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Figure 1 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 1 Location of Gcwihaba hills in Botswana indicated by a red triangle (Reprinted from Robbins et al. 1996 with permission from Lawrence Robbins).
Figure 7 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 7 A CCA biplot of the relationships between cave macroinvertebrate taxa (triangles), sampling points (filled circles) and the measured environmental (variables lines with arrows). Environmental variables are presented as vectors, with arrow heads indicating their direction of increase. A positive correlation between the environmental variables and macroinvertebrate taxa and sampling points is indicated by their proximity to the arrowhead. Taxa and sampling points with a negative correlation with the variable axis plot on the opposite side of the arrowhead relative to the centroid, with the correlation strength increasing with distance of the symbols from the centroid.
Figure 5 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 5 Proportion of the four most abundant macroinvertebrate taxa along a 50 m transact into Gcwihaba cave.
Figure 4 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 4 Variation of the abundance and diversity of terrestrial macroinvertebrate samples with respect to distance into Gcwihaba cave, including all samples collected at each site, samples collected only from the floor at each site and samples collected only from the cave walls at each site.
Figure 2 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 2 The plan view of Gcwihaba cave (also known as Drotsky's cave) showing its chambers, the approximate position of cave sites surveyed for this study and other internal features (Modified from Dandurand et al. 2019, with permission from Gregory Dandurand).
Species diversity and biological trait function: Effectiveness of ant–plant mutualism decreases as ant species diversity increases
<p class="abstract">One of the major concerns of ecological and evolutionary research is the prediction of community function in relation to the degree of biodiversity. To clarify the relationship between biodiversity and the expression of plant defence traits, we investigated ant–plant defensive mutualism in the pioneer plant <i>Mallotus japonicus</i> at several sites across Japan. The plant bears ant-attracting extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and food bodies (FBs) as indirect defence traits.</p> <p class="abstract">To reveal variations in ant–plant interactions in the field, we measured species richness of nectar-feeding ants and interaction strength between each ant species and the plant (visiting frequency of each ant species to the plant). We also investigated the expression of EFNs and FBs in natural plant populations at the study sites. To assess the defensive quality of each ant species, we then experimentally estimated the aggressiveness of the dominant ant species. To examine the link between ant species richness and the defensive function of ants, we conducted an ant-exclusion experiment and a common garden experiment to clarify whether the defence efficacy of ants varied in relation to ant species richness.</p> <p class="abstract">Ant species richness differed among the study sites. We found negative relationships between ant species richness and the mean interaction strength of ant species, the interaction strength of aggressive ant species, and the number of EFNs per leaf. The effectiveness of indirect defence by ants was poor at sites where ant species richness was high. When cultivated in the same environment, plants from sites with low ant species richness developed a larger number of EFNs per leaf than those from sites with high ant species richness.</p> <p class="abstract">Our results suggest that facultative ant–plant defensive mutualism is weakened at sites where ant species richness is high, resulting in a decrease in the number of EFNs per leaf. Such a link between species richness and an indirect trait function may help us to understand the evolutionary patterns of various species traits in complex biological communities.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Pergl J, Brundu G, Harrower CA, Cardoso AC, Genovesi P, Katsanevakis S, Lozano V, Perglová I, Rabitsch W, Richards G, Roques A, Rorke SL, Scalera R, Schönrogge K, Stewart A, Tricarico E, Tsiamis K, Vannini A, Vilà M, Zenetos A, Roy HE (2020) Applying the Convention on Biological Diversity Pathway Classification to alien species in Europe. In: Wilson JR, Bacher S, Daehler CC, Groom QJ, Kumschick S, Lockwood JL, Robinson TB, Zengeya TA, Richardson DM. NeoBiota 62: 333-363. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.62.53796
Table S1
Data from: Resilience to fire of phylogenetic diversity across biological domains
Fire alters the structure and composition of above- and belowground communities with concurrent shifts in phylogenetic diversity. The inspection of post-fire trends in the diversity of ecological communities incorporating phylogenetic information allows to better understand the mechanisms driving fire resilience. While fire reduces plant phylogenetic diversity based on the recruitment of evolutionarily-related species with post-fire seed persistence, it increases that of soil microbes by limiting soil resources and changing the dominance of competing microbes. Thus, during post-fire community reassembly, plant and soil microbes might experience opposing temporal trends in their phylogenetic diversity that are linked through changes in the soil conditions. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the post-fire evolution of plant and soil microbial (fungi, bacteria and archaea) communities across three 20-year chronosequences. Plant phylogenetic diversity increased with time since fire as pioneer seeders facilitate the establishment of distantly-related late-successional shrubs. The post-fire increase in plant phylogenetic diversity fostered plant productivity, eventually recovering soil organic matter. These shifts over time in the soil conditions explained the post-fire restoration of fungal and bacterial phylogenetic diversity, which decreased to pre-fire levels, suggesting that evolutionarily-related taxa with high relative fitness recover their competitive superiority during community reassembly. The resilience to fire of phylogenetic diversity across biological domains helps preserve the evolutionary history stored in our ecosystems.
Supplementary material 2 from: Schneider AS, Knüsel M, Altermatt F (2023) Assessment of occurrence, diversity, and biomass of macroinvertebrates in Swiss groundwater systems using citizen science data. Subterranean Biology 46: 147-164. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.46.112569
Detailed procedure for macroinvertebrate bio-area measurements
Supplementary material 3 from: Schneider AS, Knüsel M, Altermatt F (2023) Assessment of occurrence, diversity, and biomass of macroinvertebrates in Swiss groundwater systems using citizen science data. Subterranean Biology 46: 147-164. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.46.112569
Supplementary results
Supplementary material 1 from: Schneider AS, Knüsel M, Altermatt F (2023) Assessment of occurrence, diversity, and biomass of macroinvertebrates in Swiss groundwater systems using citizen science data. Subterranean Biology 46: 147-164. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.46.112569
Bio-area and biomass relationship
Figure 5 from: Lagnika M, Kayo RPT, Sonet G, Flot J-F, Martin P (2024) DNA taxonomy reveals high species diversity among the stygobiont genus Metastenasellus (Crustacea, Isopoda) in African groundwater. Subterranean Biology 48: 51-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.48.113022
Figure 5 Molecular phylogeny constructed using the maximum likelihood method and COI gene fragment of Metastenasellus specimens from Benin and Cameroon. Partitions at the right side of the figure represent the results of the species delimitation analyses with single-locus methods (ASAP, GMYC, bPTP). Numbers at nodes are ultrafast bootstrap values (BV). Nodes were considered as supported if BVs were higher or equal to 90 (Hoang et al. 2018). For the sake of clarity, BVs are not shown within MOTUs delimited by ASAP and GMYC.
Figure 4 from: Lagnika M, Kayo RPT, Sonet G, Flot J-F, Martin P (2024) DNA taxonomy reveals high species diversity among the stygobiont genus Metastenasellus (Crustacea, Isopoda) in African groundwater. Subterranean Biology 48: 51-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.48.113022
Figure 4 Location of the 44 stations where Metastenasellus specimens were found in Cameroon and studied for DNA taxonomy (white dots). The numbers connected to the station symbols correspond to the numbering of the different MOTUs identified in this study.
Figure 2 from: Lagnika M, Kayo RPT, Sonet G, Flot J-F, Martin P (2024) DNA taxonomy reveals high species diversity among the stygobiont genus Metastenasellus (Crustacea, Isopoda) in African groundwater. Subterranean Biology 48: 51-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.48.113022
Figure 2 Location of the 19 stations in the Ouémé basin (Benin) from which 57 Metastenasellus specimens were selected for DNA taxonomy. The numbers connected to the station symbols correspond to the numbering of the different MOTUs identified in this study.
Fig. 9 in Phytochemical and biological studies on rare and endangered plants endemic to China. Part XXII. Structurally diverse diterpenoids from the leaves and twigs of the endangered conifer Torreya jackii and their bioactivities
Fig. 9. Experimental ECD spectra of 5 and 6 in MeCN.
Fig. 7. Proposed biosynthetic relationships between compounds 7 and 1–3 in Phytochemical and biological studies on rare and endangered plants endemic to China. Part XXII. Structurally diverse diterpenoids from the leaves and twigs of the endangered conifer Torreya jackii and their bioactivities
Fig. 7. Proposed biosynthetic relationships between compounds 7 and 1–3.
Fig. 4 in Phytochemical and biological studies on rare and endangered plants endemic to China. Part XXII. Structurally diverse diterpenoids from the leaves and twigs of the endangered conifer Torreya jackii and their bioactivities
Fig. 4. ORTEP drawing of 1.
Fig. 5 in Phytochemical and biological studies on rare and endangered plants endemic to China. Part XXII. Structurally diverse diterpenoids from the leaves and twigs of the endangered conifer Torreya jackii and their bioactivities
Fig. 5. Experimental and calculated ECD spectra of 2 in MeCN.
Fig. 2. 1H–1H in Phytochemical and biological studies on rare and endangered plants endemic to China. Part XXII. Structurally diverse diterpenoids from the leaves and twigs of the endangered conifer Torreya jackii and their bioactivities
Fig. 2. 1H–1H COSY (for 2–4, and 6) and selected HMBC correlations (for 1–6).
Fig. 3 in Phytochemical and biological studies on rare and endangered plants endemic to China. Part XXII. Structurally diverse diterpenoids from the leaves and twigs of the endangered conifer Torreya jackii and their bioactivities
Fig. 3. Key NOE correlations of 1–6.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.