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Fig. 6 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths
Fig. 6. Orectolobus ziegenhinei Cappetta & Case, 2016, teeth. A–E. MSC 37009, Tallahatta/Lisbon formation contact zone, courtesy of Carl Sloan. A. Oral view. B. Lingual view. C. Distal view. D. Labial view. E. Basal view. F–J. MSC 37181, Tallahatta/Lisbon formation contact zone, courtesy of T. Prescott Atkinson. F. Oral view. G. Lingual view. H. Distal view. I. Labial view. J. Basal view. K–O. MSC 37056.1, Tallahatta/Lisbon formation contact zone, courtesy of James Lowery. K. Oral view. L. Lingual view. M. Distal view. N. Labial view. O. Basal view. P–T. MSC 37319.1, basal Lisbon Formation. P. Oral view. Q. Lingual view. R. Mesial view. S. Labial view. T. Basal view. U–Y. MSC 37319.3, basal Lisbon Formation. U. Oral view. V. Lingual view. W. Mesial view. X. Labial view. Y. Basal view. Labial at top in oral and basal views. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Fig. 9. Otodontidae Glikman, 1964, teeth. A–L in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths
Fig. 9. Otodontidae Glikman, 1964, teeth. A–L. Otodus (Otodus) sp. A–C. MSC 2999.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. A. Labial view. B. Lingual view. C. Mesial view. D–F. MSC 3008.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. D. Labial view. E. Lingual view. F. Mesial view. G–I. MSC 35761.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. G. Labial view. H. Lingual view. I. Mesial view. J–L. MSC 35761.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. J. Labial view. K. Lingual view. L. Mesial view. — M–X. Otodus (Carcharocles) sp. M–O. MSC 37019, basal Lisbon Formation, courtesy of Carl Sloan. M. Labial view. N. Lingual view. O. Distal view. P–R. MSC 37172, basal Lisbon Formation, courtesy of James Lowery. P. Labial view. Q. Lingual view. R. Mesial view. S–U. MSC 2371, Gosport Sand. S. Labial view. T. Lingual view. U. Mesial view. V–X. MSC 2370, Gosport Sand. V. Labial view. W. Lingual view. X. Distal view. Scale bars: A–F, M–X = 1 cm; G–L = 5 mm.
Fig. 2 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths
Fig. 2. Tallahatta Formation surface exposures in Alabama, with sampled localities indicated by closed circles.
Fig. 22 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths
Fig. 22. Stenoscyllium cf. S. priemi Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997, teeth. A–C. MSC 35760.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. A. Labial view. B. Mesial view. C. Lingual view. D–F. MSC 35760.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. D. Labial view. E. Distal view. F. Lingual view. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Fig. 26 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths
Fig. 26. Carcharhinus mancinae sp. nov. referred specimens. A–C. MSC 38426.16, upper lateral tooth, basal Gosport Sand. A. Lingual view. B. Labial view. C. Mesial view. D–F. MSC 38424.1, upper lateral tooth, basal Gosport Sand. D. Lingual view. E. Labial view. F. Mesial view. G–I. MSC 38424.5, upper lateral tooth, basal Gosport Sand. G. Lingual view. H. Labial view. I. Mesial view. J–L. MSC 38424.3, upper lateral tooth, basal Gosport Sand. J. Lingual view. K. Labial view. L. Mesial view. M–O. MSC 38426.3, symphysial? tooth, basal Gosport Sand. M. Lingual view. N. Labial view. O. Mesial view. P–R. MSC 38426.2, lower anterior tooth, basal Gosport Sand. P. Lingual view. Q. Labial view. R. Mesial view. S–U. MSC 37522.3, upper lateral tooth, basal Gosport Sand. S. Lingual view. T. Labial view. U. Mesial view. V–X. MSC 38424.2, lower lateral tooth, basal Gosport Sand. V. Lingual view. W. Labial view. X. Mesial view. Y–AA. MSC 37522.1, lower posterolateral tooth, basal Gosport Sand. Y. Lingual view. Z. Labial view. AA. Mesial view. BB–DD. MSC 38426.4, upper lateral tooth, basal Gosport Sand. BB. Lingual view. CC. Labial view. DD. Mesial view. EE–GG. MSC 38416, lower anterior tooth, basal Gosport Sand. EE. Lingual view. FF. Labial view. GG. Mesial view. HH–JJ. MSC 188.40, lower anterolateral tooth, basal Gosport Sand. HH. Lingual view. II. Labial view. JJ. Mesial view. Scale bars = 1 cm.
Fig. 23 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths
Fig. 23. Galeorhinus de Blainville, 1816 and Pachygaleus Cappetta, 1992, teeth. A–F. Galeorhinus aff. G. duchaussoisi Adnet & Cappetta, 2008. A–C. MSC 35756.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. A. Labial view. B. Lingual view. C. Mesial view. D–F. MSC 37691, basal Lisbon Formation. D. Labial view. E. Lingual view. F. Mesial view. — G–J. G. louisi Adnet & Cappetta, 2008, MSC 37353.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. G. Labial view. H. Lingual view. I. Mesial view. J. Close–up of labial wrinkling. — K–M. G. aff. G. duchaussoisi, MSC 37353.4, Tallahatta Formation. K. Labial view. L. Lingual view. M. Mesial view. — N–P. Galeorhinus ypresiensis (Casier, 1946), MSC 37693.1, Gosport Sand. N. Labial view. O. Lingual view. P. Mesial view. — Q–V. Pachygaleus lefevrei (Diameries, 1891). Q–S. MSC 37688, basal Lisbon Formation. Q. Labial view. R. Lingual view. S. Mesial view. T–V. MSC 35763, lower Tallahatta Formation. T. Labial view. U. Lingual view. V. Mesial view. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Appendix 1 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths
<p><b>Appendix 1</b> (continued) Number of non-otolith taxa identified to lowest taxonomic ranking within each Claiborne Group unit. Shaded areas represent the stratigraphic range of taxa within Claiborne Group units in Alabama, USA.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Taxon</b></th><th colspan="5"><b>Meridian lower upper Tallahatta “lower” Tallahatta Sand Tallahatta Tallahatta /Lisbon Lisbon Fm. Member Fm. Fm. contact Fm.</b></th><th><b>“upper” Lisbon Fm.</b></th><th><b>Lisbon/ Gosport contact</b></th><th><b>lower Gosport Gosport Sand Sand</b></th><th><b>Total</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Lamnidae indet.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td><b>2</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Macrorhizodus praecursor</i> Carcharhiniformes indet.</th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 3</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2 13 2</td><td><b>20 6</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Premontreia</i> (<i>Oxyscyllium</i>) <i>subulidens</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>1</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Stenoscyllium</i> cf. <i>S. priemi</i></th><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>3</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Galeorhinus</i> aff. <i>G. duchaussoisi</i></th><td></td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td><b>10</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Galeorhinus louisi</i></th><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>2</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Galeorhinus ypresiensis</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2">3 <b>3</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pachygaleus lefeveri</i></th><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>9</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Hemipristis curvatus</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td><td><b>6</b></td></tr><tr><th>Carcharhinidae indet.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>1</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Carcharhinus mancinae</i> sp. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>101 1</td><td><b>103</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Negaprion gilmorei</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6 18</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1389 104</td><td><b>1519</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Rhizoprionodon ganntourensis Scoliodon conecuhensis Abdounia beaugei</i></th><td></td><td>9 23 13</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>3 63 4 66 1 11</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>74 5 30 6 3 22</td><td><b>156 130 50</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Abdounia enniskilleni</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2 7</td><td>5</td><td></td><td>257 31</td><td><b>302</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Abdounia minutissima Abdounia</i> sp.</th><td></td><td>7</td><td>1 1</td><td></td><td>3 40 10 2</td><td></td><td>1</td><td colspan="2">2 17 <b>71</b> 8 5 <b>26</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pseudabdounia claibornensis</i> gen. et comb. nov.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>88 1</td><td><b>89</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pseudabdounia recticona</i> gen. et comb. nov.</th><td></td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>26 133</td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>168</td></tr></tbody></table>
Appendix 2 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths
<p><b>Appendix 2</b> (continued on next four pages) Number of non-otolith taxa identified to lowest taxonomic ranking from each Claiborne Group locality in Alabama, USA.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Taxon</b></th><th colspan="16"><b>ADl-1 Amo-8 ACh-7 Ach-14 Acon-6 Acov-1 ACov-11 Ach-8 ACl-3 AWa-2 AMo-4 ACl-4 Ach-21 Acl-14 Acl-15 Total</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Chondrichthyes indet.</th><td>1821</td><td>28</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>512</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>22</td><td>135</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>83</td><td><b>2604</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Heterodontus</i> sp.</th><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>7</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Orectolobus ziegenhinei</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>179</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>180</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Ginglymostoma maroccanum</i></th><td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>8</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Ginglymostoma</i> sp.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>21</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>21</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Nebrius thielensi</i></th><td>30</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>115</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>22</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>170</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Orectolobidae</i> indet.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>1</b></td></tr><tr><th>Lamniformes indet.</th><td>149</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>96</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td><b>254</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Otodus</i> (<i>Otodus</i>) sp.</th><td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>9</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Otodus</i> (<i>Carcharocles</i>) sp.</th><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td></td><td>15</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>24</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anomotodon</i> sp.</th><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td><b>6</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Striatolamia macrota</i></th><td>959</td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>412</td><td>2</td><td>52</td><td>1</td><td>32</td><td>455</td><td>161</td><td></td><td>40</td><td><b>2123</b></td></tr><tr><th>Odontaspididae indet.</th><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>8</td><td>65</td><td></td><td>2</td><td><b>83</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachycarcharias atlasi</i></th><td>61</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>48</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>113</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachycarcharias lerichei</i></th><td>747</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>551</td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>49</td><td>8</td><td>3</td><td>7</td><td><b>1370</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachycarcharias twiggsensis</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td><td>15</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>21</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Hypotodus verticalis</i></th><td>46</td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td>70</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>121</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Jaekelotodus robustus</i></th><td>21</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>115</td><td></td><td>11</td><td></td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>157</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Mennerotodus</i> sp.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>5</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Odontaspis winkleri</i></th><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>5</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Tethylamna dunni</i></th><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>81</td><td></td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>96</b></td></tr><tr><th>Lamnidae indet.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>2</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Macrorhizodus praecursor</i></th><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>12</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><th>Scombridae indet.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>2</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Palaeocybium proosti</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>6</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Scomberomorus bleekeri</i></th><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>134</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>150</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Scomberomorus stormsi</i></th><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td><b>12</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Scomberomorus</i> sp.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>1</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Gymnosarda</i> sp.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>1</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Fisherichthys</i> aff. <i>F. folmeri</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>6</b></td></tr><tr><th>Ostraciidae indet.</th><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td><b>12</b></td></tr><tr><th>Balistidae indet.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>1</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Progymnodon hilgendorphi</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>118</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td><b>121</b></td></tr><tr><th>Teleostei indet.</th><td>17</td><td>793</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>171</td><td>19</td><td></td><td></td><td>8</td><td>87</td><td>33</td><td></td><td>3</td><td>1133</td></tr><tr><th>Totals</th><td>5689</td><td>853</td><td>3</td><td>52</td><td>25</td><td>5</td><td>6394</td><td>33</td><td>107</td><td>1</td><td>120</td><td>5747</td><td>836</td><td>4</td><td>497</td><td>20366</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Appendix 2</b> (continued)</p><p>Number of non-otolith taxa identified to lowest taxonomic ranking from each Claiborne Group locality in Alabama, USA.</p>
FIG. 6 in The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian
FIG. 6. — Comparison of the range of body masses (in LN) of the hyaenodonts from Aumelas with those recorded from the MP10 (Cuis, Grauves, Monthelon, Mancy), MP11 (Geiseltal-Untere Unterohle) and MP12 (Geiseltal- Untere Mittelkohle) reference-levels in a chronostratigraphic context. Two hypotheses are shown: Hypothesis 1, Aumelas is close to MP10 reference-level (Ypresian); Hypothesis 2, Aumelas is close to MP11 reference-level (Lutetian). The hypothesis 1 is based on the primitive features displayed by the fossils from Aumelas; the hypothesis 2 is based on the intermediate size of Matthodon peignei n. sp. between Matthodon menui (MP10) and Matthodon tritens (MP11). Note: the range of body masses provided for the MP10 level combines the data available from Grauves (reference-locality), Cuis, Chavot, Mancy, and Monthelon. Authorships of taxa are indicated in the Appendix 8.
FIG. 4 in The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian
FIG. 4. — Results of the phylogenetic analysis of Hyaenodonta character-taxon matrix. Results are visualized as an "all compact" (majority rule plus compatible groups) consensus tree. Major, named clades recovered or discussed in this analysis and recovered in other analyses are illustrated. In bold: new hyaenodonts species described herein.
FIG. 3. — Leonhardtina meridianum n in The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian
FIG. 3. — Leonhardtina meridianum n. sp. from Aumelas (MP10-MP11?): A, B, UM-AUM530, right maxillary fragment bearing M2 and M3; A, occlusal view; B, labial view; C-H, UM-AUM54 (Holotype), right mandible bearing p3 to m3; C, lingual view; D, labial view; E, occlusal view; F, occlusal close-up; G, lingual close-up; H, labial close-up. Abbreviations: me, metacone; pa, paracone; pr, protocone. Scale bars: 1 cm.
FIG. 1. — Matthodon peignei n in The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian
FIG. 1. — Matthodon peignei n. sp. from Aumelas (MP10-MP11?): A-C, UM-AUM694 (Holotype), left mandible bearing the p2-m3 and the alveoli of the canine and p1; A, occlusal view; B, lingual view; C, labial view; D-F, UM-AUM268, left mandible bearing the m2 and m3; D, occlusal view; E, lingual view; F, labial view. Scale bars: 1 cm.
FIG. 2. — Oxyaenoides aumelasiensis n in The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian
FIG. 2. — Oxyaenoides aumelasiensis n. sp. from Aumelas (MP10-MP11?): A-C, UM-AUM693 (Holotype), left mandible bearing m3, the anterior root and talonid of the m1, and the posterior alveolus of the p4, and the alveoli of m2; A, occlusal view; B, lingual view; C, labial view; D-G, UM-AUM692, combination of a left maxillary fragment bearing the P2-M1, a right maxillary fragment bearing the P3-P4, the protocone of the M1 and the alveoli of the P2; D, occlusal view of left maxillary; E, labial view of the left maxillary; F, occlusal view of the right maxillary; G, labial view of the right maxillary (reversed view); H-I, UM-AUM686, right M2; H, occlusal view; I, labial view. Scale bars: A-G, 1 cm; H, I, 50 mm.
Data from: Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of fossil snake mackerels and cutlassfishes (Trichiuroidea) from the Eocene (Ypresian) London Clay Formation
'Gempylids' (snake mackerels) and trichiurids (cutlassfishes) are pelagic fishes characterised by slender to eel-like bodies, deep-sea predatory ecologies, and large fang-like teeth. Several hypotheses of relationships between these groups have been proposed, but a consensus remains elusive. Fossils attributed to 'gempylids' and trichiurids consist almost exclusively of highly compressed body fossils and isolated teeth and otoliths. We use micro-computed tomography to redescribe two three-dimensional crania, historically assigned to †Eutrichiurides winkleri and †Progempylus edwardsi, as well as an isolated braincase (NHMUK PV OR 41318). All from the London Clay Formation (Eocene: Ypresian), these specimens represent some of the oldest fossils identified as trichiuroids. We find that †Eutrichiurides winkleri does not show diagnostic characters of †Eutrichiurides, and it is assigned to a new genus. In order to investigate the placement of these fossils relative to extant lineages, we combine existing morphological character sets for 'gempylids' and trichiurids along with published mitogenomic data in order to investigate the placement of these fossils relative to extant lineages. Our analyses recover a monophyletic Trichiuridae nested within a paraphyletic 'Gempylidae'. The taxon formerly known as †Eutrichiurides winkleri is considered Trichiuroidea incertae sedis, while †Progempylus edwardsi and NHMUK PV OR 41318 are recovered within the 'gempylid' grade. Using previously published descriptions and character optimisations from our phylogenetic analyses we suggest possible placements for laterally compressed body fossils historically associated with Trichiuroidea (†Argestichthys, †Abadzekia, †Chelifichthys, †Anenchelum, †Eutrichiurides, †Musculopedunculus).
Data from: Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of fossil snake mackerels and cutlassfishes (Trichiuroidea) from the Eocene (Ypresian) London Clay Formation
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