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Fig. 4 in Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian-Lower Triassic of Uruguay

Fig. 4. Mastodonsaurid mandible FC−DPV 1600 from the Permo−Triassic Buena Vista Formation near Colonia Orozco, Cerro Largo County, Uruguay. Photographs (A, C, E) and interpretive drawings (B, D, F) in labial (A, B), lingual (C, D), and dorsal (E, F) views.. Cross hatching represents damaged areas of bone.

Figure 12A–E in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 12A–E. Dockum neotheropod, distal portion of left tibia, TTU-P14786. A. Partial tibia in anterior view. B. Lateral view. C. Posterior view. D. Medial view. E. Distal view. Abbreviations: af, articular facet; pp, posterior process; r, posterior ridge. Proximal and distal views share the 1 cm. scale bar. Hatching indicates the damaged areas. Arrow indicates anterior side for the distal (E) view.

Figure 11A–F in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 11A–F. Dockum neotheropod, right tibia, TTU-P10534. A. Tibia in proximal view. B. Anterior view. C. Lateral view. D. Posterior view. E. Medial view. F. Distal view. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; pp, posterior process; r, posterior ridge; tn, tibial notch. Proximal and distal views share the 3 cm. scale bar. Hatching indicates the damaged areas; portions in grey represent cellulose sculpting medium. Arrow indicates anterior side for the proximal (A) and distal (F) views.

Figure 2 in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 2. Simplified columnar section of the Dockum Group in Garza County, Texas, including the stratigraphic positions of the dinosaur-bearing quarries in bold (modified after Martz 2008, Martz et al. 2013).

Figure 7A–E in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 7A–E. Dockum herrerasaurid, proximal end of right femur, TTU-P12531X. A. Partial femur in proximal view. B. Anterior view. C. Medial view D. Posterior view. E. Lateral view. Abbreviations: amt, anteromedial tuber; tf, trochanteric fossa; sfl, sulcus for femoral ligament. Proximal view has its own scale. Hatching indicates the damaged areas. Arrow indicates anterior side for the proximal (A) view.

Figure 6A–D in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 6A–D. Two interpretations for the postacetabular process of Dockum herrerasaurid (TTU-P10082). A, B. The reconstruction in previous works of Nesbitt and Chatterjee (2008) and Martz et al. (2013), in lateral and medial views. C, D. The reconstruction in this study in lateral and medial views. Note that the dashed lines in yellow demonstrate the discontinuous ventral margin and the non-horizontal alignment of the sacral vertebrae; whereas the black dashed lines suggest a more plausible morphology, as discussed in the text.

Figure 10A–E in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 10A–E. Dockum basal theropod, proximal end of left femur, TTU-P12587X. A. Partial femur in proximal view. B. Anterior view. C. Medial view. D. Posterior view. E. Lateral view. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral tuber; amt, anteromedial tuber; flg, femoral ligament (ligament femoris capitis) groove; tf, trochanteric fossa; pmt, posteromedial tuber. Hatching indicates the damaged areas. Arrow indicates anterior side for the proximal (A) view.

Figure 1 in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 1. Exposures of the Dockum Group (highlighted in grey) in western Texas and eastern New Mexico (modified after Lehman 1994a). Borders of all county quadrangles discussed within the text are highlighted in red, whereas the cited fossil localities are marked with yellow-filled circles within the Garza and Howard County quadrangles. The approximate position of Dockum Site 7 General (TMM 41936) in close-up view of Howard County is modified after Nesbitt and Ezcurra (2015).

Figure 5A–D in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 5A–D. Dockum herrerasaurid, pubis and attached pubic peduncle, TTU-P10082. A. Left pubis and pubic peduncle in lateral view. B. Posterior view. C. Medial view. D. Anterior view. Abbreviations: ab, anterior bevel; act, acetabulum; of, obturator fenestra; pb, pubic boot; pub, pubis; pup, pubic peduncle; sac, supraacetabular crest; sym, symphysis for pubic apron. Hatching indicates the damaged areas; portions in grey represent cellulose sculpting medium. this specimen possesses the ancestral state of having only placed anterior to the ischial peduncle, generally around the two sacral vertebrae because of the small size of the postac- acetabular area (Novas 1996, Nesbitt and Chatterjee 2008). etabular process (Long and Murry 1995), where the medial This situation implies that UMMP 8870 might have had three shelf serves as a dorsal support only for the second sacral rib sacrals as well. Unlike the almost horizontal medial shelf of (Langer 2004). However, the two sacral ribs found attached UMMP 8870, the medial shelf of the reconstructed TTUon the postacetabular process indicates that TTU-P10082 P10082 postacetabular process exhibits slight posteroventral possibly had a minimum of three sacral vertebrae since deflection; however, this appears to be a homoplastic trait as the first primordial sacral rib in early theropods is always a similar kind of curvature is also present in medial shelves of

Figure 4A, B in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 4A, B. Dockum herrerasaurid, iliac postacetabular process, TTU-P10082. A. Left postacetabular process in lateral view. B. Medial view. Abbreviations: act, acetabulum; ant, antitrochanter; ip, ischial peduncle; is, ischium; ms, medial shelf; ru, rugose surface; sc, sacral rib. Hatching indicates the damaged areas; portions in grey represent cellulose sculpting medium.

Figure 8A–F in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 8A–F. Dockum herrerasaurid, posterior dorsal vertebra, TTU-P16789. A. Vertebra in anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Right lateral view. D. Left lateral view. E. Dorsal view. F. Ventral view. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; c, vertebral centrum; hsp, hyposphene; htr hypantrum; lf, lateral fossa; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal; prz, prezygapophysis. Hatching indicates the damaged areas. dromaeosaurids, e.g, Deinonychus antirrhopus Ostrom, 1969 femoral ligament (ligamentum capitis femoris) groove cre- (MCZ 4371, MCZ 4142), Bambiraptor feinbergi Burnham et ates a distinct notch on the anteromedial side of the proxial., 2000 (Burnham 2004) and Mahakala omnogovae Turner mal surface as is typical of a dinosauriform femur (Novas et al., 2007. Unfortunately, the iliac blades of all Triassic orni- 1996, Rauhut 2003: character 197). The helical trochanteric thodirans found in southwestern North America are missing fossa, or fossa trochanterica sensu Langer (2004) is highly different portions and therefore, a taxonomic assignment to developed and expanded over the proximal surface, where it genus for TTU-P10082 cannot be made (Nesbitt and Chat- obliterates the typical longitudinal groove of dinosauriforms terjee 2008, pp. 145–146). on the proximal surface of the femur (Fig. 7A, D). TTU-P12531X—The periphery of the proximal surface of Presence of a trochanteric fossa is a good synapomorphy this right femur is slightly eroded (Fig. 7A). The anteromedial for Dinosauromorpha, but this character occurs homoplastituber of the femoral head (sensu Nesbitt 2011) is small and cally in the proximal femur of shuvosaurids, which differs well rounded (Fig. 7B, C), whereas the posteromedial and from the dinosauromorph femur by possesing a distinctly anterolateral tubera are not visible (Fig. 7D, E). The shallow recurved anteromedial tuber (Nesbitt 2011: characters 300,

Fig. 7. A in Paleoecology, Taphonomy, and Biogeography of a Coenothyris Community (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) from the Triassic (Upper Anisian-Lower Ladinian) of Israel

Fig. 7. A. Slab of juvenile specimens of Coenothyris. Note rare disarticulated ventral valve with small hinge teeth (arrow). Subunit 31, AMNH 46519. B. Cross section of Coenothyris Bed showing sparfilled articulated shells (bottom half) indicative of rapid burial that did not allow for the decay of soft tissues with subsequent displacement by sediment. The brachiopods just above the sparfilled zone (upper half) are mud filled, indicative of individuals that had died earlier and decayed to become infilled with sediment; approximately 25% of the shells were spar filled. Subunit 31, AMNH 46520. C. Cross section of Coenothyris Bed showing bivalve hash (composed mainly of the bivalve Myophoria) that served as a pavement for brachiopod spat. Subunit 31, AMNH 46521. Scale bar 5 2 cm.

Fig. 6. A, B in Paleoecology, Taphonomy, and Biogeography of a Coenothyris Community (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) from the Triassic (Upper Anisian-Lower Ladinian) of Israel

Fig. 6. A, B. Slabs with normal populations of Coenothyris that range from ephebic to gerontic shells. A, Subunit 42, AMNH 46522; B, Subunit 42, NHM 1008. C. Cross section of Coenothyris horizon consisting of jumbled adult specimens similar in appearance to the Triassic German Muschelkalk. Subunit 42, AMNH 46522. Scale bar 5 2 cm.

Fig. 4 in Paleoecology, Taphonomy, and Biogeography of a Coenothyris Community (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) from the Triassic (Upper Anisian-Lower Ladinian) of Israel

Fig. 4. Slab of juvenile specimens of Coenothyris that represents an obrution deposit. Note brachiopods in a horizontal to subhorizontal attitude relative to the sediment–water interface, many in dorsal side up position. Large bivalves under the brachiopods are Pleuromya. Subunit 31, AMNH 46518. See text for further discussion.

Fig. 1 in Paleoecology, Taphonomy, and Biogeography of a Coenothyris Community (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) from the Triassic (Upper Anisian-Lower Ladinian) of Israel

Fig. 1. Location map of Precambrian–Oxfordian exposures in the Levant. 1, Precambrian; 2, Paleozoic–Triassic; 3, Jurassic; 4, Mount Hermon; 5, Alpine thrustfront; 6, 7, Neogene sinistral transform; I, Galilee High; II, Judean Embayment; III, Negev High; IV, Sinai Deep; with extension of Lower Oxfordian Majdal Shams shales (shaded area) and Jurassic isopachs (from Hirsch et al., 1998). ''Ramon'' signifies the Triassic Ramon Group, an anticlinorium that was breached through several phases of erosion, beginning in the Late Tertiary (Miocene–Pliocene), resulting in erosional cirques (Parnes, 1986). Tectonic movements since the Late Mesozoic, including reactivation of faults, resulted in the development of WSW–ENE to S–Ntrending reverse and thrust faults that today consist of several secondary monoclinal and domal buckles with an associated fault system (Zak, 1963).

Fig. 3 in Paleoecology, Taphonomy, and Biogeography of a Coenothyris Community (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) from the Triassic (Upper Anisian-Lower Ladinian) of Israel

Fig. 3. Slab showing bivalve pavement colonized by Coenothyris oweni Feldman, subunit 31, AMNH 46517. Abbreviations: co, Coenothyris; pl, Pleuromya; mo, Modiolus; my, Myophoria; pa, Parallelodon. Note that this slab has relatively few brachiopods (compare with fig. 4). Scale bar 5 4 cm.

Fig. 5 in Paleoecology, Taphonomy, and Biogeography of a Coenothyris Community (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) from the Triassic (Upper Anisian-Lower Ladinian) of Israel

Fig. 5. Slab of juvenile specimens of Coenothyris. Note the large Pleuromya, just offcenter, under which lie disarticulated Myphoria. Some shells are slightly exfoliated, but most are almost perfectly preserved. Subunit 31, AMNH 46524. See text for further discussion.

Fig. 2 in Paleoecology, Taphonomy, and Biogeography of a Coenothyris Community (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) from the Triassic (Upper Anisian-Lower Ladinian) of Israel

Fig. 2. Generalized columnar section of the Triassic Saharonim Formation at Har Gevanim, Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel. For detailed stratigraphy, see Druckman (1974b). Arrows represent occurrences of Coenothyris oweni Feldman at marked subunit intervals. Subunit designations are after Zak (1964) in Parnes (1975).

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FIG. 8 in Reevaluation of Therioherpeton cargnini Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 (Probainognathia, Therioherpetidae) from the Upper Triassic of Brazil

FIG. 8. — Cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of Therioherpeton Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 among probainognathians.