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Fig. 11 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 11. Cross-plot of morphotype membership for each grooved sinistral (A) and dextral (B) specimen on the x-axis and their centroid size along the y-axis. Centroid size is not a measure of length, because the outwards movement of any landmark from the centroid will cause it to increase, but for the sake of providing reference, specimens with a platform length less than 0.4 mm generally had a centroid size below 900.

Fig. 8 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 8. Cross-plot of the first two principal components (labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues) and wireframes (A) and canonical variation plot (using chirality membership as the group defining criterion) and wireframes (B) for Idiognathodus luganicus. Black wireframes, form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; blue/red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red, dextral.

Fig. 10 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 10. Principal component cross-plots of the first two principal components (labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues) and wireframes (A, B) and canonical variation plots (using chirality membership as the group defining criterion) and wireframes (C, D) for Idiognathodus simulator (A, C) and Idiognathodus auritus (B, D). Black wireframes, form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; blue/red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red, dextral.

Fig. 6 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 6. Canonical variation plot and wireframes for all grooved specimens, using chirality membership as the group-defining criterion. Gray wireframe, the mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit, and blue/ red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red dextral.

Fig. 7 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 7. Canonical variation (CV) cross-plots and wireframes for all grooved sinistral (A) and dextral (B) elements, using lobe membership (red, 0 lobes; blue, 1 lobe; green, 2 lobes; purple, dicconnected ridge) as the group-defining criterion. Gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; black wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate.

Fig. 9 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 9. Principal component cross-plots of the first two principal components (labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues) and wireframes (A, B) and canonical variation plots (using chirality membership as the group defining criterion) and wireframes (C, D) for Idiognathodus lateralis (A, C) and Idiognathodus praenuntius (B, D). Black wireframes, form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; blue/red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red, dextral.

Fig. 2. A in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 2. A. Composite stratigraphic section of the lithologic members of the Oread Megacylothem and relative sea level curve; modified from Heckel 1999, 2013). B. Detailed measured stratigraphic sections of the Heebner Shale at each locality. Darkness of the shale intervals corresponds to the darkness of the shale in hand sample. See SOM 1 for exact locations.

Fig. 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 5. Principal component (PC) cross-plot and wireframes for all grooved specimens. A. Principal component cross plot of the first two principal components, labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues (blue, sinistral; red dextral). B. Black wireframes, the resulting form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray outline, the mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit.

Fig. 1 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 1. Paleogeographic map of Laurentia (A) and the Midcontinent sea (B) during Late Pennsylvanian time. Terrestrial/marine environments represent regions dependent on glacio-eustatic and basin controls. Modern day state outlines for reference to sample locations: 1, Sedan spillway; 2, Clinton Dam; 3, interstate I-229 roadcut. A.W.A., Ancestral-Wichita-Amarillo mountains. A, based on Heckel (1999); B, modified from Algeo and Heckel (2008).

Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 3. Transformation of a conodont P1 element into morphometric coordinate points: 1, specimen is photographed; 2, coordinates are placed on the image using the software TspUtil; 3, wireframe outline is created by linking landmarks to each other; 4, image is removed to illustrate that all analyses beyond this point are performed on the landmarks only, and all other biological criteria are no longer considered. Open circles, location of Type 1 landmarks, and black ovals, location of Type 2 landmarks.

Fig. 4 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 4. Wireframe created by connecting landmarks chosen for the Idiognathodus simulator morphometric analysis. Numbers represent the landmark number designations used for the morphometric analysis: 1, ventral termination of the rostral adcarinal ridge; 2, dorsal termination of the carina; 3, ventral termination of the caudal adcarinal ridge; 4, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 5, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 6, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 7, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 8, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side. 9, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side; 10, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 11, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 12, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 13, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 14, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 15, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 16, dorsal tip of the element; 17, midpoint along the rostral adcarinal ridge; 18, midpoint along the caudal adcarinal ridge.

Fig. 9 in Lochkovian conodonts from Podolia, Ukraine, and their stratigraphic significance

Fig. 9. Ontogenetic development and morphological comparison of Pa elements of Podolian Caudicriodus species.

Fig. 8 in Lochkovian conodonts from Podolia, Ukraine, and their stratigraphic significance

Fig. 8. Some discrete elements of the unassigned taxa from the Ivanye (A–M) and Khudykivtsi (N, O) formations, all in lateral view. A, B, D. Pb elements. A. Ivanye Zolote−52/515 m, ZPAL C.20/7.28. B. Zalishchyky− 1/490 m, ZPAL C.20/6.5. D. Ivanye Zolote−52/515 m, ZPAL C.20/7.16. C, E, G. Sb elements. C. Ivanye Zolote−52/515 m, ZPAL C.20/7.17. E. Zalishchyky−1/490 m, ZPAL C.20/6.13. G. Ivanye Zolote−52/515 m, ZPAL C.20/7.29. F, J. M elements; Ivanye Zolote−52/515 m. F. ZPAL C.20/7.20. J. ZPAL C.20/7.14. H, L, M. Sa elements (probably genus Pandorinellina). H. Ivanye Zolote−52/515 m, ZPAL C.20/7.19. L. Zalishchyky−1/490 m, ZPAL C.20/6.11. M. Ivanye Zolote−52/515 m, ZPAL C.20/7.24. I, K. Sc elements. I. Zalishchyky−1/490 m, ZPAL C.20/6.10. K. Ivanye Zolote−52/515 m, ZPAL C.20/7.26. N, O. Zieglerodina remscheidensis (Ziegler, 1960); Dnistrove−14/1.3 m. N. Sb element, ZPAL C.20/ 1.15. O. Sc element, ZPAL C.20/1.14.

Fig. 6 in Lochkovian conodonts from Podolia, Ukraine, and their stratigraphic significance

Fig. 6. Probable phyletic relationship within Zieglerodina and Pandorinellina? based on the Podolian collection. D., Devonian; S., Silurian; Fm., Formation. For legend see Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 in Lochkovian conodonts from Podolia, Ukraine, and their stratigraphic significance

Fig. 3. Stratigraphic range of conodonts in the Lochkovian sequence of Podolia. A. Lower part. B. Upper part (see next page). D., Devonian; S., Silurian.

Fig. 1. A in Lochkovian conodonts from Podolia, Ukraine, and their stratigraphic significance

Fig. 1. A. General location of the study area. B. Distribution of the subsurface Silurian and Devonian deposits in Podolia and geological setting of the area. 1, Eastern extent of the Silurian deposits; 2, Eastern extent of the Devonian Tyver Group (see Fig. 2); 3, Eastern extent of Dniester Member (Old Red Formation); 4, Western extent of the Devonian deposits. 5. Extent of the Middle Devonian deposits (area of the Lviv Depression); 6, Location of the studied borings. C. Location and numbers of the studied outcrops (see also Table 1).

Fig. 5. A in Lochkovian conodonts from Podolia, Ukraine, and their stratigraphic significance

Fig. 5. A. Probable phyletic relationships within Caudicriodus, based on the evidence of the Podolian collection. B. Similar forms in other regions. D., Devonian; S., Silurian; Fm., Formation. For legend see Fig. 3.

Fig. 4 in Lochkovian conodonts from Podolia, Ukraine, and their stratigraphic significance

Fig. 4. Carbon isotope (δ13C) trends in the Lochkovian sections of Barrandian (Požáry Quarry), Cantabrian Mountais and Podolia. Subdivision of the Lochkovian after Slavík et al. (in press). Isotope curves, from Barrandian and Cantabrian Mountain after Buggisch and Mann (2004), from Podolia after Małkowski et al. (2009). On the right−electric resistance of isochronic rocks in the nearest deep borings in Podolia (for location see Fig. 1), after Drygant (2000). Abbreviations: C., Caudicriodus; I., Icriodus; O., Ozarkodina; D, Devonian; S, Silurian; Fm., Formation; Mb., Member. For legend see Fig. 3.

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Fig. 5 in The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts

Fig. 5. Venom delivery structures of extant fish. A–C. Dorsal spines of Pterois volitans Linnaeus, 1758, family Scorpaenidae. A. Whole spine; ZPAL C.19/165.1. B. Distal portion of another spine, fractured to show cross−section; ZPAL C.19/165.2. C. Magnification of a fragment; ZPAL C.19/165.3. D. Anterior part of the lower jaw of Meiacanthus grammistes (Valenciennes), 1836, family Blenniidae, Indonesia; ZPAL C.19/2.1.