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335 results for “Theoretical”

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zenodo36/100

TG-CSR: Theoretically-Grounded Commonsense Reasoning Benchmark

Achieving machine common sense has been a longstanding problem within Artificial Intelligence. Thus far, benchmark data sets that are grounded in a theory of common sense and can be used to conduct rigorous, semantic evaluations of common sense reasoning (CSR) systems have been lacking. One expectation of the AI community is that neuro-symbolic reasoners can help bridge this gap towards more dependable systems with common sense. We propose a novel benchmark, called Theoretically Grounded common sense Reasoning (TG-CSR), modeled as a set of question-answering instances, with each instance grounded in a semantic category of common sense, such as space, time, and emotions. The benchmark is few-shot i.e., only a few training and validation examples are provided in the public release to avoid the possibility of overfitting. Results from recent evaluations suggest that TG-CSR is challenging even for state-of-the-art statistical models. Due to its semantic rigor, this benchmark can be used to evaluate the common sense reasoning capabilities of neuro-symbolic systems.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Experimental and theoretical support for costs of plasticity and phenotype in a nematode cannibalistic trait

Developmental plasticity is the ability of a genotype to express multiple phenotypes under different environmental conditions and has been shown to facilitate the evolution of novel traits. However, while the associated cost of plasticity, i.e., the loss in fitness due to the ability to express plasticity in response to environmental change, and the cost of phenotype, i.e., the loss of fitness due to expressing a fixed phenotype across environments, have been theoretically predicted, empirically such costs remain poorly documented and little understood. Here, we use a plasticity model system, hermaphroditic nematode Pristionchus pacificus, to experimentally measure these costs in wild isolates under controlled laboratory conditions. P. pacificus can develop either a bacterial feeding or predatory mouth morph in response to different external stimuli, with natural variation of mouth-morph ratios between strains. We first demonstrated the cost of phenotype by analyzing fecundity and developmental speed in relation to mouth morphs across the P. pacificus phylogenetic tree. Then, we exposed P. pacificus strains to two distinct microbial diets that induce strain-specific mouth-form ratios. Our results indicate that the plastic strain does shoulder a cost of plasticity, i.e., the diet-induced predatory mouth morph is associated with reduced fecundity and slower developmental speed. In contrast, the non-plastic strain suffers from the cost of phenotype since its phenotype does not change to match the unfavorable bacterial diet but shows increased fitness and higher developmental speed on the favorable diet. Furthermore, using a stage-structured population model based on empirically derived life history parameters, we show how population structure can alleviate the cost of plasticity in P. pacificus. The results of the model illustrate the extent to which the costs associated with plasticity and its effect on competition depend on ecological factors. This study provides support for costs of plasticity and phenotype based on empirical and modeling approaches.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov36/100

Evaluating Verbal Communication in Structured Interactions: Theoretical and Clinical Implications

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06266403. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

controlledIPD-YESFeb 2026View details →

dryad36/100