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762 results for “Spider phylogeny”
Figure 92 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 92. Schematic illustrations of palpal cymbia. A, Argiope argentata. B, Tetragnatha extensa. C, Nesticus reclusus. D, Steatoda americana. E, Argyrodes argyrodes. F, Anelosimus studiosus. G, Thymoites sp. H, Anelosimus vittatus. I, Ameridion nr. petrum. J, Euryopis sp. K, Thwaitesia sp. L, Selkirkiella alboguttata. M, Spintharus flavidus. Note that trichobothria are omitted in G, H and M.
Figure 64. Rhomphaea metaltissima. A–C, male palp. A, ventral with tibia. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 64. Rhomphaea metaltissima. A–C, male palp. A, ventral with tibia. B, submesial, apical part. C, ectal. D, abdominal SPR (horizontal arrows) and proprioreceptors (vertical arrows) around pedicel. E, stridulatory ridges on prosoma. F, genital furrow, epiandrous gland spigots absent (168-1). G, epigynum. Scale bars: A–D, 100 Mm. E–G, 50 Mm.
Figure 72. Steatoda bipunctata. A–F, male. A, stridulatory picks. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 72. Steatoda bipunctata. A–F, male. A, stridulatory picks. B, details of picks and setae. C, epiandrous gland spigots. D, fourth tarsal claws. E, cheliceral fangs. F, labium. G, H, female spinnerets. G, left field. H, PLS. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, 100 Mm. C, D, G, H, 50 Mm.
Figure 81. Theridula opulenta, male. A–D, palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 81. Theridula opulenta, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial; note single trichobothrium on tibia (arrow, 18-2, 19-2). B, ventral; note presence of a membranous sclerite, possibly MA, which attaches both to the tegulum and the cymbium. C, ectal. D, embolus and MA. E, area above pedicel on abdomen, white square indicates area enlarged in F and G. F, stridulatory nubbins and picks; note extremely high keel on the picks (158-1), a condition also found in Ameridion. G, base of setal proprioreceptor. Scale bars: A–C, E, 50 Mm. D, 20 Mm. F, G, 10 Mm.
Figure 63 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 63. Phoroncidia sp. A–C, female. A, epigynum. B, spinnerets; note sclerotized ring around them (202-1). C, close-up of spinnerets. D-H, male. D, spinnerets. E, fourth tarsus. F, leg I; short and sturdy legs are typical for the genus. G, colular setae. H, abdominal apodeme. I, tip of female palpal tarsus, claw absent (176-1). Scale bars: A, 20 Mm. B, F, 100 Mm. C, D, 10 Mm. E, G-I, 50 Mm.
Figure 60. Pholcomma hirsutum, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 60. Pholcomma hirsutum, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, CB-lock mechanism; note scoop shaped hood of MA (79-1) and tapering tip of cymbial hook (CHk, 37-1). E, pedicel area of abdomen; note a pair SP (arrows). F, stridulatory ridges of the prosoma. G, prosoma. H, cheliceral teeth. Scale bars: A–C, E, F, H, 50 Mm; D, 10 Mm. G, 100 Mm.
Figure 59. Nesticodes rufipes, female. A, tarsal comb. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 59. Nesticodes rufipes, female. A, tarsal comb. B, serrated setae of tarsal comb. C–E, spinnerets. C, left field. D, ALS. E, PLS. F, epigynum. Scale bars: A, 100 Mm; B, 10 Mm; C, 50 Mm; D, E, F, 20 Mm.
Figure 56. Neospintharus trigonum, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 56. Neospintharus trigonum, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, tibia, with two retrolateral (vertical arrows, 18-1) and one prolateral (horizontal arrow, 19-1) trichobothria. E, anterior part of the modified prosoma (130- 133). F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, SPR (lower arrows) and setal proprioreceptors (upper arrows). Scale bars: A–E, G, 100 Mm; F, 20 Mm.
Figure 80. Theridion varians, female. A, spinnerets. B, prosoma. C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 80. Theridion varians, female. A, spinnerets. B, prosoma. C, promarginal cheliceral teeth (arrows). D, palpal claw. E, tarsal comb, note position of serrated bristles relative to claws. F, epigynum. Scale bars: A, C, D, 20 Mm. B, 100 Mm. E, F, 50 Mm.
Figure 58. Nesticodes rufipes. A, B, male palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 58. Nesticodes rufipes. A, B, male palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, stridulatory picks (pedicel area artificially shaded). D, stridulatory ridges. E, epiandrous gland spigots. F, male fourth tarsal claws. G, female palpal claw. Scale bars: A–D, 100 Mm; E–G, 20 Mm.
Figure 54. Latrodectus. A–C, F, L. geometricus. A, B, palp mesial. C, palp dorsal. D, E, L. mactans, male palp. D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 54. Latrodectus. A–C, F, L. geometricus. A, B, palp mesial. C, palp dorsal. D, E, L. mactans, male palp. D, expanded, ectal view, arrow indicates a break-off point on the embolus which is broken off during mating and left in the epigynum (100-1). E, embolus-conductor base lock mechanism; in the unexpanded palp the El (98-1) fits in the pit (arrow) of the C (68- 1). F, area above the pedicel on the abdomen, showing stridulatory picks (arrows) and bases of PR. Scale bars: A–D, F, 100 Mm; E, 50 Mm.
Figure 52. Kochiura rosea. A–D, male palp. A, mesial. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 52. Kochiura rosea. A–D, male palp. A, mesial. B, ventral; note extremely elongated conductor, with a narrow base (lower arrow, 63-1) and broadened distally. C, ectal. D, details of palpal tip; note bifurcated TTA (81-1). E, area around pedicel on abdomen. F, SPR. Scale bars: A–C, 100 Mm; D, 50 Mm; E, 20 Mm; F, 10 Mm.
Figure 53. Kochiura. A, C-H, K. rosea. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 53. Kochiura. A, C-H, K. rosea. A, male PLS and PMS. B, K. attrita female PLS and PMS. C, setal proprioreceptors on abdomen. D, epiandrous gland spigots. E female genital furrow. F, epigynum. G, pedicel, paired rows of Ss forming lyriform organs (arrows), and stridulatory nubbins. H, details of pedicel. Scale bars: A, B, D, H, 20 Mm; C, E, 100 Mm; F, G, 50 Mm.
Figure 77. Theridion longipedatum, male. A–C, palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 77. Theridion longipedatum, male. A–C, palp. A, mesial; note multifurcated MA (76-1, 77-1). B, ventral; note placement of the C apically on T (69-1), as opposed to the more common placement on T margin (69-0). C, ventral close-up; note outgrowth of T, harbouring the tegular pit (Tp, 49-1), the embolus has an apophysis fitting under it (arrow, 50-1, 98-1). D, prosomal stridulatory ridges. E, abdominal SPR. F, abdomen venter, with 'sclerotized ring around pedicel' (147-1, 148-1) swollen area around pedicel reaching to the epigastric furrow. G, epiandrous gland spigots. Scale bars: A–F, 100 Mm. G, 50 Mm.
Figure 51. Kochiura. A–E, K. aulica. A–D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 51. Kochiura. A–E, K. aulica. A–D, male palp; note shape of tibia (14-1, 15-1, 17-1) and extremely pronounced row of strong tibial setae (arrow, 16-1). A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, mesial close-up of C, TTA. E, SPR. F, G, K. attrita SPR. F, left field. G, details of setae; note modified bases (151-1). Scale bars: A–C 100 Mm; D, 50 Mm; E, F, 20 Mm; G, 10 Mm.
Figure 65. Rhomphaea metaltissima. A–E, spinnerets. A–D, female. A, all. B, ALS. C, PLS. D, PMS. E in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 65. Rhomphaea metaltissima. A–E, spinnerets. A–D, female. A, all. B, ALS. C, PLS. D, PMS. E, male PMS and PLS. F, unusual setal base (arrow) posteriorly on female abdomen. Scale bars: A, 100 Mm. B, 20 Mm. C–F, 10 Mm.
Figure 84. Thwaitesia. A–C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 84. Thwaitesia. A–C, Thwaitesia sp. A, female left spinning field. B, female PLS; note absence of FL (arrow, 212-1). C, male prosoma. D–F, T. margaritifera female. D, cheliceral fang and the characteristically sharp (107-1) teeth. E, tarsal comb. F, tarsus I, the modified ventral setae (arrows) are similar to those present in hadrotarsines, but unlike in hadrotarsines, are not tightly grouped (197-0). Scale bars: A, 50 Mm; B, D, 20 Mm; C, E, F, 100 Mm.
Figure 87. Tidarren sisyphoides. A, B, male stridulatory system. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 87. Tidarren sisyphoides. A, B, male stridulatory system. A, pick and nubbins on abdomen. B, ridges on prosoma. C, female ALS; arrow indicates the MAP. D, PLS and PMS. E, tip of female tarsus; note semipalmate claw (177-2). F, female first tarsus. Scale bars: A, 10 Mm; B-F, 50 Mm.
Figure 76. Theridion frondeum. A, male SPR. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 76. Theridion frondeum. A, male SPR. B, male prosoma front view; note humps on chelicera (arrow, 115-1). C, female fourth tarsal claws; note elongated central claw (200-1) and the similarity of the serrated bristles of the tarsal comb (Tc, 195-1) to the accessory claws (Acl). D, palpal claw. E, promarginal cheliceral teeth. F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, male spinnerets; note absence of a functional triplet (arrows, 219-0). Scale bars: A, B, 100 Mm. C, 10 Mm. D, F, 20 Mm. E, G, 50 Mm.
Figure 67 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 67. Selkirkiella sp. A–D, male palp. A, mesial; note knob on the TTA (lowest arrow, 82-1). B, ventral, left arrow shows TTA knob. C, ectal; note two trichobothria on tibia (arrows, 18-2, 19-1). D, subapical; note hood on MA (78-1) and the complementary cymbial hook (Chk, 33-0), on the cymbial margin (35-1). The highly tapered tip (37-1) is a synapomorphic condition for a group within Pholcommatinae (tapered cymbial hook clade). The E is visible tightly wrapped by the C, and the TTA (87-1). E, details of the upward pointed (34-1), tapered, cymbial hook. F, stridulatory area of abdomen; note a pair of SP, and numerous nubbins and ridges (155-1). G, H, S. magallanes. G, prosoma stridulatory ridges. H, pedicel; note slit sensilla (Ss) and nubbins. Scale bars: A–D 100 Mm. E, F, 20 Mm. G, H, 50 Mm.
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