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190 results for “Sky Islands”
FIGURE 5 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group
FIGURE 5. Type locality of Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov., Mt Mabu Forest Base Camp, Zambezia Province, Mozambique. A: general view of the evergreen mid-altitude wet forest close to the base camp. B: low trees and riverine bushes beside stream at base camp.
FIGURE 8 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group
FIGURE 8. Shreve's Tree Snake, Dipsadoboa shrevei (Loveridge, 1932) from Sentinal Mine Camp, nr Kalumbila, Solwezi, North-Western Zambia (PEM R19780). A: full live portrait, B: right lateral side of head, C: dorsal surface of head, D: ventral surface of head.
Fig. 1 in The hills are alive with geckos! A radiation of a dozen species on sky islands across peninsular India (Squamata: Gekkonidae, Hemiphyllodactylus) with the description of three new species
Fig. 1 Distribution of Hemiphyllodactylus in peninsular India, and inset, timetree for Indian Hemiphyllodactylus with 95% HPD indicated by bars at nodes. Lines on the map indicate localities sampled in this study, '?' indicates unsampled published records (from Sanyal et al. 1993; Daniels 1994; Daniels and Kumar 1998; Javed et al. 2010; Ganesh and Arumugam 2016), major east-flowing rivers marked in blue. Mountain ranges are marked by two capital letters, AG, Agasthyamalai; AN,
Data from: Reproductive isolation and cryptic introgression in a sky island enclave of Appalachian birds
Reproductive isolation is central to the speciation process, and cases where the strength of reproductive isolation varies geographically can inform our understanding of speciation mechanisms. Although generally treated as separate species, Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina chickadees (P. carolinensis) hybridize and undergo genetic introgression in many areas where they come into contact across the eastern United States and in the northern Appalachian Mountains. The Great Smoky Mountains harbor the last large breeding population of atricapillus in the southern Appalachians, isolated from the species' main range by nearly 200 km. This population is believed to be reproductively isolated from local carolinensis due to an unusual, behaviorally mediated elevational range gap, which forms during the breeding season and may function as an incipient reproductive isolating mechanism. We examined the effectiveness of this putative isolating mechanism by looking for genetic introgression from carolinensis in Great Smoky Mountain atricapillus. We characterized this population and parental controls genetically using hundreds of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci as well as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data from cytochrome-b. Great Smoky Mountain atricapillus have experienced nuclear genetic introgression from carolinensis, but at much lower levels than other populations near the hybrid zone to the north. No mitochondrial introgression was detected, in contrast to northern contact areas. Thus, the seasonal elevational range gap appears to have been effective in reducing gene flow between these closely related taxa.
Data from: Niche divergence promotes rapid diversification of East African sky island white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae)
The Eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot composed of highly fragmented forested highlands (sky islands) harbours exceptional diversity and endemicity, particularly within birds. To explain their elevated diversity within this region, models founded on niche conservatism have been offered, although detailed phylogeographic studies are limited to a few avian lineages. Here we focus on the recent songbird genus Zosterops, represented by montane and lowland members, to test the roles of niche conservatism versus niche divergence in the diversification and colonization of East Africa's sky islands. The species-rich white-eyes are a typically homogeneous family with an exceptional colonizing ability, but in contrast to their diversity on oceanic islands, continental diversity is considered depauperate and has been largely neglected. Molecular phylogenetic analysis reveals extensive polyphyly among different montane populations of Z. poliogastrus with these larger and heavier endemic populations more closely related to taxa with divergent habitat types, altitudinal distributions and dispersal abilities than they are to populations of restricted endemics that occur in neighbouring montane forest fragments. This repeated transition between lowland and highland habitats over time demonstrate that diversification of the focal group is explained by niche divergence. The results also highlight an underestimation of diversity compared to morphological studies that has implications for their taxonomy and conservation. Molecular dating suggests that the spatially extensive African radiation arose exceptionally rapidly (1-2.5 Ma) during the fluctuating Plio-Pleistocene climate, which may have provided the primary driver for lineage diversification.
Incipient speciation and the impact on taxonomic decision: a case study using a sky island sister species pair of stag beetle (Lucanus; Lucanidae)
<p class="BodyA">Species delimitation can be difficult when the divergence between focal taxa falls in the incipient stage of speciation, because conflicting results are expected among different data sets and the species limit may differ depending on the applied species concept. We studied the speciation history and investigated the impact on taxonomic decision when using different data types in a Taiwanese endemic sister species pair of stag beetle, <i>Lucanus miwai </i>and <i>L. yulaoensis</i>, from sky island habitats. We showed that the two geographical taxa can be diagnosed by male mandibular shape. We found two mitochondrial <i>co1</i> lineages with pairwise sequence divergence > 3 %; however, <i>L. miwai</i> may not be monophyletic. Our multispecies coalescent based species delimitation result using five nuclear loci supported the evolutionary independence of the two sister species, but the calculated values of genealogical divergence index (<i>gdi</i>) corresponded to the species delimitation ambiguous zone. We further showed that post divergence gene flow is unlikely. Our study demonstrates challenges in incipient species delineation, but shows the importance of understanding the speciation history and integrative approaches to reconcile seemingly conflicting results before making evolutionarily relevant taxonomic decisions.</p>
FIGURE 3. A in Eugenia pokkudanii (Myrtaceae): a new species from Sky Islands of Nelliyampathy, Kerala, India
FIGURE 3. A. Habit; B.Flower bud; C. Staminal disk; D. Calyx lobe; E. Petal, adaxial side; F. Petal, abaxial side; G. Stamen; H. Longidtudinal section of flower. (Illustration by Suresh V. based on A.M. Maya & Suresh V. GVCP-SV113.)
FIGURE 1. A in Eugenia pokkudanii (Myrtaceae): a new species from Sky Islands of Nelliyampathy, Kerala, India
FIGURE 1. A. general aspect; B. Flower; C. Fruit & twigs with glaucous surface: D. Habit; E. Adaxial side of leaf; F. Abaxial side of leaf; G. Leaf apex, adaxial side; H. Brown indumentum at the abaxial side of leaf base. (Photos: K.M. Prabhukumar based on A.M. Maya, K.M. Prabhukumar & Suresh V. GVCP-SV122.)
FIGURE 2. A in Eugenia pokkudanii (Myrtaceae): a new species from Sky Islands of Nelliyampathy, Kerala, India
FIGURE 2. A. Flower bud; B. Staminal disk; C. Pedicel with two bracteoles; D. Petal, adaxial side; E. Calyx lobes; F. Petal, abaxial side; G. Stamen; H. Longitudinal section of flower bud; I. Young fruit with persistent calyx lobes; J. Transversal section of ovary; K. Longitudinal section of opened flower without petals. (Photos: A.M. Maya based on A.M. Maya & Suresh V. GVCP-SV113.)
Data from: Dispersal limitations and long-term persistence drive differentiation from haplotypes to communities within a tropical sky-island: evidence from community metabarcoding
<p>Neutral theory proposes that dispersal stochasticity is one of the main drivers of local diversity. Haplotypes-level genetic variation can now be efficiently sampled from across whole communities, thus making it possible to test neutral predictions from the genetic to species-level diversity, and higher. However, empirical data is still limited, with the few studies to date coming from temperate latitudes. Here, we focus on a tropical mountain within the Transmexican Volcanic Belt to evaluate spatially fine-scale patterns of arthropod community assembly to understand the role of dispersal limitation and landscape features as drivers of diversity. We sampled whole-communities of arthropods for eight orders at a spatial scale ranging from 50 m to 19 km, using <span>whole community metabarcoding. We explored multiple hierarchical levels, from individual haplotypes to lineages at 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7.5% similarity thresholds, to evaluate patterns of richness, turnover,</span><span> and distance decay of similarity </span><span>with isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-resistance (</span><span>costs to dispersal given by landscape features</span><span>) approaches. </span><span>Our results showed that distance and altitude influence distance decay of similarity at all hierarchical levels. This holds for arthropod groups of contrasting dispersal abilities, but with different strength depending on the spatial scale. Our results support a model where local-scale differentiation mediated by dispersal constraints, combined with long-term persistence of lineages, is an important driver of diversity within tropical sky islands.</span></p>
FIGURE 2 in Pygmy chameleons of the Rhampholeon platyceps compex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae): Description of four new species from isolated ' sky islands' of northern Mozambique
FIGURE 2. Scatterplot of the first two principal components extracted of morphological characters for the Rhampholeon platyceps complex. Individuals from each species are indicated by symbols that correspond with those in Figure 1.
FIGURE 6 in Pygmy chameleons of the Rhampholeon platyceps compex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae): Description of four new species from isolated ' sky islands' of northern Mozambique
FIGURE 6. Rhampholeon maspictus sp. nov.: A—Allotype (left) and Holotype (right); B—Paratype (PEM R17073); C Paratype (PEM R17068, hatchling); D—Habitat on Mt. Mabu (W.R. Branch).
FIGURE 9 in Pygmy chameleons of the Rhampholeon platyceps compex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae): Description of four new species from isolated ' sky islands' of northern Mozambique
FIGURE 9. Rhampholeon bruessoworum sp. nov.: A—Holotype; B—Allotype; C—Habitat on Mt. Inago (J. Bayliss).
FIGURE 1 in Pygmy chameleons of the Rhampholeon platyceps compex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae): Description of four new species from isolated ' sky islands' of northern Mozambique
FIGURE 1. Map showing southern Malawi and Mozambique, with the Rhampholeon localities studied: southern Malawi—Mt. Mulanje and Malawi Hills; northern Mozambique—Mt. Chiperone, Mt. Mabu, Mt. Namuli and Mt. Inago. Symbols in Key indicate sampling areas for each species.
FIGURE 3 in Pygmy chameleons of the Rhampholeon platyceps compex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae): Description of four new species from isolated ' sky islands' of northern Mozambique
FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood topology for the Rhampholeon platyceps complex, and other members of the genus. Nodes supported by both ML (>70% bootstrap) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95pp) are denoted with black circles. Nodes supported by ML only are denoted with white circles. The former sub-species for R. platyceps are denoted with c ('carri') and p ('platyceps'). Symbols beside each species correspond with those in Figure 1.
FIGURE 7 in Pygmy chameleons of the Rhampholeon platyceps compex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae): Description of four new species from isolated ' sky islands' of northern Mozambique
FIGURE 7. Rhampholeon nebulauctor sp. nov. Holotype (PEM R17278): whole body (A) and close-up of head (B); C—Habitat on Mt. Chiperone (J. Bayliss).
FIGURE 8 in Pygmy chameleons of the Rhampholeon platyceps compex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae): Description of four new species from isolated ' sky islands' of northern Mozambique
FIGURE 8. Rhampholeon tiburyi sp. nov.: A—Allotype (PEM R17132, K.A. Tolley); B—Paratype (PEM R17134, K Tolley); C—Head of male paratype (PEM R20372) showing snout flexure; D—Preserved female holotype (PEM R14921); E—Manho Forest, Mt. Namuli (J. Bayliss).
FIGURE 4 in Pygmy chameleons of the Rhampholeon platyceps compex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae): Description of four new species from isolated ' sky islands' of northern Mozambique
FIGURE 4. Rhampholeon platyceps: A—adult male (Lichenya Plateau, PEM R16311, J. Marais, B—adult female (Lichenya Plateau, PEM R16310, J. Marais); C—Habitat on the Mt Mulanje plateau (J. Marais); R. chapmanorum: D—adult male, PEM R16245, E—adult female, PEM R16246 (Malawi Hills, C. Tilbury).
Data from: Reproductive isolation and cryptic introgression in a sky island enclave of Appalachian birds
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The fate of páramo plant assemblages in the sky islands of the northern Andes - Appendix S1. Vegetation and occurrence data used in this study
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