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388 results for “Squirrels”
The role of neutral and adaptive genomic variation in population diversification and speciation in two ground squirrel species of conservation concern
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Data from: Acrobatic squirrels learn to leap and land on tree branches without falling
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CROCCA-2S Perth Canyon Multibeam Survey (The squirrel survey)
<p>Multi-beam survey of Perth Canyon (on board the R/V Thomas Thompson) as part of the Coring to Reconstruct Ocean Circulation and Carbon Dioxide Across 2 Seas (CROCCA-2S) research cruise.</p>
Data from: The effects of stress and glucocorticoids on vocalizations: a test in North American red squirrels
Acoustic signaling is an important means by which animals communicate both stable and labile characteristics. Although it is widely appreciated that vocalizations can convey information on labile state, such as fear and aggression, fewer studies have experimentally examined the acoustic expression of stress state. The transmission of such public information about physiological state could have broad implications, potentially influencing the behavior and life history traits of neighbors. North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) produce vocalizations known as rattles that advertise territorial ownership. We examined the influence of changes in physiological stress state on rattle acoustic structure through the application of a stressor (trapping and handling the squirrels) and by provisioning squirrels with exogenous glucocorticoids (GCs). We characterized the acoustic structure of rattles emitted by these squirrels by measuring rattle duration, mean frequency, and entropy. We found evidence that rattles do indeed exhibit a "stress signature." When squirrels were trapped and handled, they produced rattles that were longer in duration with a higher frequency and increased entropy. However, squirrels that were administered exogenous GCs had similar rattle duration, frequency, and entropy as squirrels that were fed control treatments and unfed squirrels. Our results indicate that short-term stress does affect the acoustic structure of vocalizations, but elevated circulating GC levels do not mediate such changes.
Evolution of Pelage Luminance in squirrels (Sciuridae)
<p>Sciurids have one of the greatest diversities of color patterns and hues among mammalian families, but whether these color patterns conform to Gloger's Rule has not been investigated. Gloger's rule is the ecogeographic trend that describes the tendency of animals' pelage to be darker in warmer and wetter environments. Several mechanisms have been proposed explain this trend that relate to various environmental variables. However, these variables frequently correlate with each other which can cause increased Type I error rates in conventional analyses with a single dependent variable. Here we use a new phylogenetic comparative method that implements path analysis to produce a hypothesized series of cause and effect relationships between predictor variables to form a path model. This multi-regression approach allows for the simultaneous exploration of the effects of numerous predictor variables. Our path analysis results using 137 Sciurid species show that squirrel pelage luminance conforms to Gloger's rule and that there is a significant evolutionary relationship between precipitation and pelage luminance. Also significant were that other commonly found variables (humidity, temperature, and vegetation cover) did not have strong relationships with pelage luminance. Our findings demonstrate that utility of path analysis in phylogenetic comparative studies in studying a trait influenced by several covarying variables.</p>
Data from: Impacts of inference method and dataset filtering on phylogenomic resolution in a rapid radiation of ground squirrels (Xerinae: Marmotini)
Phylogenomic datasets are illuminating many areas of the Tree of Life. However, the large size of these datasets alone may be insufficient to resolve problematic nodes in the most rapid evolutionary radiations, because inferences in zones of extraordinarily low phylogenetic signal can be sensitive to the model and method of inference, as well as the information content of loci employed. We used a dataset of >3,950 ultraconserved element (UCE) loci from a classic mammalian radiation, ground-dwelling squirrels of the tribe Marmotini (Sciuridae: Xerinae), to assess sensitivity of phylogenetic estimates to varying per-locus information content across 4 different inference methods (RAxML, ASTRAL, NJst, SVDquartets). Persistent discordance was found in topology and bootstrap support between concatenation- and coalescent-based inferences; among methods within the coalescent framework; and within all methods in response to different filtering scenarios. Contrary to some recent empirical UCE-based studies, filtering by information content did not promote complete among-method concordance. Nevertheless, filtering did improve concordance relative to randomly selected locus sets, largely via improved consistency of two-step summary methods (particularly NJst) under conditions of higher average per-locus variation (and thus increasing gene tree precision). The benefits of dataset filtering are notably variable among classes of inference methods and across different evolutionary scenarios, reiterating the complexities of resolving rapid radiations, even with robust taxon and character sampling.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of a Red Squirrel Brain (Sciurus vulgaris)
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of a Red Squirrel Brain (<em>Sciurus vulgaris</em>) from http://braincatalogue.org/Bottlenose_dolphin</p>
Feeding observations on the Grizzled Giant Squirrel at Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Western Ghats, India
<p>Animal dietary choices help us understand a species' feeding behaviour and are particularly relevant in conservation management. In this study, we aimed to gather knowledge on food niche and the foraging ecology of the Grizzled Giant Squirrel (<em>Ratufa macroura</em>) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. Specifically, the objectives were to identify food composition, the seasonal variation in food choice and feeding technique. Through an observational sampling method, focal animal sampling, the Grizzled Giant Squirrel in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary was found to feed on 30 plant species belonging to 18 families. The most utilized plant family was Fabaceae, with eight species, followed by Moraceae (four species) and Anacardiaceae (two species). The consumed species included 22 trees, four climbers, one liana, one paraphyte, one shrub and one succulent species. The squirrel spent the most time feeding on <em> Bauhinia racemosa</em> (19.79%), followed by<em> Tamarindus indica </em>(14.08%) and <em>Nothopegia beddomei</em> (9.89%). The squirrel's choice of diet was primarily affected by the availability of food tree species and food items rather than the season and non-tree species also have been reported from the diet of Grizzled Giant Squirrel. Even though the Grizzled Giant Squirrel shows plasticity in its food choices, the availability of mature trees and plants as food sources appears important for its conservation in the fragmented riparian forest in the Western Ghats, southern India.</p>
Data from: Multilevel and sex-specific selection on competitive traits in North American red squirrels.
Individuals often interact more closely with some members of the population (e.g. offspring, siblings or group members) than they do with other individuals. This structuring of interactions can lead to multilevel natural selection, where traits expressed at the group-level influence fitness alongside individual-level traits. Such multilevel selection can alter evolutionary trajectories, yet is rarely quantified in the wild, especially for species that do not interact in clearly demarcated groups. We quantified multilevel natural selection on two traits, postnatal growth rate and birth date, in a population of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). The strongest level of selection was typically within-acoustic social neighbourhoods (within 130m of the nest), where growing faster and being born earlier than nearby litters was key, while selection on growth rate was also apparent both within-litters and within-study areas. Higher population densities increased the strength of selection for earlier breeding, but did not influence selection on growth rates. Females experienced especially strong selection on growth rate at the within-litter level, possibly linked to the biased bequeathal of the maternal territory to daughters. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering multilevel and sex-specific selection in wild species, including those that are territorial and sexually monomorphic.
Data from: A Miopetaurista (Sciuridae, Rodentia) cranium from the middle Miocene of Bavaria (Germany) and brain evolution in flying squirrels
<p>Flying squirrels (Sciurinae, Pteromyini) are the most successful group of gliding mammals. However, their fossil record mostly consists of isolated dental remains which provide very limited insights into their paleobiology and evolution. Only recently, the first skeleton of a fossil flying squirrel, belonging to the species <em>Miopetaurista neogrivensis</em>, has been described. It presents all the diagnostic gliding-related postcranial features of its extant relatives and shows that this group has undergone very little morphological change for almost 12 million years. However, the associated cranium is badly crushed, so particular details of the cranial morphology cannot be described. Here we describe a well-preserved cranium of the closely-related <em>Miopetaurista crusafonti</em> from 12.5–12.0 Ma from Bavaria (Germany). Its cranial morphology is found to be almost identical to extant large flying squirrels, even in details such as the position of the foramina. The virtual endocast also shows close affinities to living large flying squirrels in morphology and in the relative volume of different brain regions, showing diagnostic features such as the size reduction of petrosal lobules and olfactory bulbs. However, the encephalization quotient (EQ) and neocortical ratio are lower than observed in extant flying squirrels. EQ is known to increase through time in squirrels, but might also be related to locomotion, as arboreal and gliding squirrels display higher EQs than terrestrial ones. Because <em>Miopetaurista</em> was certainly a glider, its comparatively lower EQ and neocortical size support the existence of an independent trend of increasing EQ and neocortical complexity in this flying squirrel subclade.</p>
Cape ground squirrel site comparison dataset
<p>Male mating strategies respond to female availability such that variation in resources that affect spatial distribution can also alter cost-benefit tradeoffs within a population. In arid-adapted species, rainfall alters reproduction, behavior, morphology, and population density such that populations differing in resource availability may also differ in successful reproductive strategies. Here we compare two populations of Cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris), a sub-Saharan species with year-round breeding and intense mating competition. Unlike most mammals where males resort to aggressive interactions over females, male X. inauris are tolerant of one another, relying instead on other non-aggressive pre- and post-copulatory strategies to determine reproductive success. Our findings suggest that differences in resource availability affect female distribution which ultimately leads to intraspecific variation in male reproductive tactics and sexual morphology. Sperm competition, assessed by reproductive morphometrics, was more pronounced in our high resource site where females were distributed evenly across the landscape whereas dominance seemed to be an important determinant of success in our low resource site where females were more aggregated. Both sites had similar mating intensities, and most males did not sire any offspring. However, our low resource site had a higher variance in fertilization success with fewer males siring multiple offspring compared to our high resource site where more individuals were successful. Our results lend support to resource models where variations in female spatial distribution attributed to environmental resources ultimately impact male reproductive behaviors and morphology.</p>
Data: Sex-specific effects of capital resources on reproductive timing and success in red squirrels
<p><span>Reproduction is an energetically expensive activity for both sexes. However, if males and females differ in their annual timing of reproduction, such that peak investment for one sex occurs during a more resource-limited period, there is an opportunity for sex-specific selection to act on the acquisition of energetic resources. Both male and female North American red squirrels (<em>Tamiasciurus hudsonicus</em>) cache conifer cones, although males typically have larger caches than females. Peak energetic investment in reproduction occurs for males during the mating season in winter and early spring (when squirrels rely almost exclusively on cached resources) and for females during lactation (which can align with fresh food availability). We provide evidence that suggests sex differences in cache size are likely driven by a stronger positive connection between cached resources and components of fitness for males than for females. Specifically, males with larger caches have greater siring success than males with smaller caches, whereas for females, only early breeding females experience a positive effect of cache size on the number of recruits produced. We also show that males sire pups and females give birth earlier in the year if they have larger caches compared with squirrels of the same sex with smaller caches. Sexual selection can thus extend beyond traits directly connected to mating behavior, and can act on traits related to acquiring resources needed to fuel reproduction that are expressed months or years in advance of breeding efforts.</span></p>
1964.240 Courtesan with Heron and Squirrel
You can copy, modify, and distribute this work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Learn more about The Cleveland Museum of Art's Open Access initiative: http://www.clevelandart.org/open-access-faqs Courtesan with Heron and Squirrel, 1662–1722. China, Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Kangxi reign (1662-1722). Ivory; overall: 16.2 cm (6 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Severance and Greta Millikin Collection 1964.240 Learn more on The Cleveland Museum of Art's Collection Online: https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1964.240 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Church Portal Squirrel Carving
Carving of a squirrel from the church portal from Fitzroy Presbryterian Church in Belfast. The church was constructed in 1874. -Brian Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Fig. 5 in A review of Sciurus Group studies on the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris): presence, population density and colour phases in Lombardy (Italy)
Fig. 5 - Orientation of the red squirrel dreys per study area.
Fig. 3 in A review of Sciurus Group studies on the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris): presence, population density and colour phases in Lombardy (Italy)
Fig. 3 - Study areas in Lombardy. Box: geographic position of Lombardy (black) in Italy.
Fig. 1 in Bartonella, Blechomonas and Trypanosoma in fleas from the long-tailed ground squirrel (Spermophilus undulatus) in northwestern China
Fig. 1. Map of northwestern China showing sampling sites and coordinates.
Fig. 2 in Spillover and spillback risks of ectoparasites by an invasive squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus in Kanto region of Japan
Fig. 2. Infracommunity richness by discriminating the study area and host sex.
TABLE 2 in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11 C, Germany
<p>TABLE 2. — Measurements (in mm) of <i>Trogontherium minus</i> teeth from Hambach 11C.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Museum number</b></th><th><b>Species</b></th><th><b>Dex/Sin</b></th><th><b>Tooth position</b></th><th><b>Length</b></th><th><b>Width</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>HaR-5642-1</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>i</td><td>–</td><td>4.77</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5642-2</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>p4</td><td>4.05</td><td>3.01</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5642-3</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>m1</td><td>5.68</td><td>6.27</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5642-4</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>m2</td><td>5.94</td><td>6.07</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5643-1</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>P4</td><td>8.24</td><td>8.87</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5643-2</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>M1</td><td>5.99</td><td>6.21</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5643-3</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>M2</td><td>5.73</td><td>6.21</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5644</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>M3</td><td>7.71</td><td>6.05</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5645</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>P4</td><td>8.31</td><td>9.03</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5646</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>M1/2</td><td>5.84</td><td>6.19</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5647</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>M1/2</td><td>6.06</td><td>6.43</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5648</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>M3</td><td>7.75</td><td>5.97</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5649</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>P4</td><td>7.2</td><td>8.53</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5650</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>dP4</td><td>5.18</td><td>5.06</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5651</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>M3</td><td>5.92</td><td>5.96</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5652</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>M1/2</td><td>6.08</td><td>5.53</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 1 in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11 C, Germany
<p>TABLE 1. — Measurements (in mm) of <i>Castor fiber</i> teeth from Hambach 11C.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Museum</b></th><th></th><th></th><th><b>Tooth</b></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>number</b></th><td><b>Species</b></td><td><b>Dex/Sin</b></td><td><b>position</b></td><td><b>Length</b></td><td><b>Width</b></td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5637</th><td>Castor</td><td>Sin</td><td>P4</td><td>8,24</td><td>7,18</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>fiber</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5638</th><td>Castor</td><td>Sin</td><td>M1/2</td><td>6,27</td><td>6,55</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>fiber</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5639</th><td>Castor</td><td>Sin</td><td>M1/2</td><td>6,97</td><td>6,83</td></tr><tr><th>fiber</th></tr><tr><th>HaR-5641</th><td>Castor</td><td>Sin</td><td>m1/2</td><td>5,62</td><td>4,31</td></tr><tr><th>fiber</th></tr></tbody></table>
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