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320 results for “drought response”
Hysteresis and Irreversibility of Global Drought in Response to CO2 Mitigation Efforts
<p>Different drought indices, along with their associated hysteresis and irreversibility, are calculated using CESM2 outputs at a global 1-degree resolution.</p>
Three‐dimensional soil heterogeneity modulates responses of grassland mesocosms to an experimentally imposed drought extreme
<p>Heterogeneity is an intrinsic characteristic of soils, which regulates plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. However, whether soil heterogeneity also modulates responses of plant communities to climate change, including climate extremes, remains largely an open question. Here, we explore responses of plant communities to drought extremes across four levels of spatial soil heterogeneity, with cell sizes varying from very small to very large, i.e. 0, 12, 24 and 48 cm. These were created in mesocosms by alternating nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor substrate in three dimensions. A seed mixture of 24 grassland species was evenly sown on each mesocosm in spring. In late summer, a three-week drought was imposed with a rainout shelter. During the drought, soil water content at the mesocosm scale decreased more at intermediate (12 and 24 cm) than at small or large (0 and 48 cm) cell sizes, which was reflected in increased senescence and drought-induced heat stress. These responses could be traced to greater plant biomass coupled with higher water demand at those intermediate cell sizes, likely related to between-cell access to nutrients and effects of diversity and community composition. Our results indicate that soil heterogeneity can modulate the impact of drought extremes on plant communities, though more research is needed on the transition between intermediate and extreme cell sizes, where heterogeneity effects seem to change most. We propose that soil heterogeneity be considered more explicitly in studies of changing precipitation regimes.</p>
Transcriptional acclimation and spatial differentiation characterize drought response by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus pungens
<ul> <li>Changing precipitation regimes are a challenge for forest health under future climate scenarios. If belowground symbionts can acclimate to changing moisture regimes it may buffer forest trees from these changes.</li> <li>In this study we exposed the ectomycorrhizal fungus <i>Suillus pungens</i> to acute and chronic drought stress and used RNASeq of both ectomycorrhizal roots and extraradical mycelium to gauge the magnitude of stress, identify key genes involved in drought response, and gauge potential ecosystem consequences of drought.</li> <li>We found that there were major transcriptional differences for <i>S. pungens</i> in ectomycorrhizal roots (28% of genes) and extraradical mycelium (41% of genes) under acute drought stress, but only 0.1-2% of genes were differentially expressed in chronic drought treatments. Up to 56% of differentially expressed genes under acute drought were unique to either roots or mycelium. While a number of implicated genes, such as those encoding for trehalose, have well-known roles in osmotic stress, others, such as fungal hydrophobins and atromentin, have received less study and may also impact other ecosystem functions.</li> <li>These results suggest that functional compartmentalization is key to ectomycorrhizal fungal adaptation to stressful climatic conditions and there is high potential for fungal acclimation to ameliorate future climate stress. </li> </ul>
Tree growth response to drought partially explains regional-scale growth and mortality patterns in Iberian forests
<p>To quantify responses to drought from different data sources we take advantage of an extensive network of cross-dated tree-ring data with increment cores from 16 tree species sampled across the Spanish Iberian Peninsula (hereafter abbreviated as RWI-net), and of the Spanish National Forest Inventory (hereafter abbreviated as NFI) sampling tree and plot level data each km in forested areas.</p> <p>We selected the five most severe droughts that have affected each selected RWI-net population in the period 1981-2005 and calculated drought impacts on growth. For each site, we calculated drought-induced cumulative growth reductions (CDI, cumulative drought impact) as the summed impact of the selected droughts on growth of each population. </p> <p>A total of 334 RWI-net sites with chronologies that covered the period 1981-2005 for the 16 species, were finally used. For 192 of these RWI-net sites, 1883 NFI plots were found at distances < 10 km.</p> <p>The tables provided contain information on the sites and tree species in the RWI-net sites, as well as on drought impacts on growth, cummulative growth reductions and NFI growth, ingrowth and mortality.</p>
Lehmann lovegrass and black grama drought response in the Jornada Desert 2021
<p>Percent cover for <em>Bouteloua eriopoda </em>and <em>Eragrostis lehmanniana </em>was collected over four years at Mt. Summerford (latitude 32.516, longitude -106.802), New Mexico State University's Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC), Doña Ana County, New Mexico. In June 2016, permanent 2m × 2m plots were installed to evaluate change in percent cover of <em>B. eriopoda</em> and <em>E. lehmanniana</em> in response to precipitation manipulation treatments of +80% (irrigated), -80% (drought), and ambient (control) precipitation. We used a randomized complete block design with six replicates per treatment, with blocks perpendicular to the slope, for a total of 18 plots. Plot locations were adjusted to exclude ant nests, and plant species other than annuals. Cover of other plant species was <1% at the beginning of the study. This cover included <em>Aristida turnipes</em> (0.13%), <em>Panicum hallii</em> (0.20%), and <em>Sporobolus</em> spp. (0.15%). At the upslope border of each plot, we installed galvanized flashing to a depth of approximately 11.4 cm to block surface flow of water onto plots. Metal rebar stakes were driven into the ground at each corner of each plot as permanent markers. A large nail embedded in the center of each plot was used to standardize placement of data collection frames. Rainout shelters, constructed according to the design by Yahdjian and Sala (2002), extended 0.5 m beyond the boundaries of the plots. Rainout shelters manipulated precipitation received, so 151 that irrigated plots received 180% ambient precipitation, drought plots received 20% of ambient precipitation, and control plots received 100% ambient precipitation. Due to repeated malfunctions including pipe leaks and electronic component failures, the maintenance of the irrigation systems became untenable after 2017. Therefore, irrigation plots were excluded and only control and drought data were included in 2018 and 2019 analyses.</p>
Turgor loss point predicts survival responses to experimental and natural drought in tropical tree seedlings
<p>Identifying key traits that can serve as proxies for species drought resistance is crucial for predicting and mitigating effects of climate change in diverse plant communities. Turgor loss point (π<sub>tlp</sub>) is a recently emerged trait that has been linked to species distributions across gradients of water availability. However, a direct relationship between π<sub>tlp</sub> and species ability to survive drought has yet to be established for woody species. Using a manipulative field experiment to quantify species drought resistance (i.e. their survival response to drought), combined with measurements of π<sub>tlp</sub> for 16 tree species, we show a negative relationship between π<sub>tlp</sub> and seedling drought resistance. Using long-term forest plot data, we also show that π<sub>tlp</sub> predicts seedling survival responses to a severe El Niño-related drought, although additional factors are clearly also important. Our study demonstrates that species with lower π<sub>tlp</sub> exhibit higher survival under both experimental and natural drought. These results provide a missing cornerstone in the assessment of the traits underlying drought resistance in woody species and strengthen π<sub>tlp</sub> as a proxy for evaluating which species will lose or win under projections of exacerbating drought regimes.</p>
Temporal dynamics of range-expander and congeneric native plant responses during and after extreme drought events
<p>Current climate change causes range shifts of many species to higher latitudes and altitudes, and enhances their exposure to extreme weather events. It has been shown that range shifting plant species may perform differently in the new soil than related natives, however, little is known about how extreme weather events influence range-shifting plants compared to related natives. Here, we used outdoor mesocosms to study how range-shifting plant species respond to extreme drought in live soil from a habitat in the new range with and without live soil from a habitat in the original range. During summer drought, shoot biomass of the range-expanders was reduced. In spite of this, in the mixed community range-expanders produced more shoot biomass than congeneric natives. In mesocosms with a history of range-expanders in the previous year, native plants produced less biomass. Plant legacy or soil origin effects did not change the response of natives or range-expanders to summer drought. During rewetting, range-expanders had less biomass than congeneric natives, but had higher drought resilience (survival) in soils from the new range where in the previous year native plant species had grown. The biomass patterns of the mixed plant communities were dominated by Centaurea species, however, not all plant species within the groups of natives and of range expanders showed the general pattern. Drought reduced litter decomposition, microbial biomass and abundances of bacterivorous, fungivorous and carnivorous nematodes. Their abundances recovered during rewetting. There was less microbial biomass, fungal biomass and there were fewer fungivorous nematodes in soils from the original range (Hungary) where range-expanders had grown in the previous year. We conclude that in mixed plant communities of range-expanders and congeneric natives, range-expanders performed better, both under ambient and drought conditions, than congeneric natives. However, when considering the responses of individual species, we observed variations among couples of congenerics, so that under the present-mixed community-conditions there was no uniformity in responses to drought of range expanders versus congeneric natives. Range-expanding plant species reduced soil fungal biomass and numbers of soil fungivorous nematodes, suggesting that effects of range-expanding plant species can trickle up in the soil food web.</p>
Tree growth response to drought in pure and mixed stands of Scots pine and Norway spruce in Europe
<p>This dataset compiles information for an analysis of resilience (resistance, recovery rate and recovery time) at individual-tree level using a network of tree-ring collections from 22 sites along a climatic gradient from central Europe to Scandinavia. We aimed to identify differences in growth following drought between Scots pine and Norway spruce, and between mixed and pure stands of both species. We also considered how environmental variables (climate, topography and site location) and tree characteristics influence them.</p>
Responses of a semiarid grassland to recurrent drought is linked to community functional composition
<p>Climate change-driven increases in the frequency of extreme droughts could negatively impact the functioning of grassland ecosystems. While several studies have documented the impact of individual droughts on grassland function, less is known about how grasslands will respond to recurrent drought. We conducted a repeated extreme drought experiment in a semiarid grassland that consisted of three stages: (1) initial drought, (2) recovery, and (3) subsequent drought. We measured aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), species richness, plant functional traits, and functional diversity. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we investigated the causal mechanisms of ANPP response to recurrent drought. The initial drought led to reduced ANPP, although this was driven by a differential reduction in the growth of grasses and forbs. Total ANPP completely recovered as the rapid recovery of grass productivity compensated for the slow recovery of forb productivity. The magnitude of ANPP responses to the subsequent drought was greater than the initial drought. The SEMs revealed that soil moisture influenced ANPP responses directly during the initial drought, and indirectly during the subsequent drought by altering community functional trait means and diversity during the subsequent drought. These differential mechanisms alter our fundamental understanding of ecosystem drought sensitivity, which is primarily based on single drought studies.</p>
Phylogeography of a widely distributed plant species reveals cryptic genetic lineages with parallel phenotypic responses to warming and drought conditions
<p>To predict how widely distributed species will perform under future climate change it is crucial to understand and reveal their underlying phylogenetics. However, detailed information about plant adaptation and its genetic basis and history remains scarce and especially widely distributed species receive little attention despite their putatively high adaptability. To examine the adaptation potential of a widely distributed species, we sampled the model plant <em>Silene vulgaris</em> across Europe. In a greenhouse experiment, we exposed the offspring of these populations to a climate-change scenario for central Europe and revealed the population structure through whole genome sequencing. Plants were grown under two temperature (18°C, 21°C) and three precipitation regimes (65 mm, 75 mm, 90 mm) to measure their response in biomass and fecundity related traits. To reveal the population genetic structure, ddRAD sequencing was employed for a whole genome approach. We found three major genetic clusters in <em>S. vulgaris</em> from Europe: one cluster comprising Southern European populations, one cluster of Western European populations and another cluster containing Central European populations. Population genetic diversity decreased with increasing latitude and a Mantel test revealed significant correlations between FST and geographic distances as well as between genetic and environmental distances. Our trait analysis showed that the genetic clusters significantly differed in biomass-related traits and in the days to flowering. However, half of the traits showed parallel response patterns to the experimental climate change scenario. Due to the differentiated but parallel response patterns, we assume that phenotypic plasticity plays an important role for the adaptation of the widely distributed species <em>S. vulgaris</em> and its intraspecific genetic lineages.</p>
Spatial heterogeneity and driving mechanism of the response of lake area to drought for lakes in China
<p>This is the lake area data from the article "Spatial heterogeneity and driving mechanism of the response of lake area to drought for lakes in China".</p>
Data: Metabolomic Approaches to Studying the Response to Drought Stress in Corn (Zea mays) Cobs
<p>All data associated associated with the manuscript https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070438. Raw metabolomics data files (.Mzml) obtained on solariX FTICR and ms/ms spectral files (.raw) from Fusion orbitrap MS. zip file includes sample and folder descriptions.</p>
Physiological responses of rosewoods Dalbergia cochinchinensis and D. oliveri under drought and heat stresses
<i>Dalbergia cochinchinensis</i> and <i>D. oliveri</i> are classified as vulnerable and endangered respectively in the IUCN Red List and under continued threat from deforestation and illegal harvesting for rosewood. Despite emerging efforts to conserve and restore these species, little is known of their responses to drought and heat stress, which are expected to increase in the Greater Mekong Subregion where the species co-occur and are endemic. In this study of isolated and combined drought and heat effects, we found that <i>D. oliveri</i> had an earlier stomatal closure and more constant midday water potential in response to increasing drought level, suggesting that <i>D. oliveri</i> is relatively isohydric while <i>D. cochinchinensis</i> is relatively anisohydric. Heat shock and drought had synergistic effects on stomatal closure. Our results indicate contrasting relationships in water relations, photosynthetic pigment levels and total soluble sugars. An increase in chlorophyll a was observed in <i>D. cochinchinensis</i> during drought and a concomitant increase in carotenoid content likely afforded protection against photo-oxidation. These physiological changes correlated with higher total soluble sugars in <i>D. cochinchinensis</i>. By contrast, <i>D. oliveri</i> avoided drought by reducing chlorophyll content and compromising productivity. Anisohydry and drought tolerance in <i>D. cochinchinensis</i> are adaptations which fit well with its ecological niche as a pioneering species with faster growth in young trees. We believe this understanding of the stress responses of both species will be crucial to their effective regeneration and conservation in degraded habitats and in the face of climate change.
Data from: Population responses to a historic drought across the range of the common monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus)
<p>This dataset contains both metadata and phenotype data for both of the resurrections experiments described in Kooyers et al. 2020. Datasets are uploaded as .csv files. Please read the readme files for descriptions of the data in each .csv file.</p>
Drought and coyotes mediate mesopredator response to human disturbance
<p>Mesopredators in western North America are facing major changes to their ecosystems, including drought and the expansion of human disturbance. To balance resource needs and risk-taking on the landscape, mesopredators are likely shifting their habitat use as well as their interspecies interactions. As part of a large-scale study to help evaluate responses of terrestrial wildlife <span>to severe drought, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife surveyed mesopredator presence across 585 sites in the Mojave Desert and Central Valley ecoregions of California. This study spanned a drought year (2016) and a post-drought year (2017), providing the opportunity to investigate how drought and interspecific interactions may mediate </span>spatial patterns of mesopredator occurrence across a continuum of human disturbance levels. We used <span>single-season, single-species, and conditional two-species occupancy models to elucidate these relationships in both ecoregions. </span>We examined occupancy and detection of coyotes (<i>Canis latrans</i>) and smaller mesopredators, including<i> </i>bobcats (<i>Lynx rufus</i>) in both ecoregions, raccoons<i> (Procyon lotor</i>) in the Central Valley, and desert kit foxes in the Mojave Desert (<i>Vulpes macrotis arsipus</i>)<i>.</i> The presence of coyotes influenced the detection probability of all other mesopredator species, and the impacts of drought varied by species and ecoregion. Detection<span> of mesopredators in the Central Valley was typically higher in 2016, especially at low disturbance sites, suggesting species may have become more active during the drought to meet resource needs. However, detection of mesopredators in the Mojave Desert tended to increase after the drought, suggesting a response to an increase in resources (e.g., prey). Coyotes in the Mojave Desert became more detectable in high human disturbance in 2016 and less detectable in 2017, possibly increasing activity during the drought in human-disturbed areas to obtain anthropogenic resources. Drought not only affects individual species and their relationships to human disturbance, but it can also impact their interspecies interactions and use of different landscape features.</span></p>
Demographic responses of aphid Metopolophium dirhodum (Hem.: Aphididae) to drought stress
<p>Raw data files of demographic study of aphid <em>Metopolophium dirhodum </em></p>
Tree community composition stabilizes ecosystem functions in response to drought
In summer 2018, Central Europe was hit by an extreme drought event that widely impacted ecosystems and markedly increased tree mortality in forest ecosystems across the continent. As climate models predict an increase in frequency and severity of such events, there is an urgent need to adapt forests in order to maintain the diverse benefits they provide. Soil processes play an essential role in this context and are key for a plethora of terrestrial ecosystem functions but are strongly dependent on water availability. Here we investigated how tree species richness, composition, and identity in a 13-year-old temperate tree diversity experiment influenced selected ecosystem functions (as important representatives of different ecosystem processes) during the 2018 summer drought. We focused on the stability of soil microbial biomass and standard litter decomposition, as well as tree species-specific mortality rates. Contrary to our expectations, tree species richness did not generally increase the resistance of soil functions and decrease tree mortality rates. However, the resistance of these functions was determined by tree species identity and community composition. For the resistance of both soil functions (microbial biomass and litter decomposition), we found that tree species richness effects depended on the presence of certain tree species. Moreover, we found that the performance of a specific tree species in monoculture, Norway Spruce, was a poor predictor of its response to drought in tree species mixtures. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrate that the species composition of tree stands determines tree mortality and the resistance of soil functions under drought. This indicates that enhancing multiple ecosystem functions under environmental disturbance requires maintaining diverse forests.
Data from: Two common, often coexisting grassland plant species differ in their evolutionary potential in response to experimental drought
<p>For terrestrial plant communities, the increase in frequency and intensity of drought events is considered as one of the most severe consequences of climate change. While single-species studies demonstrate that drought can lead to relatively rapid adaptive genetic changes, the evolutionary potential and constraints to selection need to be assessed in comparative approaches to draw more general conclusions. </p> <p>In a greenhouse experiment, we<span> compare the phenotypic response and evolutionary potential of two co-occurring grassland plant species, <em>Bromus erectus</em> and <em>Trifolium pratense</em>, in two environments differing in water availability.</span> We quantified <span>variation in functional traits and reproductive fitness in response to drought</span> and compared multivariate genetic variance-covariance matrices and predicted evolutionary responses between species.</p> <p>Species showed different drought adaptation strategies, reflected in both their species-specific phenotypic plasticity and predicted responses to selection indicating contrasting evolutionary potential under drought. In <em>T. pratense</em> we found evidence for stronger genetic constraints under drought compared to more favourable conditions, and for some traits plastic and predicted evolutionary responses to drought had opposing directions, likely limiting the potential for adaptive change.</p> <p><span>Our </span>study contributes to a more detailed understanding of the evolutionary potential of species with different adaptive strategies in response to climate change and may help to inform future scenarios for semi-natural grassland ecosystems.</p>
Fig. 8 in NtCOMT1 responsible for phytomelatonin biosynthesis confers drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum
Fig. 8. The expression level of drought-related genes in NtCOMT1 overexpressing lines, WT, and OE-Empty tobacco after drought treatment. Data are means ±SE of three biological replicates and means followed by different letters are significantly different (p <0.05).
Fig. 7 in NtCOMT1 responsible for phytomelatonin biosynthesis confers drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum
Fig. 7. Histochemical staining with DAB for detection of H2O2 (A), the content of H2O2 (B) and MDA (C), and the antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT (D) and SOD (E) in NtCOMT1 overexpressing lines, WT, and OE-Empty tobacco after drought treatment. Data are means ± SE of three biological replicates and means followed by different letters are significantly different (p <0.05).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.