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179 results for “Xenarthra”
Data from: Ancient DNA from the extinct South American giant glyptodont Doedicurus sp. (Xenarthra: Glyptodontidae) reveals that glyptodonts evolved from Eocene armadillos
Glyptodonts were giant (some of them up to ~2400 kg), heavily armoured relatives of living armadillos, which became extinct during the Late Pleistocene/early Holocene alongside much of the South American megafauna. Although glyptodonts were an important component of Cenozoic South American faunas, their early evolution and phylogenetic affinities within the order Cingulata (armoured New World placental mammals) remain controversial. In this study, we used hybridization enrichment and high-throughput sequencing to obtain a partial mitochondrial genome from Doedicurus sp., the largest (1.5 m tall, and 4 m long) and one of the last surviving glyptodonts. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that glyptodonts fall within the diversity of living armadillos. Reanalysis of morphological data using a molecular 'backbone constraint' revealed several morphological characters that supported a close relationship between glyptodonts and the tiny extant fairy armadillos (Chlamyphorinae). This is surprising as these taxa are among the most derived cingulates: glyptodonts were generally large-bodied and heavily armoured, while the fairy armadillos are tiny (~9–17 cm) and adapted for burrowing. Calibration of our phylogeny with the first appearance of glyptodonts in the Eocene resulted in a more precise timeline for xenarthran evolution. The osteological novelties of glyptodonts and their specialization for grazing appear to have evolved rapidly during the Late Eocene to Early Miocene, coincident with global temperature decreases and a shift from wet closed forest towards drier open woodland and grassland across much of South America. This environmental change may have driven the evolution of glyptodonts, culminating in the bizarre giant forms of the Pleistocene.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina
FIGURE 3. Osteoderms of Peltephilidae: A, Epipeltephilus kanti (MLP 92-XI-19-7, part of the holotype); B, Epipeltephilus recurvus? (MLP 91-IX-7-14); C, Peltephilus pumilus (MACN A-866-870); D, Peltephilus nanus (MACN A 7958-7959, part of the type); E, Peltephilus giganteus (MACN A-4891-4900, part of the type); F-G, Peltephilus strepens (MACN A-771); H, Peltephilus protervus (MACN A-12020, part of the type); I, Peltephilus depressus (MACN A-12016, part of the type); J, Peltephilus granosus (MACN A-12019, part of the type); K, Peltecoelus praelucens (MACN A-12022, part of the type). Scale Bar: 5 cm.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina
FIGURE 2. Osteoderms of Epipeltephilus kanti: A–C, Holotype (MLP 92-XI-19-7); D–G, Referred material, D–G (MLP 28- X-11-66), H (MMP 339-M). Scale Bar: 5 cm.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina
FIGURE 1. Geographic location of the type locality Arroyo Chasicó, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
FIGURE 5 in A new genus and species of Planopinae (Xenarthra: Tardigrada) from the Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
FIGURE 5. Pos-cranial elements of Prepoplanops boleadorensis (MLP 97-XI-3-1). Right humerus in (A) anterior view and (B) posterior view; right ulna (proximal half) in (C) anterior view and (D) medial view; right femur (without its head) in (E) anterior view and (F) distal view; right tibia and fibula (articulated) in (G) posterior view and (H) anterior view.
FIGURE 4 in A new genus and species of Planopinae (Xenarthra: Tardigrada) from the Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
FIGURE 4. Mandible of Prepoplanops boleadorensis (MLP 97-XI-3-1) (A) left lateral view and (B) occlusal view.
FIGURE 3 in A new genus and species of Planopinae (Xenarthra: Tardigrada) from the Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
FIGURE 3. Skull of Prepoplanops boleadorensis (MLP 97-XI-3-1). (A) dorsal view, (B) left lateral view, and (C) palatal view.
FIGURE 2 in A new genus and species of Planopinae (Xenarthra: Tardigrada) from the Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
FIGURE 2. Stratigraphic profile of Cerro Boleadoras Formation at Cerro Boleadoras. Black arrow indicates the precise level where the Prepoplanops boleadorensis remains were collected.
FIGURE 7 in A new genus and species of Planopinae (Xenarthra: Tardigrada) from the Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
FIGURE 7. Comparative palatal views of the best known Planopinae. (A) Holotype of Planops martini (BM (NH) M 9204); (B) holotype of Planops magnus (AMNH PV 15346); (C) holotype of Planops longirostratus (no collection number); (D) Planops longirostratus (AMNH 9302); (E) Holotype of Prepoplanops boleadorensis (MLP 97-XI-3-1); (F) Holoype of Prepotherium filholi (no collection number).
FIGURE 4 in Reassessment of the hairy long-nosed armadillo " Dasypus " pilosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) and revalidation of the genus Cryptophractus Fitzinger, 1856
FIGURE 4. Skin of Cryptophractus pilosus in ventral (MUSM 7501) and dorsal (MUSM 7505) views, and detail of osteoderms from different areas of the carapace (MUSM 24214) in the boxes. Top box, scapular osteoderms; middle box, movable osteoderms; and bottom box, pelvic semimovable and pelvic osteoderms. Scale bars equal 50 mm.
FIGURE 7 in Reassessment of the hairy long-nosed armadillo " Dasypus " pilosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) and revalidation of the genus Cryptophractus Fitzinger, 1856
FIGURE 7. Comparison of the ear region of Cryptophractus pilosus (left) and Dasypus septemcinctus (right), showing different degrees of entotympanic ossification (gray shades in the drawings) in both taxa.
FIGURE 1 in Reassessment of the hairy long-nosed armadillo " Dasypus " pilosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) and revalidation of the genus Cryptophractus Fitzinger, 1856
FIGURE 1. Drawing of Cryptophractus pilosus showing some of its external features: dense hair concealing the carapace, long and slender rostrum, cephalic shield with an acute posterior margin, more distantly separated from the base of the ears, and Vshaped occipital sulcus.
FIGURE 5 in Reassessment of the hairy long-nosed armadillo " Dasypus " pilosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) and revalidation of the genus Cryptophractus Fitzinger, 1856
FIGURE 5. Drawing of buckler and movable osteoderms of Cryptophractus pilosus (top) and D. novemcinctus (bottom). Gray shades represent the disposition of the horn scales.
FIGURE 3 in Reassessment of the hairy long-nosed armadillo " Dasypus " pilosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) and revalidation of the genus Cryptophractus Fitzinger, 1856
FIGURE 3. Collection sites of Cryptophractus pilosus in Peru. Armadillos, collection sites; gray shade, integrated area of distribution; black circles, Department Capitals.
FIGURE 6 in Reassessment of the hairy long-nosed armadillo " Dasypus " pilosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) and revalidation of the genus Cryptophractus Fitzinger, 1856
FIGURE 6. Skull of Cryptophractus pilosus (MUSM 7501) in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) views, and right mandibular ramus (MUSM 7502) in lateral view (D). Scale bars equal 10 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Reassessment of the hairy long-nosed armadillo " Dasypus " pilosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) and revalidation of the genus Cryptophractus Fitzinger, 1856
FIGURE 2. Most parsimonious tree resulting from the cladistic analysis of 58 characters (tree length = 113; Consistency Index = 0.66, Retention Index = 0.61). Capital letters represent the nodes discussed in the text; sinapomorphies given below the nodes and autapomorphies given along each branch, following the numbers assigned in Appendix 2.
FIGURE 8 in Reassessment of the hairy long-nosed armadillo " Dasypus " pilosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) and revalidation of the genus Cryptophractus Fitzinger, 1856
FIGURE 8. Comparison of the postcranial elements of Cryptophractus pilosus and Dasypus novemcinctus, which is represented by ('). (A), lumbar vertebrae; (B), sinsacrum; (C), femur; (D), tibia-fibula; (E), astragalus; and (F), calcaneum. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
FIGURE 18 in A new and most complete pampathere (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the Quaternary of Bahia, Brazil
FIGURE 18. Thoracic bones and clavicle of Holmesina cryptae sp. nov. (holotype, LPP-PV-001). A, right first anterior rib; B, manubrium; and C, right clavicle. Abbreviations: ace, acromial end; ssn, suprasternal notch; ste, sternal end; vee, vertebral end. Scale bar = 30 mm.
FIGURE 22 in A new and most complete pampathere (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the Quaternary of Bahia, Brazil
FIGURE 22. Right hind limb bones of Holmesina cryptae sp. nov. (holotype, LPP-PV-001). A–B, femur in A, anterior; and B, posterior views. C–D, patella in C, anterior; and D, posterior views. E–F, tibiofibula in E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Scale bar = 50 mm.
FIGURE 8 in A new and most complete pampathere (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the Quaternary of Bahia, Brazil
FIGURE 8. Skull of Holmesina cryptae sp. nov. (paratype, LPP-PV-002), lateral and posterior views. A, lateral; and B, and occipital views. Scale bar = 50 mm.
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OpenNeuro
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