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247 results for “envelope”
A Placebo-Controlled, Phase I, Pilot Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of ENV 2-3, a Yeast-Derived Recombinant Envelope Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1, in Combination
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00000958. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Seek and learn: automated identification of microevents in animal behaviour using envelopes of acceleration data and machine learning
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Data from: Bioclimatic envelope models predict a decrease in tropical forest carbon stocks with climate change in Madagascar
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Climate change and alpine-adapted insects: modelling environmental envelopes of a grasshopper radiation
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Deep-time structural evolution of retroviral and filoviral surface envelope proteins
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Domain organization of lentiviral and betaretroviral surface envelope glycoproteins modeled with AlphaFold
The surface envelope glycoproteins of non-primate lentiviruses and betaretroviruses share sequence similarity with the inner proximal domain b-sandwich of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 glycoprotein that faces the transmembrane glycoprotein as well as patterns of cysteine and glycosylation site distribution that points to a similar two-domain organization in at least some lentiviruses. Here, high reliability models of the surface glycoproteins obtained with the AlphaFold algorithm are presented for the gp135 glycoprotein of the small ruminant caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAEV) and visna lentiviruses and the betaretroviruses jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and consensus human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K). The models confirm and extend the inner domain structural conservation in these viruses and identify two outer domains with a putative receptor binding site in the CAEV and visna virus gp135. The location of that site is consistent with patterns of sequence conservation and glycosylation site distribution in gp135. In contrast, a single domain is modeled for the JSRV, MMTV and HERV-K betaretrovirus envelope proteins that is highly conserved structurally in the proximal region and structurally diverse in apical regions likely to interact with cell receptors. The models presented here identify sites in small ruminant lentivirus and betaretrovirus envelope glycoproteins likely to be critical for virus entry and virus neutralization by antibodies and will facilitate their functional and structural characterization.
Interaural cues for envelopment: plots for rectangular source arrangements
<p>Supplementary plots of listening area regarding perceived envelopment in loudspeaker systems.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Caspers M, Willemse L, Miracle EG, van Nieukerken EJ (2019) Butterflies in bags: permanent storage of Lepidoptera in glassine envelopes. Nota Lepidopterologica 42(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.42.28654
: Data type: product information
A combined study of thermohaline mixing and envelope overshooting with PARSEC: Calibration to NGC 6397 and M4
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The Effect of Donor Star Rejuvenation on Common Envelope Evolution
<p>The effect of donor star rejuvenation on common envelope evolution</p> <p>Animation of the simulations presented in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.15932">https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.15932</a></p>
Supplementary material for "Millimetre observations of the S-type AGB star χ Cygni: variability of the emission of the inner envelope"
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Data from: Differentiating founder and chronic HIV envelope sequences
Significant progress has been made in characterizing broadly neutralizing antibodies against the HIV envelope glycoprotein Env, but an effective vaccine has proven elusive. Vaccine development would be facilitated if common features of early founder virus required for transmission could be identified. Here we employ a combination of bioinformatic and operations research methods to determine the most prevalent features that distinguish 78 subtype B and 55 subtype C founder Env sequences from an equal number of chronic sequences. There were a number of equivalent optimal networks (based on the fewest covarying amino acid (AA) pairs or a measure of maximal covariance) that separated founders from chronics: 13 pairs for subtype B and 75 for subtype C. Every subtype B optimal solution contained the founder pairs 178–346 Asn-Val, 232–236 Thr-Ser, 240–340 Lys-Lys, 279–315 Asp-Lys, 291–792 Ala-Ile, 322–347 Asp-Thr, 535–620 Leu-Asp, 742–837 Arg-Phe, and 750–836 Asp-Ile; the most common optimal pairs for subtype C were 644–781 Lys-Ala (74 of 75 networks), 133–287 Ala-Gln (73/75) and 307–337 Ile-Gln (73/75). No pair was present in all optimal subtype C solutions highlighting the difficulty in targeting transmission with a single vaccine strain. Relative to the size of its domain (0.35% of Env), the α4β7 binding site occurred most frequently among optimal pairs, especially for subtype C: 4.2% of optimal pairs (1.2% for subtype B). Early sequences from 5 subtype B pre-seroconverters each exhibited at least one clone containing an optimal feature 553–624 (Ser-Asn), 724–747 (Arg-Arg), or 46–293 (Arg-Glu).
Data from: Increasing the germination envelope under water stress improves seedling emergence in two dominant grass species across different pulse rainfall events
1. Demographic recruitment processes, such as seed germination and seedling emergence, are critical transitional phases to the re-establishment of degraded plant populations, but often fail due to rainfall not supporting plant requirements. Using species from the widespread arid Australian perennial grass genus Triodia, we investigated the interactions of seeds in different dormancy states and their functional germination envelope in response to water stress after simulated pulse rainfall events. 2. Seed dormancy was alleviated in Triodia species to varying degrees by wet/ dry cycling or by removing floret structures from seeds. The seeds were then exposed to different rainfall frequency and quantity events mimicking the 25th, median, 75th and 95th percentile rainfall events found in natural habitats for the study species in the north-west Australian arid zone. 3. Under 95th percentile rainfall conditions recruitment was highest, but still limited to 35% germination and 10% emergence of cleaned seeds (i.e. the least dormant state evaluated). This was related to the functional germination envelope as indicated by more negative base water potential thresholds (Ψb50) for cleaned seeds (≥ -0.33 MPa) compared to intact florets (≥ -0.26 MPa). As a result the maximum cumulative time where soil water potentials were optimal for germination (Ψsoil ≥ Ψb50) were 1.6–2.6 times longer for cleaned seeds in large frequent rainfall events when compared to intact florets. Furthermore, seed dormancy, that usually prolongs seed survival, was linked to a short-term reduction in seed viability, which may further reduce recruitment rates. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our findings indicate that large frequent rainfall events raised soil water potentials above critical thresholds for germination and are important for successful plant establishment. If recruitment bottlenecks are a result of seed dormancy and variable rainfall for arid grass species, then this study shows benefits for alleviating seed dormancy prior to seeding in restoration sites, as this increases the environmental envelope for germination.
Figure 6 from: Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J (2012) Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. ZooKeys 176: 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2418
Figure 6 - Histochemical reaction for calcium – Alizarin red S. A No reaction in Porcellio scaber late marsupial manca B Positive control (red-pink) in adult Porcellio scaber cuticle. Bars: 10 µm.
Figure 4 from: Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J (2012) Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. ZooKeys 176: 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2418
Figure 4 - Cuticle structure and renewal in Porcellio scaber prehatching late-stage embryo. A Swelled embryo inside the vitelline membrane (vm), prior to hatching. B Semithin section of the embryo peripheral region. The vitelline membrane is artificially removed. Clearly discernible exoskeletal cuticle (c), detached from the underlying hypodermis (hd). C, D, E TEM micrographs of exoskeletal cuticle in different regions of the same specimen, composed of three principal layers: the outermost thin electron dense epicuticle (ep), the middle exocuticle (ex) and the innermost endocuticle with several sublayers (en). The micrographs show features of cuticle renewal: cuticle detachment from the hypodermis, partial disintegration of proximal portion of endocuticle (*) and irregularly arranged electron dense particles on outer apical plasma membrane surface (white arrows). Pore canals (black arrow) in the endocuticle consist of electron lucent central part and electron dense margins C. Cuticular scales (sc) are fully elaborated and the exocuticle has the characteristic pattern of chitin-protein fibers arrangement D. Exocuticle is hardly discernible E. F TEM micrograph of completely structured sensillum transverse section in the hypodermis. Dendritic outer segments (*) and enveloping cells (white *). Bars: A 500 µm; B 10 µm; C, E 1 µm; D 0.5 µm; F 200 nm.
Figure 2 from: Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J (2012) Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. ZooKeys 176: 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2418
Figure 2 - Structure of distal chorion (ch) and proximal vitelline membrane (vm), covering Porcellio scaber mid-stage embryo. A The mid-stage embryo with visible limb buds (lb) and midgut glands primordia (mg). B Semithin section of the embryo peripheral region. Chorion is separated from the embryo surface. The vitelline membrane is slightly detached from the embryo cells; * - a wider space between embryo surface and vitelline membrane. C, D TEM micrographs of one-layered chorion, including electron lucent "lacunae" (white arrow). E, F TEM micrographs of vitelline membrane, composed of three layers: main proximal homogenous layer (*), thin middle electron dense layer (white arrow) and superficial corrugated lucent layer (black arrow). Bars: A 200 µm; B 10 µm; C, E 0.5 µm; D, F 200 nm.
Figure 5 from: Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J (2012) Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. ZooKeys 176: 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2418
Figure 5 - Cuticle structure and renewal in Porcellio scaber marsupial mancas. A The early-stage marsupial manca, immediately after hatching B The mid-stage marsupial manca C The late-stage marsupial manca, just prior to release from the marsupium D–F Semithin sections of the manca peripheral region in the early-stage marsupial manca D in the mid-stage marsupial manca E and in the late-stage marsupial manca F. Cuticle (c), overlying the hypodermis (hd), becomes progressively more similar to adult cuticle. G–K TEM micrographs of exoskeletal cuticle in the early-stage marsupial manca G, J in the mid-stage marsupial manca H and in the late-stage marsupial manca I, K Three main layers are distinguished: epicuticle (ep), exocuticle (ex) and endocuticle (en). The micrographs show morphological characteristics of cuticle renewal: detachment of the old cuticle (oc) from the hypodermis, ecdysal space (*) between the detached cuticle and the newly forming cuticle (nc) and partial degradation of the old cuticle H, I protrusions with electron dense tips (white arrows) on apical surfaces of hypodermal cells G, I, J. The new cuticle consists of two layers, external electron dense epicuticle and internal electron lucent procuticle H, I, K. Helicoidal chitin-protein fibers arrangement is discernible in some regions of late-stage marsupial manca K. Bars: A–C 500 µm; D–F 10 µm; G–I 1 µm; J, K 200 nm.
Figure 3 from: Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J (2012) Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. ZooKeys 176: 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2418
Figure 3 - Structure of vitelline membrane (vm), covering Porcellio scaber A–D and Porcellio dilatatus E–G late-stage embryo. A Ventrally bent late-stage embryo, yolk is completely enclosed into the midgut glands (mg). B Semithin section of the embryo peripheral region. Vitelline membrane is slightly detached from the hypodermis (hd). C, D TEM micrographs of the vitelline membrane in osmicated specimen C and in non-osmicated specimen D Main proximal homogenous layer (*), thin middle electron dense layer (white arrow) and superficial corrugated lucent layer (black arrow). Hypodermis is covered with an extracellular matrix (ECM). E SEM micrograph of the late-stage embryo surrounded by vitelline membrane. F, G SEM micrographs of the late-stage embryo surface area. The vitelline membrane is artificially slit and fibers (arrows) between the outer embryo surface, covered with an extracellular matrix (s), and the vitelline membrane are exposed. Bars: A 500 µm; B, F 10 µm; C, D 200 nm; E 200 µm; G 5 µm.
Figure 7 from: Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J (2012) Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. ZooKeys 176: 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2418
Figure 7 - Schematic representation of different protective envelopes, coating Porcellio scaber embryos and marsupial mancas during development (lasting 35 days), namely egg envelopes (chorion and vitelline membrane) and exoskeletal cuticle. During growth of embryos and mancas egg envelopes are shed and cuticle is renewed. ch – chorion; vm – vitelline membrane; ECM – extracellular matrix; epi – epicuticle; exo – exocuticle; endo – endocuticle; nc – newly assembling cuticle.
Figure 1 from: Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J (2012) Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. ZooKeys 176: 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2418
Figure 1 - Structure of distal chorion (ch) and proximal vitelline membrane (vm), covering Porcellio scaber A, B, D, F and Porcellio dilatatus C, E early-stage embryo. A The early-stage embryo with large amount of yolk (y) and no visible limb buds. B Semithin section of the embryo peripheral region. Chorion is separated from the embryo surface. The vitelline membrane is closely apposed to the embryo surface. C SEM micrograph of the early-stage embryo. The outer egg envelope, chorion, is visible. D TEM micrograph of one-layered chorion, including electron lucent "lacunae" (white arrow). There is a layer of artificially spilt yolk underneath the chorion. E SEM micrograph of the early-stage embryo. Chorion is artificially removed and the inner egg envelope, vitelline membrane, is exposed. F TEM micrograph of vitelline membrane, composed of three layers: main proximal homogenous layer (*), thin middle electron dense layer (white arrow) and superficial corrugated lucent layer (black arrow). Bars: A, C, E 200 µm; B 10 µm; D 0.5 µm; F 200 nm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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