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781 results for “canopies”
Demo data for global-canopy-height-model
<p>Demo data for the example scripts provided in <a href="https://github.com/langnico/global-canopy-height-model">https://github.com/langnico/global-canopy-height-model</a>.</p><p>Please see the README in the github repository for further information and see Lang, et al. (2023) for more information.</p><p><strong>Reference:</strong></p><p>Lang, N., Jetz, W., Schindler, K., & Wegner, J. D. (2023). A high-resolution canopy height model of the Earth. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1-12, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02206-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02206-6</a></p><p> </p>
Peeking under the canopy: anomalously short fire-return intervals alter subalpine forest understory plant communities
Changing climate and fire regimes are profoundly affecting temperate coniferous forests, driving greatly reduced tree cover postfire. However, whether similar changes are present in the understory of these forests remains less well-understood. We sampled understory plant communities in 20 plot pairs across Greater Yellowstone (Wyoming, USA) in July and August 2021, with each including one plot burned at short (<30 year) fire-return interval and one plot burned in the same most recent fire but not burned previously for >125 years. We also included 11 plot pairs meeting our definition of short- and long-interval fire that were sampled 12 years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires in summer 2000. We also used previously collected published and unpublished data to compare understory communities following recent (2016) short-interval fires to those following the previous long-interval fire in the same general area. In each plot, percent cover of understory plant species was estimated in 0.25-m2 quadrats, and species richness determined via a whole-plot sweep. Understory plant community cover, richness, and diversity did not differ by interval class, but species able to persist in drier conditions and in lower vegetation zones became more abundant following shot interval fire. Further, previously distinct understory communities following long-interval fire in two regions of Greater Yellowstone became slightly more similar following recent short-interval fire. Dissimilarity between plot pairs increased with greater historical snowfall and decreased with time since fire and postfire winter snowfall. These changes to understory plant communities may continue with ongoing shifts in climate and fire across temperate and boreal forests.
canopy herbivory and leaf traits of tree communities in tropical montane rainforests of southern Ecuador
This dataset contains herbivory data estimated as leaf area loss [cm²] and [%] and several leaf traits measured either conventionally or via spectral sensing-based techniques from canopies of tree communities in tropical montane rainforests of the Andes in southern Ecuador between February and March in 2019. The data were used by Schön et al. (in prep) to evaluate whether leaf traits are valuable indicators of canopy herbivory mainly caused by arthropods and further, whether chemical leaf traits estimated via spectral sensing-based techniques have similar strong relations to herbivory as leaf traits measured conventionally. Herbivory was estimated with the software WinFOLIA ™ 2019a from scanned mature and sun-exposed leaves of tree canopies. Spectral sensing-based leaf traits comprising secondary plant metabolites and both structural and nutritional cell components were estimated from leaves with an OceanOptics spectrometer HDX. Conventionally measured leaf traits comprising morphological and nutritional traits were derived by applying both elemental and morphometrical analyses (e.g., ICP analysis, a digital micrometer and penetrometer). For detailed descriptions of the methodology see Schön et al. (in prep), Homeier et al. (2021), and Limberger et al. (2021). Research was conducted by the subprojects A1, B1, and B4 within the framework of the RESPECT project (Environmental changes in biodiversity hotspot ecosystems of South Ecuador: RESPonse and feedback effECTs) funded by the DFG with the grant numbers: BE1780/51-1, BE1780/51-2, Ho3296/6-1, FA 925/11-1, FA 925/11-2, FA 925/16-1, BR1293/17-1.
Projected climate and canopy change lead to thermophilization and homogenization of forest floor vegetation in a hotspot of plant species richness, Berchtesgaden National Park, Bavaria, Germany
Mountain forests are plant diversity hotspots, but changing climate and increasing forest disturbances will likely lead to far-reaching plant community change. Projecting future change, however, is challenging for forest understory plants, which respond to forest structure and composition as well as climate. Here, we jointly assessed effects of both climate and forest change, including wind and bark beetle disturbances, using the process-based simulation model iLand in a protected landscape in the northern Alps (Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany), asking: (1) How do understory plant communities respond to 21st-century change in a topographically complex mountain landscape, representing a hotspot of plant species richness? (2) How important are climatic changes (i.e., direct climate effects) versus forest structure and composition changes (i.e., indirect climate effects and recovery from past land use) in driving understory responses at landscape scales? Stacked individual species distribution models fit with climate, forest, and soil predictors (248 species currently present in the landscape, derived from 150 field plots stratified by elevation and forest development, overall AUC = 0.86) were driven with projected climate (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and modeled forest variables to predict plant community change. Nearly all species persisted in the landscape in 2050, but on average 8% of the species pool was lost by the end of the century. By 2100, landscape mean species richness and understory cover declined (-13% and -8%, respectively), warm-adapted species increasingly dominated plant communities (i.e., thermophilization, +12%), and plot-level turnover was high (62%). Subalpine forests experienced the greatest richness declines (-16%), most thermophilization (+17%), and highest turnover (67%), resulting in plant community homogenization across elevation zones. Climate rather than forest change was the dominant driver of understory responses. The magnitude of unabated 2
Tree species identity, diameter and qualitative canopy health measurements (full, partial or dead) from 2005 to 2023 on 12 experimental oak loss plots in Black Rock Forest, NY.
Black Rock Forest established a series of 12, 0.56 ha plots in 2005 to assess impacts of the loss of tree in the genus Quercus on the forest ecosystem (entitled the Future of Oak Forests experiment). Three trunk girdling treatments, with control plots were instituted in 2008. Each plot also contained an ~10m by ~15m deer exclosure to assess the impact of herbivory post-disturbance. Trees were measured twice per year from 2008 to 2013 (except 2009 when trees were measured once) and once per year from 2014 to 2023. Data include tree species identity, diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy health (a qualitative assessment of approximate cover as full, partial or dead), presence/absence of sprouts, and location within the plot. All live trees equal to or larger than 2.5 cm DBH are included in the dataset.
Distribution and abundance of canopy trees in floodplain forests of the Wisconsin River 1999 - 2001
The Wisconsin River Floodplain Project aimed to identify landscape indicators that are well correlated with specific aspects of ecological function. This is a crucial research need requiring an integrated approach that combines landscape monitoring with field studies. Large river-floodplain systems are among the most diverse and dynamic landscapes in the US, providing many important societal values, but relatively little effort has been devoted to development and testing of landscape indicators for these systems. We developed and tested ecological indicators for large river-floodplain landscapes along reaches of the Wisconsin River to determine which landscape metrics are most useful for monitoring population, community and ecosystem processes in large river-floodplain landscapes. Spatially extensive field sampling was combined with landscape analysis in nine reaches of the Wisconsin River sampling to quantify the ability of landscape indicators to predict ecological variables over broad scales. Landscape indicators were evaluated by their utility for detecting changes in the structure and function of the Wisconsin River floodplain landscape that were related to modification of the natural flow regime, historical land use, and current land-use patterns. Our field studies were concentrated in floodplain forest in nine 12 to 20-km reaches along the lower 400 km of the Wisconsin River.
Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer
As cities warm and the need for climate adaptation strategies increases, a more detailed understanding of the cooling effects of land-cover across a continuum of spatial scales will be necessary to guide management decisions. We asked how tree canopy cover and impervious surface cover interact to influence daytime and nighttime summer air temperature, and how effects vary with the spatial scale at which land-cover data are analyzed (10, 30, 60 and 90-m radii). A bicycle-mounted measurement system was used to sample air temperature every 5 m along 10 transects (about 7 km length, sampled 3-12 times each) spanning a range of impervious and tree canopy cover (0 to 100%, each) in a mid-sized city in the Upper Midwest, USA. Variability in daytime air temperature within the urban landscape averaged 3.5 degreeC (range 1.1 to 5.7 degreeC). Temperature decreased nonlinearly with increasing canopy cover, with the greatest cooling when canopy cover exceeded 40%. The magnitude of daytime cooling also increased with spatial scale, and was greatest at the size of a typical city block (60-90 m). Daytime air temperature increased linearly with increasing impervious cover, but the magnitude of warming was less than the cooling associated with increased canopy cover. Variation in nighttime air temperature averaged 2.1C (range 1.2 to 3.0 degreeC), and temperature increased with impervious surface. Effects of canopy were limited at night; thus, reduction of impervious surfaces remains critical for reducing nighttime urban heat. Results suggest strategies for managing urban land-cover patterns to enhance resilience of cities to climate warming.
Forest metrics derived from the 2008 Lidar point clouds, includes canopy closure, percentile height, and stem mapping for the Andrews Experimental Forest.
There are three types of forest metrics within this database. They all are derived from the raw Lidar point clouds using the FUSION software. The three types are canopy closure, height metric, and stem mapping. The canopy closure and height metric grids cover a variety of canopy heights and grid cell sizes. 1. Canopy closure: This metric measures the canopy closure of a given horizontal cell above a given vertical threshold (height break). Canopy closure can inform many landscape models and provide insight on how much light will reach the forest floor. 2. Height Metric: This metric measures the height at which a given percent of the first return points are below. This analysis is done in a given grid cell size. Height metrics give various statistics of the elevation above ground for a given set of Lidar points. In forested landscapes, first return height metrics describe the forest canopy. 3.This stem map locates the approximate center of all trees in the HJ Andrews Research Forest greater than 10 meters. In addition to the stem location, a canopy radius is also provided. FUSION and TreeVaWA software programs were used to develop this data. Watershed Sciences, Inc. (WS) collected Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data from HJ Andrews and the Willamette National Forest (NF) on August 10th and 11th 2008. Total area for this AOI is 17,705 acres. The total area of delivered LiDAR including 100 m buffer is 19,493 acres.
Photosynthetically Active Radiation data taken with the Delta-T SunScan wand every 15 cm of 1m x 1m chamber flux and point frame plots as well as four remotely monitored canopies at the Toolik Field Station in AK, Summer 2012.
Within-canopy PAR was measured with a Delta-T SunScan wand every 15 cm from the ground to above the canopy under both direct and diffuse light. The data includes all outputs from the SunScan wand: time of measurement, spread of PAR sensors, total irradiance, total diffuse light, and individual outputs of 64-PAR sensors on the SunScan wand. These measurements were taken for 1m x 1m chamber flux (n=14) and point frame (n=19) plots as well as sites four montitored remotely by PAR sensors located above, within, and below shrub canopies. All plots were dominated either by tall Salix pulchra and Betula nana species and were located near the LTER shrub plots at Toolik Field Station , AK in the summer of 2012.
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measurements, relative humidity, and temperature data logged every five minutes from Betula nana and Salix pulchra shrub canopies, summer of 2012 in vicinity of Toolik Lake, Alaska.
This file contains PAR , relative humidity, and temperature data logged every five minutes from within, below, and above Betula nana and Salix pulchra shrub canopies at two locations near Toolik Lake, Alaska during the summer of 2012. The location of the PAR sensor and dataloggers were co-located with the LTER shrub plots (block 1 and 2), also used for the chamber flux and point frame measurements taken this same year. There were two logging sites (block 1 and 2), each of which had five PAR sensors, two for each shrub canopy and one above, as well as three sensors to log relative humidity and temperature. Additional data about the daily instrument output from these sites can be found in the file "ShrubCanopy_DailyLogger".
Harvest data including the shoot leaf area index, position in the canopy, and shoot and plant tissue area, count and mass for each shoot harvested at three levels in the canopy from 19 1m x 1m plots near LTER Shrub plots, Toolik Field Station, AK 2012.
Leaf and plant tissue area and mass from shoots harvested from 19 1m x 1m point frame plots near Toolik Field Station, AK during the summer of 2012. Six shoots were harvested from each plot, two from each canopy layer: upper, middle, and low. Each shoot came from a different plant, and the species selected was based on the species dominant in that canopy layer. The leaf area and mass were used to correct A/Ci and light response curves taken on each shoot [data published separately]. At the time of collection, the location relative to the point frame, height, and leaf area index (LAI) of each shoot was measured; those data are included here.
Daily summaries of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), relative humidity, and temperature data logged above, within, and below Betula nana and Salix pulchra shrub canopies during the summer of 2012 in vicinity of Toolik Lake, Alaska.
This file contains limited daily summaries of PAR, relative humidity, and temperature data monitored above, within, and below Betula nana and Salix pulchra shrub canopies at two locations near Toolik Lake, Alaska during the summer of 2012. The location of the PAR sensor and dataloggers were co-located with the LTER shrub plots (block 1 and 2), also used for the chamber flux and point frame measurements taken this same year. There were two logging sites (block 1 and 2), each of which had PAR five PAR sensors, two for each shrub canopy and one above, as well as three sensors to log relative humidity and temperature. This file contains maximum PAR, total daily PAR, and daily average temperature data, as well as intermittant maximum and minimum values for temperature and relative humidity. Data monitored every five minutes is available in the file "ShrubCanopy_InstantLogger".
A/Ci curve parameters measured from shoots harvested at three levels in the canopy from 19 1m x 1m plots dominated by S. pulchra and B. nana shrubs near LTER Shrub plots at Toolik Field Station, AK the summer of 2012.
A/Ci curve parameters and modeled carboxylation, electron transport, and triose-phosphate utilization efficiency rates from shoots clipped from low, mid, and the top of tall, shrub canopies dominated either by Salix pulchra or Betula nana species. Six shoots were harvested from each 1m x 1m plot, two from each level in the canopy. These plots were located near the LTER shrub plots at the Toolik Field Staion, AK for point frame measurements, and all measurements took place the summer of 2012. The species harvested were chosen based on the species present in each plot, thus the species from each segment of the canopy may not be the same. Additional information about each shoot can be found in the "PF_ShootLightcurve_Data" and "PF_ShootHarvest_Data" pages, regarding the light response curves, area, mass, leaf area index, and leaf nitrogen content of each shoot. The file "PF_PercentCover" contains the species cover data for each plot.
Percent carbon and nitrogen of leaves from shoots harvested at three levels in the canopy from 19 plots dominated by S. pulchra and B. nana shrubs near LTER Shrub plots at Toolik Field Station, AK the summer of 2012.
The percent carbon and nitrogen from leaves of shoots harvested from 1m x 1m point frame plots the summer of 2012 at Toolik Lake, Alaska. were measured on a ThermoScientific 2000. For each point frame plot, six shoots were harvested from upper, middle, and low sections of the canopy. The photosynthetic capacity of each shoot was analyzed with a LiCor 6400 infra-red gas analyzer by being run through a light response and A/Ci curve. The area of the shoot as viewed from the stop of the LiCor opaque, confer chamber ("silhouette area") as well as the area of each shoot organ type was measured. These data are published separately, though methods are described below.
Percent species cover from 14 flux canopy and 19 point frame 1m x 1m plots sampled near the shrub LTER sites at Toolik Field Station, Alaska, summer 2012.
Total and individual subsample species percent cover data for all plots where flux or point frame measurements were made in 2012 IVO the LTER Shrub vegetation plots at Toolik Field Station. All plots sampled were dominated either by B. nana or S. pulchra canopies. Cover estimates were made for the five most dominate functional groups using a 1m x 1m grid with 20cm2 blocks with each square representing four percent of the total area. Percentages represent absolute cover so do not sum to 100%.
Maximum canopy height from 14 flux canopy and 19 point frame plots sampled near the shrub LTER sites at Toolik Field Station, Alaska, summer 2012.
Maximum canopy height measurements for deciduous shrub canopies sampled for both 1m x 1mc hamber flux polots (n=14) and point frame plots (n=19) in the summer of 2012 near LTER shrub plots at Toolik Lake, AK. The canopies were dominated either by Salix pulchra or Betula nana species, and plot locations were preferentially selected for tall canopies (height &gt; 75 cm). The methods for the chamber flux and point frames are outlined here briefly, though the data from these measurements are contained in separate files.
Summary of measured and modeled light curve parameters for diffuse, direct, and intermediate light curves for 14 whole-canopy 1mx1m plots sampled near the shrub LTER sites at Toolik Field Station, Alaska, summer 2012.
14 1m x 1m shrub plots were sampled the summer of 2012 under direct and diffuse light conditions. Light response curves were measured under each light condition for each plot using a Li-Cor 6400 to measure net ecosystem exchange (NEP); these measurements were modelled using a saturatingMichaelis-Menton formula. The best fit parameters for those models are contained here (Pmax, K, RE, Eo, and light compensation point) for each individual NEP light response curve (direct, diffuse, and intermediate light conditions) measured with corresponding NDVI , LAI, diffuse light fraction, and average temperature. Sorting variables and curve ID numbers for each curve match the corresponding data in the flux data file.
Individual chamber flux measurements from 14 flux whole-canopy shrub plots sampled near the shrub LTER sites at Toolik Field Station, Alaska, summer 2012.
“Flux data†contains the CO2 and water flux data along with the corresponding diffuse light fraction at the time of measurement from the ITEX shrub canopy project taken at Toolik Lake, Alaska in 2012. Each record is a single LiCor flux measurement made with LiCor 6400 photosynthesis system, with associated average pressure, temperature, PAR, water vapor, and other data such as NDVI and LAI measurements taken with a DeltaT SunScan wand under both direct and diffuse light conditions.
Light response curves measured from shoots harvested at three levels in the canopy from 19 1m x 1m plots dominated by S. pulchra or B. nana shrubs near LTER Shrub plots at Toolik Field Station, AK the summer of 2012.
This dataset contains light response curves and modeled light curve parameters from shoots clipped from low, mid, and the top parts of tall, shrub canopies dominated either by Salix pulchra or Betula nana. Six shoots were harvested from each 1m x 1m plot, two from each level in the canopy in plots located near the LTER shrub plots at Toolik Field Station, AK the summer of 2012. The species harvested were chosen based on the species present in each plot, thus the species from each segment of the canopy may not be the same. Additional information about each shoot can be found in the "2012_GS_ITEX_PF_ShootA-CiData" and "2012_GS_ITEX_PF_ShootHarvestData" pages, regarding the A-Ci response, area, mass, leaf area index, and leaf nitrogen content of each shoot. The file "2012_GS_ITEX_PercentCover" contains the species cover data for each plot.
Canopy cover in mature black spruce forest, mature mixed forest, and early successional forest in Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest
This dataset contains measurements of canopy cover in three habitats commonly used by snowshoe hares in Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest.
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