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739 results for “data loss”
Learning From, Talking About and Reflecting on Data Loss: a Failure Report
<p>Learning From, Talking About and Reflecting on Data Loss: a Failure Report</p> <p>Andrew Harvey</p> <p>Presented 7 October 2022 at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities Where Do We Need to Go From Here? Language Documentation and Archiving in the International Decade of Indigenous Languages</p>
Data from: Stress-induced loss of social resilience in honeybee colonies and its implications on fitness
<p>Stressors may lead to a shift in the timing of life-history events of species causing a mismatch with optimal environmental conditions, potentially reducing fitness. In honeybees, the timing of brood rearing and nest emergence in late winter/early spring is critical, as colonies need to grow fast after winter to prepare for reproduction. However, the effects of stress on these life-history events in late winter/early spring and the possible consequences are not well understood. Therefore, we tested whether (1) honeybee colonies shift timing of brood rearing and nest emergence as a response to stressors, and (2) if there is a consequent loss of social resilience, reflected in colony fitness (survival, growth and reproduction). We monitored stressed (high load of the parasitic mite <em>Varroa destructor</em> or nutrition-restricted) colonies and presumably non-stressed colonies from the beginning of 2020 till the spring of 2021. We found that honeybee colonies do not shift the timing of brood rearing and nest emergence in spring as a coping mechanism to stressors. However, we show that there is a loss of social resilience in stressed colonies, leading to reduced growth and reproduction. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the effects of stressors on social resilience in eusocial organisms.</p>
Data from: Projected loss of brown macroalgae and seagrasses with global environmental change
<p>Data associated with the paper "Projected loss of brown macroalgae and seagrasses with global environmental change" by Federica Manca, Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi, Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Mar Cabeza, Camilla Gustafsson, Alf M. Norkko, Tomas V. Roslin, David N. Thomas, Lydia White, Giovanni Strona</p>
Data for: Climate warming and projected loss of thermal habitat volume in lake populations of brook trout
<p>We applied an ensemble of climate warming models and the seasonal temperature profile model for lakes (STM) to assess changes in brook trout thermal habitat volume (THV) among lakes (N=100) within a large, protected area under two climate warming scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Brook trout thermal habitat was defined as 9-17°C. Climate warming projections for the balance of this century, regardless of RCP category, will result in the loss of brook trout habitat in lakes that range widely in size. THV loss will be most extensive in lakes that are relatively shallow given their surface area. By 2071-2100 under RCP 4.5, the 90<sup>th</sup> percentile of THV loss = 31% vs. 63% under RCP 8.5. By the century's end under RCP 8.5, the protected area landscape will be a matrix of lakes with some serving as climate refugia (with reduced THV) and others having severe reductions in THV (>90<sup>th</sup> percentile THV loss).</p>
Data from: Higher avian biodiversity, increased shrub cover, and proximity to continuous forest may reduce pest insect crop loss in small-scale oil palm farming
<p>One of the key ecosystem services offered by avian biodiversity within agricultural landscapes is natural predation. Nonetheless, the current use of biological control agents such as farmland birds in oil palm plantations is relatively limited. The present study aimed to assess the potential roles of avian biodiversity, particularly insectivores which provide natural predation against oil palm herbivorous insects. We also investigated the influence of local- and landscape-scale variables on foliage damage (crown or frond). Our data showed that crown damage decreased with increasing farmland bird richness (overall and insectivore), shrub cover, dried biomass, and elevation, but increased with epiphyte cover, oil palm height, and distance to continuous forest. Frond damage was negatively related to bird richness (overall, insectivore, and non-insectivore) and non-insectivore abundance, elevation, and shrub cover, while increased with insectivorous abundance, epiphyte cover, oil palm height, and distance to continuous forest. We also found that plantations (≥ 50 ha) were more susceptible to foliage damage from pest insects than smallholdings (<50 ha). There was no evidence that indicated the influence of forest patches on foliage damage. Our study highlights the economic value of conserving biodiversity, most notably, farmland birds and continuous forests with respect to biological control of defoliating pests and maintaining yield productivity in oil palm cultivation. Growers, particularly major plantation companies should make oil palm farming more biodiversity-friendly in order to increase the number of biological control agents such as birds.</p>
Output data from "Emissions leakage and economic losses could limit the effectiveness of deforestation-linked oil crop import restrictions"
<p>Contains a .dat file with queried output from scenario runs used in the paper, Yarlagadda, B., X. Zhao, G. Iyer, T. Wild, N. Hultman and J. Lamontagne, "Emissions leakage and economic losses could limit the effectiveness of deforestation-linked oil crops". This output can be run with the workflow in <a href="https://github.com/brinday/oilcrop-trade-deforestation-leakage">https://github.com/brinday/oilcrop-trade-deforestation-leakage</a> to generate the figures presented in the paper.</p>
Data from: Widespread loss of mammalian lineage and dietary diversity in the early Oligocene of Afro-Arabia
<p>Diverse lines of geological and geochemical evidence indicate that the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) marked the onset of a global cooling phase, rapid growth of the Antarctic ice sheet, and a worldwide drop in sea level. Paleontologists have established that shifts in mammalian community structure in Europe and Asia were broadly coincident with these events, but the potential impact of early Oligocene climate change on the mammalian communities of Afro-Arabia has long been unclear. Here we employ dated phylogenies of multiple endemic Afro-Arabian mammal clades (anomaluroid and hystricognath rodents, anthropoid and strepsirrhine primates, and carnivorous hyaenodonts) to investigate lineage diversification and loss since the early Eocene. These analyses provide the first non-anecdotal evidence for widespread mammalian extinction in the early Oligocene of Afro-Arabia, with almost two-thirds of peak late Eocene diversity lost in these clades by ~30 Ma. Using homology-free dental topographic metrics, we further demonstrate that the loss of Afro-Arabian rodent and primate lineages was associated with a reduction in molar occlusal topographic disparity, suggesting a correlated loss of dietary diversity. These results raise new questions about the relative importance of global versus local influences in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of Afro-Arabia's endemic mammals during the Oligocene.</p>
Data from: Natural Zeitgebers under temperate conditions cannot compensate for the loss of a functional circadian clock in timing of a vital behavior in Drosophila
<p><span>The adaptive significance of adjusting behavioral activities to the right time of the day seems obvious but is under debate. Our data provides evidence that proper timing of eclosion, a vital behavior of the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, requires a functional molecular clock under quasi-natural conditions. </span></p> <p><span>We compared eclosion profiles and assessed eclosion rhythmicity in wildtype flies (CS) and clock-related mutant strains <em>(per<sup>01</sup></em>, <em>pdf<sup>01</sup></em>, <em>han<sup>5304</sup></em>) under laboratory and outdoor conditions. In the laboratory, flies were entrained in either light-dark cycle (LD12:12) or warm (25°C)-cold (16°C) cycle (WC12:12), and tested under entrainment or constant conditions using TriKinetics Drosophila Eclosion Monitors. For outdoor assays, a WEclMon system was used and experiments were performed between July-Octobre 2014 and July-Octobre 2016. </span></p> <p><span>Flies with a defective molecular clock showed impaired rhythmicity and gating under natural temperate conditions in Würzburg/Germany even in the presence of a full complement of abiotic Zeitgebers. We also found that eclosion rhythmicity cannot be entrained by daily cycles in relative humidity. Low relative humidity also did not or only weakly affect the ability of the flies to eclose and unfold their wings.</span></p> <p><span>Our results suggest that the presence of natural Zeitgebers is not sufficient, and a functional molecular clock is required to induce stable temporal eclosion patterns in flies under temperate conditions with considerable day-today variation in light intensity and temperature. Temperate Zeitgebers are, however, sufficient to functionally rescue a loss of PDF-signalling.</span></p> <p><span>The data set belongs to the publication:</span></p> <p><em><span>Ruf F, Mitesser O, Mungwa ST, Horn M, Rieger D, Hovestadt T, and Wegener C (2021) Natural Zeitgebers Under Temperate Conditions Cannot Compensate for the Loss of a Functional Circadian Clock in Timing of a Vital Behavior in Drosophila. </span>Journal of Biological Rhythms 36: 271–285. DOI: 10.1177/0748730421998112.</em></p>
Subarctic soil carbon losses after deforestation for agriculture depend on permafrost abundance - study data
<p>Contains the dataset and R code used for the study "Subarctic soil carbon losses after deforestation for agriculture depend on permafrost abundance".</p>
Data from: Variations in bark structural properties affect both water loss and carbon economics in neotropical savanna trees in the Cerrado region of Brazil
<p><span>Even after complete stomatal closure, plants lose water through the leaf cuticles and bark. This residual water conductance of leaves (g<sub>leaf-res</sub>) and stems (g<sub>bark</sub>) can negatively impact plant water balance and affect plant survival in seasonally dry environments. However, little is known about the costs and benefits associated with such water leaks, especially on stem level. </span></p> <p><span>Here, we characterized the structural and functional determinants of the variability in g<sub>bark</sub> across tropical savanna species to elucidate how variations in this trait are related to contrasting growth strategies. </span></p> <p><span>The high variability in g<sub>bark</sub> across species was associated with morphoantomical properties of the outer bark (thickness, density, and lenticel investment), and such characteristics influenced both stem transpiration and respiration, suggesting the existence of a trade-off between water conservation and oxygen permeability, which reflected contrasting growth and dehydration tolerance strategies</span><span>. For instance, species with higher g<sub>bark</sub> and g<sub>leaf-res</sub> presented a fast resource acquisition strategy but were more prone to drought-induced mortality by hydraulic failure. However, model simulations revealed that the relative contribution of g<sub>leaf-res</sub> and g<sub>bark</sub> to overall water balance depended on whether leaves were less or more resistant to cavitation than the stems. </span></p> <p><span>Synthesis. By combining correlative studies, experimental results, and a modeling exercise, we provide a new understanding of the costs and benefits associated with the variability in g<sub>bark</sub> across tropical savanna species, and a new perspective for studies of water relations and carbon economics in species from a hyperdiverse savanna. </span></p>
Data from: Dominant carnivore loss benefits native avian and invasive mammalian scavengers
<p>Scavenging by large carnivores is integral for ecosystem functioning by limiting the build-up of carrion and facilitating widespread energy flows. However, top carnivores have declined across the world, triggering trophic shifts within ecosystems. In this study, we use a natural 'removal experiment' of disease-driven decline and island extirpation of native mammalian (marsupial) carnivores to investigate top-down control on utilisation of experimentally placed carcasses by two mesoscavengers – the invasive feral cat and native forest raven. Ravens were the main beneficiary of carnivore loss, scavenging for five times longer in the absence of native mammalian carnivores. Cats scavenged on half of all carcasses in the region without dominant native carnivores. This was eight times more than in areas where other carnivores were at high densities. All carcasses persisted longer than the three-week monitoring period in the absence of native mammalian carnivores, while in areas with high carnivore abundance, all carcasses were fully consumed. Our results reveal the efficiency of carrion consumption by mammalian scavengers. These services are not readily replaced by less-efficient facultative scavengers. Overall, our results demonstrate the significance of global carnivore conservation and support management approaches, such as rewilding in areas where the natural suite of carnivores is missing.</p>
Data from: Forest loss and treeless matrices cause the functional impoverishment of sapling communities in old-growth forest patches across tropical regions
<p>Landscape-level disturbances, such as forest loss, can profoundly alter the functional composition and diversity of biotic assemblages. In fact, the landscape-moderated functional trait selection (LMFTS) hypothesis states that landscape-level disturbances may act as environmental filters that select a set of species with disturbance-adapted attributes while causing the loss of species with disturbance-sensitive attributes, ultimately compromising ecosystem functioning. However, the impact of landscape patterns on the functional composition and diversity of tropical regenerating trees (saplings) is unknown.</p> <p>Using a multiscale approach to identify the best spatial scale (i.e. the scale of effect), we tested the effect of forest cover, matrix openness and forest patch density (fragmentation) on functional composition and functional diversity of tree saplings in old-growth forest patches (n = 59) in three Mexican rainforest regions with different degree of deforestation. For 368 species and ~23,000 individuals, we compiled information from global and national databases on six functional traits related to seed dispersal and plant establishment and calculated their community abundance-weighted mean (CWMs) and three complementary functional diversity indices.</p> <p>Forest loss and matrix openness reduced functional richness and evenness, but only in the two most deforested regions. Overall, fragmentation had contrasting effects on functional diversity and composition, but correlated negatively with some functional traits in the most deforested region. Importantly, in the regions with high-to-intermediate degree of deforestation, functional composition experienced major changes: maximum height, seed mass, fruit size and wood density decreased, and SLA increased, in forest patches surrounded by open matrices in highly deforested and fragmented landscapes. This caused a shift of community traits towards more disturbed-adapted attributes.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>. In agreement with the LMFTS hypothesis, our results confirm that landscape modifications in regions undergoing high and long-lasting deforestation greatly impoverish the functional composition and diversity of sapling communities. The shift from communities composed mainly by conservative attributes towards communities with a higher prevalence of disturbance-adapted attributes disrupts the future community structure and jeopardizes critical ecosystem functions. Management practices focused on preventing deforestation, increasing forest cover, and promoting treed matrices are necessary to preserve the functionality of these species-rich but increasingly threatened rainforests.</p>
Data from: Loss-of-heterozygosity facilitates a fitness valley crossing in experimentally evolved multicellular yeast
<p>These data sets are generated to investigate a simple evolutionary landscape that arises from underdominance at a single locus where the fitness valley consists of only one less-fit genotype. We make use of an experimental system previous evolved in the laboratory, the S<em>accharomyces cerevisiae</em> snowflake system. This system was experimentally selected resulting in a significant evolutionary shift, the transition from uni-to-multicellularity in asexual diploid populations. We carried out the phenotypic and fitness characterization of the strains. Additionally, we observed a rapid loss of heterozygosity (LOH) events in the heterozygote strains. Experimental evolution starting with the heterozygote strains suggests that LOH is common both under selection and without selection. LOH event drive adaptation that may enable rapid evolution in diploid yeast. </p>
Data for: Elevated inbreeding in Heliconia tortuosa is determined by tropical forest stand age, isolation, and loss of hummingbird functional diversity
<p>Forest conversion and habitat loss are major threats to biological diversity. Forest regeneration can mitigate the negative effects of old growth forest loss on species diversity, but less is known about the extent to which forest loss reduces genetic diversity in remnant populations and whether secondary forests play a role in the maintenance of genetic diversity. We quantified genetic diversity in a tropical hummingbird-pollinated understory herb, <em>Heliconia tortuosa</em>, across a landscape mosaic of primary and secondary forest regrowth. Using microsatellite genotypes from >850 adult and juvenile plants within 33 forest patches and extensive bird surveys, we examined the effect of contemporary and historical landscape features including forest age (primary vs. secondary forest), stand isolation, and pollinator assemblages on genetic diversity and levels of inbreeding in <em>H. tortuosa</em>. We found that inbreeding was up to 3x higher in secondary forest, and this effect was amplified with reductions in primary forest in the surrounding landscape through reduced observed heterozygosity in isolated fragments. Inbreeding in forest patches was negatively correlated with the local frequency of specialist long-distance foraging traplining hummingbirds. Traplining hummingbirds therefore appear to facilitate mating among unrelated plants - an inference we tested using empirically parameterized simulations. Higher levels of inbreeding in <em>H. tortuosa</em> are therefore associated with reduced functional diversity of hummingbirds in secondary forests and forest patches isolated from primary forests. Our findings suggest a cryptic consequence of primary forest loss and secondary forest regeneration through the disruption of mutualistic interactions resulting in the erosion of genetic diversity in a common understory plant.</p>
Data from: Species tree estimation and the impact of gene loss following whole-genome duplication
<p>Whole-genome duplication (WGD) has been demonstrated to occur broadly and repeatedly in the evolutionary history of eukaryotes, and is recognized as a prominent evolutionary force, especially in plants. Immediately following WGD, most genes are present in two copies as paralogs. Due to this redundancy, one copy of a paralog pair commonly undergoes pseudogenization and is eventually lost. When speciation occurs shortly after WGD, however, differential loss of paralogs may lead to spurious phylogenetic inference resulting from the inclusion of pseudoorthologs – paralogous genes mistakenly identify as orthologs because they are present in single copes within each sampled species. The influence and impact of including pseudoorthologs versus true orthologs as result of gene extinction (or incomplete laboratory sampling) in a phylogenetic context is only recently starting to gain empirical attention. Moreover, few of these studies have yet to investigate this phenomenon in an explicit coalescent framework. Here, using mathematical models, numerous simulated data sets, and two newly assembled empirical data sets, we assess the effect of pseudoorthologs on species tree estimation under varying levels of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and different patterns of gene loss following WGD. When gene loss occurs in the terminal branches of the species tree, the alignment-based (BPP) and gene-tree-based (ASTRAL, MP-EST, and STAR) coalescent methods are adversely affected as the level of ILS increases. This can be greatly improved by sampling a sufficiently large number of genes. Under the same circumstances, however, concatenation methods consistently estimate incorrect species trees as the number of sampled genes increases. Furthermore, pseudoorthologs can mislead species tree inference if gene loss occurs in the internal branches of the species tree, where both coalescent and concatenation methods are prone to produce inconsistent results. However, pseudoorthologs are problematic when filtering only for single-copy genes in phylogenomic data sets. Pruning orthologs or even randomly selecting a copy from multi-copy genes can avoid most of those pseudoorthologs. These results underscore the importance of understanding the influence of pseudoorthologs in the phylogenomics era.</p>
Data from "Projections of leaf turgor loss point shifts under future climate change scenarios" (Tordoni et al. 2022 Global Change Biology)
<p>The dataset includes four sheets representing the average turgor loss point (tlp) values at grid cell level (tlp_data) and the climatic variables and related climate change scenarios derived from the three models used in this study (HadGEM2-ES-RACMO22E, EC-EARTH_RACMO22E, EC-EARTH_CCLM4-8-17, respectively).</p> <p>The sheet "tlp_data" reports the cell ID (OGU) and the average tlp values for each taxonomic group considered in this study (gymnosperms, angiosperms, herbaceous and woody angiosperms). </p> <p>Each of the other three sheets reports the cell ID (OGU), coordinates of the cell centroid (Long, Lat) and a set of six climatic variables: 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles of average temperature (BIO1.95, °C), temperature seasonality (BIO4, °C), annual consecutive frost days where temperature was ≤ 0 °C (CFD.ann, n° days), annual consecutive dry days where precipitation was < 1 mm (CDD.ann, n° days), 5<sup>th</sup> percentiles of cumulate annual precipitation (BIO12.5, mm), and precipitation seasonality (BIO15, %). For each model, "hist" refers to historical data encompassing the period 1970-2005, whereas "RCP2.6" and "RCP8.5" reports the average value of future projections for the period 2080-2100 in two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5).</p> <p> </p>
Data for: Temperate and tropical lizards are vulnerable to climate warming due to increased water loss and heat stress
<p><span>Climate warming has imposed profound impacts on species globally. Understanding the vulnerabilities of species from different latitudinal regions to warming climates is critical for biological conservation. </span><span>Using five species of <em>Takydromus </em>lizards as a study system, we quantified physiological and life-history responses and geography range change across latitudes under climate warming. Using integrated biophysical models and hybrid species distribution models, w</span><span>e found: (1) thermal safety margin is larger at high latitudes, and is predicted to decrease under climate warming for lizards at all latitudes; (2) climate warming will speed up embryonic development and increase annual activity time of adult lizards, but will exacerbate water loss of adults across all latitudes; and (3) species across latitudes are predicted to experience habitat contraction under climate warming due to different limitations: tropical and subtropical species are vulnerable due to increased extremely high temperatures, whereas temperate species are vulnerable due to both extremely high temperatures and increased water loss. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the vulnerability of species from different latitudinal regions to climate warming in ectotherms and also highlights the importance of integrating environmental factors, behavior, physiology, and life-history responses in predicting the risk of species to climate warming.</span></p>
2021 Soil and nutrient loss monitoring data of Sunjiagou sub-watershed
<p><span>This dataset observes soil and nutrient loss from runoff plots at a monitoring station in the black soil area in 2021. The details of the runoff plots are as follows: A1: 3°, smooth monopoly, planted with soybeans; A2: 3°, cross monopoly, planted with soybeans; A3: 3°, bare ground; B1: 5°, smooth monopoly, planted with soybeans; B2: 5°, cross monopoly, planted with soybeans and planted with purple acacia as a plant hedge; B3: 5°, bare ground.</span></p>
Global Forest Watch data: Global Tree Cover loss, Carbon data and Primary Forest loss
<p>Both datasets are available on the Global Forest Watch website on their Dashboard. The Datasets on their Dashboard are updated from time to time and can differ from the ones uploaded here. The datasets provided here are used for supporting analysis of a journal article about REDD+ in countries with high forest and low deforestation rates (HFLD).</p> <p><strong>References:</strong><br> Hansen M C<em> et al</em> 2013 High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change <em>Science</em> <strong>342</strong> 850–3, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239552</p> <p>Harris N L<em> et al</em> 2021 Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes <em>Nature Clim Change</em> <strong>11</strong> 234–40, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6</p> <p>Turubanova S, Potapov P V, Tyukavina A and Hansen M C 2018 Ongoing primary forest loss in Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia <em>Environ. Res. Lett.</em> <strong>13</strong> 74028, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacd1c</p> <p>University of Maryland and World Resources Institute "Global Primary Forest Loss". Accessed through Global Forest Watch, www.globalforestwatch.org (accessed 12 Sep 2022)</p>
Genetic data from: Cryptic persistence and loss of local endemism in Lake Constance charr subject to anthropogenic disturbance
<p>Habitat restoration can help to protect and support endangered species. Following the restoration of Lake Constance to oligotrophic conditions, deep-water charr (originally described as <em>Salvelinus</em> <em>profundus</em> Schillinger, 1901) were rediscovered after more than 40 years of presumed extinction caused by eutrophication. Subsequent targeted surveys lead to the capture of a further 127 deep-water charr and 233 sympatric normal charr, <em>Salvelinus</em> cf. <em>umbla</em>. Given a history of intensive stocking in the lake and the possibility of introgressive hybridization, a discussion arose about the genetic status and future conservation strategies of both forms. The current study gathered life history traits and morphological and population genomic data for both extant forms, for comparison with 60–120 years' worth of historical data and museum specimens. The extant deep-water charr resembled historical specimens in terms of body shape, but significant differences between historical and extant normal charr included a decline in gill raker number over time and distinctly different body shapes and growth patterns. RAD-based population genomic analyses of the contemporary samples support these results, revealing the two extant forms to be highly divergent, albeit with a few putative hybrids. SNPs-based population assignment tests of historical and contemporary samples strongly suggest that deep-water charr persisted unaltered in Lake Constance during the eutrophic phase. Meanwhile, none of the historical genomic samples could be assigned to the extant normal <em>S</em>. cf. <em>umbla</em> population. Functional analyses of gill raker number and stocking intensity pointed to stocking with non-endemic charr as the most likely reason for the disappearance of the endemic normal form. These results show that interplay between different anthropogenic impacts, i.e. eutrophication and stocking can lead to irreversible but hard-to-detect impacts on endemic biodiversity. Understanding these impacts is a prerequisite for effective conservation of endangered populations of cryptic fish.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.