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144 results for “Sauropodomorph”
Figure 11 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 11. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., right radius (BP/1/7435), photographs and interpretative drawings. Craniolateral (A, F), caudomedial (B, G), caudolateral (C, H), proximal (D, I, posterior towards top), and distal (E, J, anterior towards top) views. Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviations: bt, biceps tubercle; cdt, caudodistal process. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 10 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 10. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., left ulna (BP/1/7437), photographs and interpretative drawings. Craniolateral (A, F), caudomedial (B, G), craniomedial (C, H), proximal (D, I, anterior towards top), and distal (E, J, anterior towards top) views. Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviations: clp, craniolateral process; cmp, craniomedial process; ole, olecranon process; rf, radial fossa. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 17 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 17. Reduced strict consensus of the phylogenetic analysis depicting the position of Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov. Numbers at the nodes represent Bremer support values> 1 (left) and bootstrap values> 50% (right). The complete support values are presented in Supporting Information File S1. Abbreviations: CI, consistency index; MPTs, most parsimonious trees; RI, retention index.
Figure 9 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 9. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., right humerus (BP/1/7434), photographs and interpretative drawings. Cranial (A, F), caudal (B, G), lateral (C, H), medial (D, I), and proximal (E, J, posterior towards top) views. Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviations: dc, deltopectoral crest; hh, humeral head. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 6 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 6. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., caudal vertebrae, photographs and interpretative drawings. First caudal centrum (BP/1/7424) in left lateral (A, H) and caudal (B, I) views. Anterior caudal vertebra (BP/1/ 7425) in right lateral (C, J), cranial (D, K), and caudal (E, L) views. Posterior caudal centrum (BP/1/7429) in left lateral (F, M) and caudal (G, N) views. Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviations: bprz, base of the prezygapophysis; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tp, transverse process. Scale bars = 5 cm.
Figure 5 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 5. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., sacral vertebrae, photographs and interpretative drawings. Dorsosacral vertebra (BP/1/7420) in left lateral (A, F), cranial (B, G), and dorsal (C, H) views. Caudosacral vertebra (BP/ 1/7422) in left lateral (D, I) and cranial (E, J) views. Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviation: bt, base of the transverse process. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 4 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 4. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., dorsal vertebra (BP/1/7416), photographs and interpretative drawings. Left lateral (A, D); cranial (B, E), and caudal (C, F) views. Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviations: cdf, centrodiapophyseal fossa; di, diapophysis; hy, hyposphene; hyp, hypantrum; nc, neural canal; ncs, neurocentral suture; ns, neural spine; pa, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ppdl, pardiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 13 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 13. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., femora. Incomplete right femur (BP/1/7441), photographs and interpretative drawings. Caudal (A, E), lateral (B, F), cranial (C, G), and medial (D, H) views. Incomplete right femur (BP/1/7440) in cranial view (I). Incomplete right femur (BP/1/7443) in caudal view (J). Incomplete left femur (BP/ 1/7442) in cranial view (K). Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviations: fh, femoral head; gt, greater trochanter, lt, lesser trochanter. Scale bars = 5 cm.
Figure 19 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 19. Simplified reduced consensus tree showing the calibrated phylogeny of basal sauropodomorphs close to Sauropoda with their respective distributions on the continents where they were found. Abbreviation: Pliensbach., Pliensbachian.
Figure 18 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 18. Comparisons between Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov. and Aardonyx celestae. A, middle cervical vertebrae of Sefapanosaurus (BP/1/7409) and Aardonyx (BP/1/6513) in right lateral view depicting diapophysis and postzygapophysis. B, right radius of Sefapanosaurus (BP/1/7435) and Aardonyx (BP/1/6321) depicting the caudodistal tubercle (top) and the distal articular surface (bottom). C, left ulna of Sefapanosaurus (BP/1/7437) and Aardonyx (BP/ 1/5379) depicting the proximal articular surface (top) and the distal end robusticity (bottom). D, left metacarpal I of Sefapanosaurus (BP/1/7438) and Aardonyx (BP/1/5379) depicting the ventromedial concavity. Sefapanosaurus is placed on the left in (A) to (D). Abbreviations: cdt, caudodistal tubercle; di, diapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; vmc, ventromedial concavity. Not to scale.
Figure 3 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 3. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., dorsal vertebra (BP/1/7415), photographs and interpretative drawings. Right lateral (A, D); cranial (B, E), and caudal (C, F) views. Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviations: cdf, centrodiapophyseal fossa; hy, hyposphene; hyp, hypantrum; nc, neural canal; pa, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ppdl, pardiapophyseal lamina; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 2 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 2. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., cervical vertebra (BP/1/7409), photographs and interpretative drawings. Right lateral (A, D); cranial (B, E), and caudal (C, F) views. Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviations: di, diapophysis; epi, epipophysis; nc, neural canal; ncs, neurocentral suture; ns, neural spine; pa, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 1 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 1. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov. occurrence. Map showing the area where Sefapanosaurus was collected, close to the locality of Zastron, in the Free State of South Africa. Abbreviations: Botsw., Botswana; Moz., Mozambike; Nam., Namibia; Zimb., Zimbabwe.
Figure 16 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 16. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., pes elements (BP/1/386, 7448, 7449), photographs and interpretative drawings. Incomplete left pes (BP/1/386) in distal (A, L), proximal (B, M), caudal (C, N), medial (D, O), and lateral (E, P) views. Proximal end of metatarsal II (BP/1/7448) in medial (F, Q), lateral (G, R), and proximal (H, S) views. Distal end of metatarsal III (BP/1/7449) in dorsal (I, T), ventral (J, U), and distal (K, V) views. Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; asp, ascending process; ca, calcaneum; cr, caudal ridge; dtIV?, distal tarsal IV?; lm, lateral margin; mm, medial margin; mr, medial ridge; mtIII, metatarsal III; mtIV, metatarsal IV; mtV, metatarsal V. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 8 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 8. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., pectoral girdle, photographs and interpretative drawings. Right scapula (BP/1/7433) in medial (A, B) and lateral (E, F) views. Right coracoid (BP/1/7434) in lateral (C, G) and medial (D, H) views. Numbers indicate character.character state, respectively. Abbreviations: ac, acromion process; cf, coracoid foramen; ct, coracoid tubercle; gl, glenoid; lr, long ridge; vmr, ventromedial ridge. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 7 in A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs
Figure 7. Sefapanosaurus zastronensis gen. et sp. nov., anterior haemal arch (BP/1/7430), photographs and interpretative drawings. Cranial (A) and lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facets for the vertebra; db, distal blade; hc, haemal canal. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Data from: Palaeobiology of the early sauropodomorph Mussaurus patagonicus inferred from its long bone histology
<p>We present here a detailed histological study of long bones from an ontogenetic series of <em>Mussaurus patagonicus</em>, an early sauropodomorph from the Early Jurassic of Argentina. Twenty long bones, including humeri, femora and fibulae, obtained from thirteen individuals of different body sizes were sampled for histological analysis. In general terms, the cortical bone is formed by a well vascularized fibrolamellar and parallel fibred bone. Except for the smaller individuals, cyclical growth marks (CGMs) are well recorded in all the specimens, but their number and relative position is highly variable. <em>Mussaurus</em> exhibits marked variation regarding relative growth rates, with some individuals growing much faster than others. Such variation affects the size of the adult individuals, which results in a poor correlation between the body size and the age/ontogenetic stage for this taxon. These discrepancies may be related to sexual dimorphism and/or developmental plasticity. Intraspecific variation is also recorded with regard to the growth strategies, which can vary from cyclical, as in other early sauropodomorphs, to continuous, as reported in sauropods. Sexual maturity appears to be reached between 23 and 31 years, which is delayed in comparison to other early sauropodomorphs, but more compatible to derived sauropods. The attainment of somatic maturity appears to be reached about 14 years after the onset of sexual maturity. <em>Mussaurus</em> is a sauropodiform, phylogenetically closer to sauropods than most other sauropodomorphs, and therefore provides critical information for understanding paleobiological aspects relevant to the origin of sauropods and the onset of gigantism in this lineage.</p>
text-fig. 33. Pectoral girdles of a basal sauropodomorph and two theropods in left lateral view, illustrating states for several pectoral characters, a, basal sauropodomorph Plateosaurus sp.; based on SMNS F 65. b, Allosaurus fragilis; based on MOR 693. c, Saurornitholestes langstonr, based on TMP 88.121.39. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 32, and: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid facet. Scale bars represent 100 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 33. Pectoral girdles of a basal sauropodomorph and two theropods in left lateral view, illustrating states for several pectoral characters, a, basal sauropodomorph Plateosaurus sp.; based on SMNS F 65. b, Allosaurus fragilis; based on MOR 693. c, Saurornitholestes langstonr, based on TMP 88.121.39. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 32, and: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid facet. Scale bars represent 100 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c).
text-fig. 10. Maxillae of a sauropodomorph (a) and two theropods (b-c) in left lateral view to illustrate the character states of characters 11, 12 and 86. a, Plateosaurus sp., left maxilla (GPIT Skelett 1). B, Ceratosaurus sp., left maxilla (UUVP VP 5278). c, Gorgosaurus libratus, right maxilla (reversed; ROM 1247). Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 10. Maxillae of a sauropodomorph (a) and two theropods (b-c) in left lateral view to illustrate the character states of characters 11, 12 and 86. a, Plateosaurus sp., left maxilla (GPIT Skelett 1). B, Ceratosaurus sp., left maxilla (UUVP VP 5278). c, Gorgosaurus libratus, right maxilla (reversed; ROM 1247). Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).
text-fig. 4. Skull reconstructions of representatives of riassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Euparkeria capensis, Early Triassic (Scythian-Anisian), Beaufort Group, South Africa; redrawn from Ewer (1965). B, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostics, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Elliot Formation, Lesotho; redrawn from Sereno (1991b). c, prosauropod sauropodomorph Plateosaurus sp., Late riassic (Norian), Knollenmergel, Germany; based on MB R. 1937. D, Eoraptor lunensis, Late Triassic (Camian), Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina; based on PVSJ 512. E, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Late Triassic (Camian), Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). F, Coelophysis bauri, Late riassic (Norian), Chinle Formation, south-western USA; modified from Paul (1993). G, Lilienstemus lilienstemi, Late riassic (Norian), Knollenmergel, Germany; based on MB R. 2175, unpreserved elements shaded. H, Shuvosaurus inexpectatus, Late riassic (Norian), Dockum Group, Texas, USA; based on TU P 9280. Abbreviations: a, angular; aof, antorbital fenestra; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external nares; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; itf, infratemporal fenestra; j, jugal; 1, lacrimal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pd, predentary; pm, premaxilla; pm-mf, premaxillary-maxillary fenestra; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; q, quadrate; qf, quadrate foramen; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; saf, surangular foramen; snf, subnarial foramen; sob, supraorbital; soc, supraoccipital; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c-H). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 4. Skull reconstructions of representatives of riassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Euparkeria capensis, Early Triassic (Scythian-Anisian), Beaufort Group, South Africa; redrawn from Ewer (1965). B, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostics, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Elliot Formation, Lesotho; redrawn from Sereno (1991b). c, prosauropod sauropodomorph Plateosaurus sp., Late riassic (Norian), Knollenmergel, Germany; based on MB R. 1937. D, Eoraptor lunensis, Late Triassic (Camian), Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina; based on PVSJ 512. E, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Late Triassic (Camian), Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). F, Coelophysis bauri, Late riassic (Norian), Chinle Formation, south-western USA; modified from Paul (1993). G, Lilienstemus lilienstemi, Late riassic (Norian), Knollenmergel, Germany; based on MB R. 2175, unpreserved elements shaded. H, Shuvosaurus inexpectatus, Late riassic (Norian), Dockum Group, Texas, USA; based on TU P 9280. Abbreviations: a, angular; aof, antorbital fenestra; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external nares; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; itf, infratemporal fenestra; j, jugal; 1, lacrimal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pd, predentary; pm, premaxilla; pm-mf, premaxillary-maxillary fenestra; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; q, quadrate; qf, quadrate foramen; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; saf, surangular foramen; snf, subnarial foramen; sob, supraorbital; soc, supraoccipital; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c-H).
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