmatic region (st); e) Surface rendering of longitudinal section of fruit in (d) (cut at orthoslice xz0560) showing the crystalliferous endotesta (en, dark blue) and the inner tissues of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0560) through fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) and thin fruit wall (fr); g, h) Pollen grains from apical region of fruit showing poorly defined margin of the single colpus, reticulate tectum and muri ornamented by minute verrucae. Specimens, Catefica 343-S174311 (a), Catefica 49-S174159 (b, c), Catefica 50-S174905 (d–f), Catefica 342-S122089 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, d, e), 150 Μm (c, f), 6 Μm (g), 3 Μm (h). g, h published with permission from Grana. in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, g, h) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b–f) images of fruits and pollen grains of Canrightiopsis crassitesta (a–c, g, h) and fruit of Canrightiopsis intermedia (d–f); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of fruit showing rim of hypanthium (arrowheads); b) Surface rendering of longitudinal section in the median plane of fruit (cut between orthoslices yz0440-0510) showing the thin fruit wall, thick endotesta of the seed coat (en, dark blue) and the orthotropous, pendent seed with the chalaza (ch) near the fruit apex and the micropyle (mi) at the fruit base; note the tiny embryo (emb) adjacent to the micropyle at the base of the fruit; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0511) through the seed wall showing the thick, finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) surrounding the nutritive tissue of the seed; d) Surface rendering of fruit in dorsal view showing rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and apical stigmatic region (st); e) Surface rendering of longitudinal section of fruit in (d) (cut at orthoslice xz0560) showing the crystalliferous endotesta (en, dark blue) and the inner tissues of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0560) through fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) and thin fruit wall (fr); g, h) Pollen grains from apical region of fruit showing poorly defined margin of the single colpus, reticulate tectum and muri ornamented by minute verrucae. Specimens, Catefica 343-S174311 (a), Catefica 49-S174159 (b, c), Catefica 50-S174905 (d–f), Catefica 342-S122089 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, d, e), 150 Μm (c, f), 6 Μm (g), 3 Μm (h). g, h published with permission from Grana.
Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment with pollen in situ; b, c) Pollen grains showing the semitectate-reticulate pollen wall and folds (c) indicating a possible monocolpate aperture; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation; e) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny, spherical, finely spiny orbicules. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170449 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment with pollen in situ; b, c) Pollen grains showing the semitectate-reticulate pollen wall and folds (c) indicating a possible monocolpate aperture; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation; e) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny, spherical, finely spiny orbicules. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170449 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d, e).
Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of Elasmostemon paisii gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and laminar stamens with monocolpate reticulate pollen sp. (d–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment with basal portion missing showing two pairs of pollen sacs on one surface of the stamen close to the margin and separated by a broad connective, except near the apex where the thecae meet; note that the thecae are dehisced with the walls of the pollen sacs curled back; b) Pollen grains inside a dehisced pollen sac; note variation in size and development of the reticulum; c) Detail of (b) showing monocolpate, reticulate pollen with lumen of reticulum varying markedly in size but partly obscured by residual organic material; d) Stamen with apical and basal part of anther preserved showing two pairs of pollen sacs (asterisks) on the curved, perhaps ventral, surface close to the stamen margin; e) Detail of crack in the anther showing the inner anther wall with densely spaced spherical orbicules that vary greatly in size; f) Pollen exposed in the crack in the anther; note coarsely foveolate to coarsely reticulate pollen wall and densely spaced orbicules; g) Folded pollen grains with reticulate pollen wall and also showing the inner anther wall with densely spaced spherical orbicules that vary greatly in size. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172560 (a–c), Catefica 50- S170384 (d–g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d), 20 Μm (b, e), 6 Μm (c, f, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of Elasmostemon paisii gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and laminar stamens with monocolpate reticulate pollen sp. (d–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment with basal portion missing showing two pairs of pollen sacs on one surface of the stamen close to the margin and separated by a broad connective, except near the apex where the thecae meet; note that the thecae are dehisced with the walls of the pollen sacs curled back; b) Pollen grains inside a dehisced pollen sac; note variation in size and development of the reticulum; c) Detail of (b) showing monocolpate, reticulate pollen with lumen of reticulum varying markedly in size but partly obscured by residual organic material; d) Stamen with apical and basal part of anther preserved showing two pairs of pollen sacs (asterisks) on the curved, perhaps ventral, surface close to the stamen margin; e) Detail of crack in the anther showing the inner anther wall with densely spaced spherical orbicules that vary greatly in size; f) Pollen exposed in the crack in the anther; note coarsely foveolate to coarsely reticulate pollen wall and densely spaced orbicules; g) Folded pollen grains with reticulate pollen wall and also showing the inner anther wall with densely spaced spherical orbicules that vary greatly in size. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172560 (a–c), Catefica 50- S170384 (d–g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d), 20 Μm (b, e), 6 Μm (c, f, g).
Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of Ibericarpus cuneiformis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fruiting axis bearing an elongated receptacle with numerous diamond-shaped scars from detached fruitlets; note the absence of scars from bracts, tepals or stamens at the transition to the fruitlet scars and the stalk (arrow); b) Group of ten fruitlets detached from fruiting axis in (a) showing apical stigmatic region and distinctive bulging isodiametric epidermal cells; c) Detached fruitlet showing apical stigmatic region; d) Volume rendering of three adhering fruits showing apical stigmatic region and distinctive bulging isodiametric epidermal cells. Specimens, Catefica MM75-P0477 (a, b), Catefica 49-S115852 (c), Catefica 50-S174907 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of Ibericarpus cuneiformis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fruiting axis bearing an elongated receptacle with numerous diamond-shaped scars from detached fruitlets; note the absence of scars from bracts, tepals or stamens at the transition to the fruitlet scars and the stalk (arrow); b) Group of ten fruitlets detached from fruiting axis in (a) showing apical stigmatic region and distinctive bulging isodiametric epidermal cells; c) Detached fruitlet showing apical stigmatic region; d) Volume rendering of three adhering fruits showing apical stigmatic region and distinctive bulging isodiametric epidermal cells. Specimens, Catefica MM75-P0477 (a, b), Catefica 49-S115852 (c), Catefica 50-S174907 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d).
Text-fig. 33. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a, c) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b, d) images of Paisia pantoporata (a–c) and?Paisia sp. (d); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view (volume rendering) of flower showing the carpels (c) and the fleshy tepals (t) that have a slightly bulge near the base; b) Pollen grains in situ from stamen showing scattered pores and spiny supratectal ornamentation; c) Transverse section (orthoslice xz1024) through flower showing the pentamerous organization with five tepals (green) five stamens (yellow) and five carpels (red) all on the same radii; d) Lateral view of floral structure with three free carpels borne on the swollen receptacle that has poorly defined facets at the apex indicating the former presence of perianth parts. Specimens, Catefica 49-S101214 (a, c), Catefica 50-S170188 (b), Catefica MM125-P0292 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d), 6 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 33. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a, c) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b, d) images of Paisia pantoporata (a–c) and?Paisia sp. (d); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view (volume rendering) of flower showing the carpels (c) and the fleshy tepals (t) that have a slightly bulge near the base; b) Pollen grains in situ from stamen showing scattered pores and spiny supratectal ornamentation; c) Transverse section (orthoslice xz1024) through flower showing the pentamerous organization with five tepals (green) five stamens (yellow) and five carpels (red) all on the same radii; d) Lateral view of floral structure with three free carpels borne on the swollen receptacle that has poorly defined facets at the apex indicating the former presence of perianth parts. Specimens, Catefica 49-S101214 (a, c), Catefica 50-S170188 (b), Catefica MM125-P0292 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d), 6 Μm (b).
Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anther and pollen of Kempia longicolpites; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Transverse section through an anther showing the four pollen sacs with in situ pollen; b) Pollen in situ from anther in (a) showing very long colpus and loosely attached reticulum; c) Detail of reticulum showing smooth muri supported by short, scattered columellae; d) Pollen grain from anther in (a) enlarged showing colpus extended beyond the equator and loosely attached reticulum; e) Detail of pollen wall showing thick, homogeneous foot layer, columellae and reticulate tectum; note remains of granular endexine (arrows) in the apertural region of the grain; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae adhering to the muri detached from the foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101208 (a–f). Scale bars = 100 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d), 3 Μm (c, e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anther and pollen of Kempia longicolpites; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Transverse section through an anther showing the four pollen sacs with in situ pollen; b) Pollen in situ from anther in (a) showing very long colpus and loosely attached reticulum; c) Detail of reticulum showing smooth muri supported by short, scattered columellae; d) Pollen grain from anther in (a) enlarged showing colpus extended beyond the equator and loosely attached reticulum; e) Detail of pollen wall showing thick, homogeneous foot layer, columellae and reticulate tectum; note remains of granular endexine (arrows) in the apertural region of the grain; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae adhering to the muri detached from the foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101208 (a–f). Scale bars = 100 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d), 3 Μm (c, e, f).
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains and tiny orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall (arrows); c) Pollen grains in distal view showing short colpi with irregular margins and aperture membrane with irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170387 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains and tiny orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall (arrows); c) Pollen grains in distal view showing short colpi with irregular margins and aperture membrane with irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170387 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, c–f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b, g) images of the flower of Mugideiriflora portugallica (a, b) and fruits, seeds and pollen of Canrightia resinifera (c–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique, apical view of flower showing multiparted organization with numerous laminar tepals, stamens that are rhomboidal and flattened in transverse section and carpels that are borne on the short conical apex of the receptacle; b) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0800) through basal part of flower showing the elongate bases of the laminar tepals and the flattened rhomboidal bases of the stamens; c) Fruit in lateral view showing irregular surface resulting from the abundant resin bodies in the fruit and hypanthium wall, scars from stamens on the rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and the lobed apical stigmatic region (st); d) Broken fruit with one or two seeds missing but showing three pendant, orthotropous seeds with pointed micropylar regions (mi) and a finely pitted crystalliferous endotesta; note the remains of the apical vascular bundles (vb); e) Single seed isolated from a fruit showing two distinct bundles (vb) still attached apically to the chalazal region of the seed, the pointed micropyle (mi) and the finely pitted surface of the crystalliferous endotesta; f) Monocolpate pollen from stigmatic region of fruit showing the long colpus and coarse reticulum; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0705) through a fruit showing four seeds all with radially elongated endothelium cells formed from the inner epidermis of the tegmen (asterisks). Specimens, Catefica 150-S174254 (a, b), Catefica 49-S170377 (c), Catefica 49-S170372 (d), Catefica 50-S170401 (e), Catefica 50-S170404 (f), Catefica 50-S174906 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e, g), 6 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, c–f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b, g) images of the flower of Mugideiriflora portugallica (a, b) and fruits, seeds and pollen of Canrightia resinifera (c–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique, apical view of flower showing multiparted organization with numerous laminar tepals, stamens that are rhomboidal and flattened in transverse section and carpels that are borne on the short conical apex of the receptacle; b) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0800) through basal part of flower showing the elongate bases of the laminar tepals and the flattened rhomboidal bases of the stamens; c) Fruit in lateral view showing irregular surface resulting from the abundant resin bodies in the fruit and hypanthium wall, scars from stamens on the rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and the lobed apical stigmatic region (st); d) Broken fruit with one or two seeds missing but showing three pendant, orthotropous seeds with pointed micropylar regions (mi) and a finely pitted crystalliferous endotesta; note the remains of the apical vascular bundles (vb); e) Single seed isolated from a fruit showing two distinct bundles (vb) still attached apically to the chalazal region of the seed, the pointed micropyle (mi) and the finely pitted surface of the crystalliferous endotesta; f) Monocolpate pollen from stigmatic region of fruit showing the long colpus and coarse reticulum; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0705) through a fruit showing four seeds all with radially elongated endothelium cells formed from the inner epidermis of the tegmen (asterisks). Specimens, Catefica 150-S174254 (a, b), Catefica 49-S170377 (c), Catefica 49-S170372 (d), Catefica 50-S170401 (e), Catefica 50-S170404 (f), Catefica 50-S174906 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e, g), 6 Μm (f).
Text-fig. 20. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b–h) images of fruits of Appomattoxia sp. (a–d) and anther and pollen of Goczania rugosa (e–h); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Surface rendering of fruit in lateral view showing densely spaced hairs, some with delicate coiled tips; b) Fruit in lateral view showing short, densely spaced hairs and apical stigmatic region; c, d) Detail of fruit surface and hairs from fruit in (b); e) Fragmentary anther showing four pollen sacs; f) Proximal view of pollen grains from an abraded anther showing microechinate surface of pollen wall and clusters of small, spiny orbicules; g, h) Proximal (g) and distal (h) views of pollen grains from an isolated pollen sac, showing short colpus (h), tectate pollen wall and microechinate surface ornamentation. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174913 (a), Catefica 49-S107794 (b–d), Catefica 50-S170391 (e), Catefica 49-S170138 (f), Catefica 49-S170143 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, e), 100 Μm (c), 50 Μm (d), 6 Μm (f–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 20. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b–h) images of fruits of Appomattoxia sp. (a–d) and anther and pollen of Goczania rugosa (e–h); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Surface rendering of fruit in lateral view showing densely spaced hairs, some with delicate coiled tips; b) Fruit in lateral view showing short, densely spaced hairs and apical stigmatic region; c, d) Detail of fruit surface and hairs from fruit in (b); e) Fragmentary anther showing four pollen sacs; f) Proximal view of pollen grains from an abraded anther showing microechinate surface of pollen wall and clusters of small, spiny orbicules; g, h) Proximal (g) and distal (h) views of pollen grains from an isolated pollen sac, showing short colpus (h), tectate pollen wall and microechinate surface ornamentation. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174913 (a), Catefica 49-S107794 (b–d), Catefica 50-S170391 (e), Catefica 49-S170138 (f), Catefica 49-S170143 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, e), 100 Μm (c), 50 Μm (d), 6 Μm (f–h).
Text-fig. 25. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of Elasmostemon paisii gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing two pairs of pollen sacs along the margins of the stamen with a broad connective that separates the thecae, except near the apex where the thecae meet; b) Detail of surface of pollen sacs showing larger cells (arrows), interpreted as ethereal oil cells; c) Pollen in situ from specimen in (a); d) Stamen fragment with apical and basal portion missing and surface slightly abraded and compressed obscuring cellular details; note remains of another stamen attached to the underside of the stamen; e–h) Pollen in situ from specimen in (d) showing long aperture (e) and pollen wall with heterobrochate reticulum (e–h); note narrow muri with flatten and smooth surface and short columellae (h). Specimens, Catefica 49-S115859 (a–c), Catefica 151-S105281 (holotype, d–h). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d), 50 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, e–g), 1.5 Μm (h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 25. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of Elasmostemon paisii gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing two pairs of pollen sacs along the margins of the stamen with a broad connective that separates the thecae, except near the apex where the thecae meet; b) Detail of surface of pollen sacs showing larger cells (arrows), interpreted as ethereal oil cells; c) Pollen in situ from specimen in (a); d) Stamen fragment with apical and basal portion missing and surface slightly abraded and compressed obscuring cellular details; note remains of another stamen attached to the underside of the stamen; e–h) Pollen in situ from specimen in (d) showing long aperture (e) and pollen wall with heterobrochate reticulum (e–h); note narrow muri with flatten and smooth surface and short columellae (h). Specimens, Catefica 49-S115859 (a–c), Catefica 151-S105281 (holotype, d–h). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d), 50 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, e–g), 1.5 Μm (h).
Text-fig. 19. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–c) of Aristospermum huberi and scanning electron microscope (SEM, d, e) images of Choffaticarpus compactus; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of strongly flattened, triangular seed with pointed micropylar region; note thin-walled cells of outer integument preserved along the margins of the seed and pitted surface of the crystalliferous inner cells of outer integument where the outer cells are abraded and the narrow, lateral funicle/raphe; b) Volume rendering of seed showing surface of inner integument (endotesta) with cells showing clear imprints of crystals (arrows); c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0241) of seed showing crystalliferous cells of endotesta (white arrows) and the two fiber layers of the tegmen that are perpendicular to each other (inner integument, ii-f, black arrows); d) Fragment of multiparted, apocarpous fruiting structure showing several helically-arranged, laterally flattened, fruitlets; e) Fruitlet in lateral view showing the prominent ventral face with its lateral groove, short attachment scar, and sunken regions of the fruit wall that indicate the probable presence of oil cells. Specimens, Catefica 49-S266049 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172558 (d), Catefica 49-S118675 (e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 100 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 19. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–c) of Aristospermum huberi and scanning electron microscope (SEM, d, e) images of Choffaticarpus compactus; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of strongly flattened, triangular seed with pointed micropylar region; note thin-walled cells of outer integument preserved along the margins of the seed and pitted surface of the crystalliferous inner cells of outer integument where the outer cells are abraded and the narrow, lateral funicle/raphe; b) Volume rendering of seed showing surface of inner integument (endotesta) with cells showing clear imprints of crystals (arrows); c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0241) of seed showing crystalliferous cells of endotesta (white arrows) and the two fiber layers of the tegmen that are perpendicular to each other (inner integument, ii-f, black arrows); d) Fragment of multiparted, apocarpous fruiting structure showing several helically-arranged, laterally flattened, fruitlets; e) Fruitlet in lateral view showing the prominent ventral face with its lateral groove, short attachment scar, and sunken regions of the fruit wall that indicate the probable presence of oil cells. Specimens, Catefica 49-S266049 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172558 (d), Catefica 49-S118675 (e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 100 Μm (b).
Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with zona-aperturate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of elongated anther showing the broad connective and very narrow pollen sacs; b) Lateral view of elongated anther showing the broad dorsal and ventral surfaces of the connectives and very narrow pollen sacs; c) Apex of elongated anther showing dorsal and ventral surfaces and very narrow pollen sacs; d) Lateral view of narrow pollen sac showing in situ pollen; e) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); f) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); g) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows); h) Detail of pollen grain showing the aperture extending over the ends of the grain (asterisks); i) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows). Specimen, Catefica 49-S171527 (a–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 20 Μm (d), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g), 1.5 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with zona-aperturate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of elongated anther showing the broad connective and very narrow pollen sacs; b) Lateral view of elongated anther showing the broad dorsal and ventral surfaces of the connectives and very narrow pollen sacs; c) Apex of elongated anther showing dorsal and ventral surfaces and very narrow pollen sacs; d) Lateral view of narrow pollen sac showing in situ pollen; e) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); f) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); g) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows); h) Detail of pollen grain showing the aperture extending over the ends of the grain (asterisks); i) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows). Specimen, Catefica 49-S171527 (a–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 20 Μm (d), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g), 1.5 Μm (i).
Text-fig. 29. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of cf. Endressistemon sp. 1 (a, b), cf. Endressistemon sp. 2 (c, d) and cf. Endressistemon sp. 3 (e–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Two adhering stamens, each with a long, pointed extension of the connective; b) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen from stamen pair in (a); c) Fragment of stamen with prominent apical extension of the connective; d) Reticulate, apparently monocolpate, pollen in situ in stamen fragment in (c); e) Stamen with basifixed anther, perhaps sessile, and with prominent, wing-like apical extensions of the connective; note the dehisced thecae with the anther wall curved back; f, g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen in (e). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107780 (a, b), Catefica 49-S107784 (c, d), Catefica 49-S107781 (e–g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, c, e), 6 Μm (b, d, f, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 29. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of cf. Endressistemon sp. 1 (a, b), cf. Endressistemon sp. 2 (c, d) and cf. Endressistemon sp. 3 (e–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Two adhering stamens, each with a long, pointed extension of the connective; b) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen from stamen pair in (a); c) Fragment of stamen with prominent apical extension of the connective; d) Reticulate, apparently monocolpate, pollen in situ in stamen fragment in (c); e) Stamen with basifixed anther, perhaps sessile, and with prominent, wing-like apical extensions of the connective; note the dehisced thecae with the anther wall curved back; f, g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen in (e). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107780 (a, b), Catefica 49-S107784 (c, d), Catefica 49-S107781 (e–g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, c, e), 6 Μm (b, d, f, g).
Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Endressistemon cateficensis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminal structure with two lateral stamens and one median structure seen in ventral and dorsal view (orientation unknown) showing that each stamen has a prominent apical extension and two pairs of pollen sacs separated by a narrow connective; both stamens are borne on a common base together with the median structure and their anthers are sessile on the common stalk; note the apical projection of the median structure (asterisk) between the two stamens and the ribs over probable vascular bundles that extend from the common base into the apical projections of both stamens and the median structure (arrows); c) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections and median axis-like structure between the two stamens (arrow); d) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections borne on a common base; e) Staminal structure in (a) and (b), from the same orientation as (b), showing the ribs over probable vascular bundles (yellow) that extend into the apical projections; f) Detail of staminal structure in (a) and (b) showing the fused or strongly adhering apical projections of the two lateral stamens and the median structure (asterisk); g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen grains from the pollen sacs of stamen in (d). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107778 (holotype, a, b, e, f), Catefica 49-S107769 (c), Catefica 49-S107751 (d, g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a–d), 300 Μm (e), 100 Μm (f), 6 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Endressistemon cateficensis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminal structure with two lateral stamens and one median structure seen in ventral and dorsal view (orientation unknown) showing that each stamen has a prominent apical extension and two pairs of pollen sacs separated by a narrow connective; both stamens are borne on a common base together with the median structure and their anthers are sessile on the common stalk; note the apical projection of the median structure (asterisk) between the two stamens and the ribs over probable vascular bundles that extend from the common base into the apical projections of both stamens and the median structure (arrows); c) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections and median axis-like structure between the two stamens (arrow); d) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections borne on a common base; e) Staminal structure in (a) and (b), from the same orientation as (b), showing the ribs over probable vascular bundles (yellow) that extend into the apical projections; f) Detail of staminal structure in (a) and (b) showing the fused or strongly adhering apical projections of the two lateral stamens and the median structure (asterisk); g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen grains from the pollen sacs of stamen in (d). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107778 (holotype, a, b, e, f), Catefica 49-S107769 (c), Catefica 49-S107751 (d, g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a–d), 300 Μm (e), 100 Μm (f), 6 Μm (g).
Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of staminate inflorescences and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminate inflorescences composed of numerous tetrasporangiate stamens; each stamen lacks a filament and there is no clear indication of other floral organs; note apparently paired arrangement of stamens in (b) (asterisks); c) Pollen in situ in anther from specimen in (a) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d) Detail of pollen from specimen in (a) showing narrow muri with beaded surface ornamentation; e) Distal and proximal views of pollen in situ in an anther fragment; f) Orbicules attached to surface of in situ pollen from anther fragment. Specimens, Catefica M282-P0341 (holotype, a, c, d), Catefica 150-S174257 (b), Catefica 50-S170393 (e, f). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, e), 1.5 Μm (d, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of staminate inflorescences and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminate inflorescences composed of numerous tetrasporangiate stamens; each stamen lacks a filament and there is no clear indication of other floral organs; note apparently paired arrangement of stamens in (b) (asterisks); c) Pollen in situ in anther from specimen in (a) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d) Detail of pollen from specimen in (a) showing narrow muri with beaded surface ornamentation; e) Distal and proximal views of pollen in situ in an anther fragment; f) Orbicules attached to surface of in situ pollen from anther fragment. Specimens, Catefica M282-P0341 (holotype, a, c, d), Catefica 150-S174257 (b), Catefica 50-S170393 (e, f). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, e), 1.5 Μm (d, f).
Text-fig. 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov. (a–g) and Proencistemon sp. (h–j); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing almost sessile anthers; note short bracts at the base of the stamen whorl (arrow) and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; b) Fragment of stamen whorl showing almost sessile anthers and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; c) Pollen in situ from stamen whorl in (b) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d–g) Distal views of pollen in situ from pollen clump showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture, semitectate-reticulate tectum (d–f), and fractured pollen wall with long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (g); h) Fragment of staminate inflorescence with narrow, almost sessile, stamens; i, j) Pollen from fragment of staminate inflorescence in (h) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture (i), semitectate-reticulate tectum (i, j) and long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (j). Specimens, Catefica 49-S266015 (a), Catefica 342-S122086 (b, c), Catefica 50-S170394 (d–g), Catefica 49-S107783 (h–j). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b, h), 6 Μm (c–f, i), 1.5 Μm (g, j). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov. (a–g) and Proencistemon sp. (h–j); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing almost sessile anthers; note short bracts at the base of the stamen whorl (arrow) and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; b) Fragment of stamen whorl showing almost sessile anthers and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; c) Pollen in situ from stamen whorl in (b) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d–g) Distal views of pollen in situ from pollen clump showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture, semitectate-reticulate tectum (d–f), and fractured pollen wall with long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (g); h) Fragment of staminate inflorescence with narrow, almost sessile, stamens; i, j) Pollen from fragment of staminate inflorescence in (h) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture (i), semitectate-reticulate tectum (i, j) and long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (j). Specimens, Catefica 49-S266015 (a), Catefica 342-S122086 (b, c), Catefica 50-S170394 (d–g), Catefica 49-S107783 (h–j). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b, h), 6 Μm (c–f, i), 1.5 Μm (g, j).
Fig. 19. SEM and microscope images. A in A reassessment of the Neotropical genus Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895: cladistic analysis, biogeography, and taxonomic review (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae)
Fig. 19. SEM and microscope images. A. Head of Pseudonannolene robsoni Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014 (IBSP 3526), in frontal view. B. Head of P. occidentalis Schubart, 1958 (IBSP 1998), in frontal view. C. Collum of P. robsoni (IBSP 3506), in lateral view. D. Head of P. robsoni (IBSP 3526), in lateral view. E. Gnathochilarium of P. microzoporus Mauriès, 1987 (IBSP 3497). F. Detail of gnathochilarium of P. microzoporus (IBSP 3497). Scale bars: A–B = 500 µm; C, F, = 200 µm; D = 1 mm; E = 100 µm.
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