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195 results for “equilibrium”
Equilibrium chemical composition of impact-produced hot cloud during isentropic expansion. The initial temperature T0 is 4000 K, the initial pressure P0 is 5, 20, and 80 bar. Calculations are performed using the EQL program. Abundances of considered species are presented in molar fractions.The elemental composition of impact-produced cloud is taken as a mixture of CI chondrite, mare basalts, and ferroan anorthosite with a ratio of 1:25:25 by mass as in Berezhnoy (2013).
<p>Considered species include ions, neutral gas-phase species, and condensates. Ions are written as ...(+) (for example, Al(+)). Condensates (solids and liquids) are written as ...(c) or ...(c;...). Examples of condensates are Al2O3(c) and Al2O3(c; gamma). For species marked in theirs names as (cr, l) in Gurvich et al. (1989) (for example, Al2O3(cr, l)) it is possible to determine a state of matter (liquid or solid). The content of studied species is 0 if the relative molar fraction is less than 1e-21. </p> <p>The elemental composition of impact-produced cloud is taken as a mixture of CI chondrite, mare basalts, and ferroan anorthosite with a ratio of 1:25:25 by mass as in Berezhnoy (2013). </p> <p>Calculations of the equilibrium chemical composition of impact-produced clouds were performed starting from an initial temperature of 4000 K at different initial pressures of 5, 20, and 80 bar, corresponding to entropies equal to 7.2, 5.56, and 4.25 kJ / (kg×K), respectively. </p> <p>Berezhnoy, A.A., 2013. Chemistry of impact events on the Moon. Icarus 226, 205-211.</p> <p>Gurvich L.V., Veitz I.V. et al. Thermodynamic properties of individual substances. Fourth edition in 5 volumes. Hemisphere Pub Co. New York-London, 1989.</p>
Quantifying the large-scale electrification equilibrium effects in dust storms using field observations at Qingtu Lake Observatory
<p>The measured divergence of the electric field, PM<sub>10</sub> concentration, ambient temperature and relative humidity time series during dust storms (at Qingtu Lake observatory) are given in these datasets.</p>
The supplemental material to "Mean cold pool size of quasi-equilibrium convection" Part1 and Part 2
<p>The supplemental material to this two-paper series includes a hand-written mathematical derivation note (math_note.pdf), supplemental figures shared by the two parts (supplemental_figures_Parts_I_and_II.pdf), the postprocessing codes (postprocessing codes.zip), the LES namelist file for Bryan Cloud Model 1 (namelist.input), and some LES movies. The movie list is shown below:</p> <p>The movie "<a href="../api/records/10822712/draft/files/potential_temperature_near_surface.avi/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">potential_temperature_near_surface.avi</a>" shows the z=12.5 m potential temperature (unit: K) between t=3 days and t=5 days. Experiments Ev=0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 are shown. </p> <p>The movie "<a href="../api/records/10822712/draft/files/w_4km.avi/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">w_4km.avi</a>" shows the z~4 km vertical velocity (unit: m/s) between t=3 days and t=5 days. Experiments Ev=0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 are shown. </p> <p>The movie "<a href="../api/records/10822712/draft/files/vapor_0-551m_average.avi/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">vapor_0-551m_average.avi</a>" shows the z=0-551 m vertically averaged water vapor mixing ratio (unit: g/kg) between t=3 days and t=5 days. Experiments Ev=0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 are shown. </p> <p>The movie "<a href="https://zenodo.org/api/records/13785498/draft/files/early_vapor_0-551m_average.avi/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">early_vapor_0-551m_average.avi</a>" is the same as "<a href="../api/records/10822712/draft/files/vapor_0-551m_average.avi/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">vapor_0-551m_average.avi</a>", but for the water vapor mixing ratio between t=0 day and t=3 days. It aims to show the initial spin-up stage of the simulation, which some readers might be interested in. </p> <p>The movie "<a href="https://zenodo.org/api/records/13785498/draft/files/large_domain_vapr_551m_average.mp4/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">large_domain_vapr_551m_average.mp4</a>" shows the z=0-551 m vertically averaged vapor mixing ratio (unit: g/kg) between t=3 days and t=5 days, using a large domain size of 144 km x 144 km (not 96 km x 96 km as for other cases) for the Ev=1.0 and 2.0 cases. Only the domain's southwest 96 km x 96 km corner is shown. </p> <p>The LES data, as well as intermediate output files for plotting (some .mat files), are available by contacting the first author Hao Fu via: haofu@uchicago.edu / haofu736@gmail.com </p> <p>Please let us know if you have any questions!</p>
Data from: Non-equilibrium conditions explain spatial variability in genetic structuring of little penguin (Eudyptula minor)
Factors responsible for spatial structuring of population genetic variation are varied, and in many instances there may be no obvious explanations for genetic structuring observed, or those invoked may reflect spurious correlations. A study of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) in southeast Australia documented low spatial structuring of genetic variation with the exception of colonies at the western limit of sampling, and this distinction was attributed to an intervening oceanographic feature (Bonney Upwelling), differences in breeding phenology, or sea level change. Here, we conducted sampling across the entire Australian range, employing additional markers (12 microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA, 697 individuals, 17 colonies). The zone of elevated genetic structuring previously observed actually represents the eastern half of a genetic cline, within which structuring exists over much shorter spatial scales than elsewhere. Colonies separated by as little as 27 km in the zone are genetically distinguishable, while outside the zone, homogeneity cannot be rejected at scales of up to 1400 km. Given a lack of additional physical or environmental barriers to gene flow, the zone of elevated genetic structuring may reflect secondary contact of lineages (with or without selection against interbreeding), or recent colonization and expansion from this region. This study highlights the importance of sampling scale to reveal the cause of genetic structuring.
Dataset of MAVEN/NGIMS density and estimated ion number densities under the photochemical equilibrium
<p>This dataset is used for figures in the paper "Seasonal and dust related variations of the dayside thermospheric and ionospheric compositions of Mars observed by MAVEN/NGIMS." The dataset contains neutral and ion number densities measured by MAVEN/NGIMS and estimated ion number densities under the photochemical equilibrium (PCE). The electron temperature measured by MAVEN/LPW and the photoionization rates estimated by the EUVAC solar flux model (Richards et al., 1994), which are used for estimation of ion number densities under the PCE, are included in the dataset. Detailed information can be found in the readme files in each directory.</p>
Equilibrium in plant functional trait responses to warming is stronger under higher climate variability during the Holocene
Aim.The functional trait composition of plant communities is thought to be largely determined by climate, but relationships between contemporary trait distributions and climate are often weak. Spatial mismatches between trait and climatic conditions are commonly thought to arise from disequilibrium responses to past environmental changes. We here investigated whether current trait-climate disequilibrium were likely to emerge during plant functional responses to Holocene climate warming. Location.North America Time period.14-0Kya Major taxa studied. Terrestrial plants Methods. We joined global trait data with paleoecological time-series and climate simulations on 425 sites. We estimated plant community functional composition for three leaf traits involved in resource use. We then quantified disequilibrium in plant trait temporal responses to climate change during two contrasted periods : a period of high climate variability (14-7 Kya), and a period low climate variability (7-0 Kya). Results. Functional trait composition showed consistent deviation from climatic equilibrium during both periods. The temporal dynamics of trait composition tends to be positively correlated to climate equilibrium expectations during Holocene climate warming (14-7 Kya), but not during a following period of low climate variability (7-0 Kya). Main conclusions.Long-term functional responses of plants to climate change showed mixed evidence for both equilibrium and disequilibrium responses. Temporal trait dynamics were closer to spatial dynamics expectations under high climate variability, indicating that relevance of space-for-time substitution might be partially dependent on climate variability. Our results further suggest that current mismatches between trait and climatic conditions may arise due to a divergence of factors influencing trait dynamics during low climate variability periods. These findings provide a counterpoint to the common assumption that contemporary trait-climate mismatches result from lagged responses to past climate warming. Our study also demonstrates the need for a deeper investigation of the potential influence of non-climatic factors on functional plant community dynamics.
VCF files of loci in approximate linkage equilibrium for two common spruce budworm larval parasitoids: Apanteles fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Glypta fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
<p>Periodic and spatially synchronous outbreaks of insect pests have dramatic consequences for boreal and sub-boreal forests. Within these multitrophic systems, parasitoids can be stabilizing agents by dispersing toward patches containing higher host density (the so-called <i>birdfeeder effect</i>). However, we know little about the dispersal abilities of parasitoids in continuous forested landscapes, limiting our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of host–parasitoid systems, and constraining our ability to predict forest resilience in the context of global changes. In this study, we investigate the spatial genetic structure and spatial variation in genetic diversity of two important species of spruce budworm larval parasitoids during outbreaks: <i>Apanteles fumiferanae</i> Viereck (Braconidae) and <i>Glypta fumiferanae </i>(Viereck) (Ichneumonidae). Using parasitoids sampled in 2014 from 26 and 29 locations across a study area of 350,000 km<sup>2</sup>, we identified 1,012 and 992 neutral SNP loci for <i>A. fumiferanae</i> (<i>N</i> = 279 individuals) and <i>G. fumiferanae</i> (<i>N</i> = 382), respectively. Using DAPC, PCA, AMOVA, and IBD analyses, we found evidence for panmixia and high genetic connectivity for both species, matching the previously described genetic structure of the spruce budworm within the same context, suggesting similar effective dispersal during outbreaks and high parasitoid population densities between outbreaks. We also found a significant negative relationship between genetic diversity and latitude for <i>A. fumiferanae</i> but not for <i>G. fumiferanae</i>, suggesting that northern range limits may vary by species within the spruce budworm parasitoid community. These spatial dynamics should be considered when predicting future insect outbreak severities in boreal landscapes.</p>
Supplementary Information for "Biased Borate Esterification during Nucleoside Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Reactions: Apparent Equilibrium Shifts and Kinetic Implications"
<p>This is the external Supplementary Information for our publication "Biased Borate Esterification during Nucleoside Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Reactions: Apparent Equilibrium Shifts and Kinetic Implications".</p> <p>The .zip files contains the raw data and metadata for all items (supplementary and main text) as well as the calculation results. This includes UV, HPLC, NMR, DFT and MD results. This revised version presents extended DFT results (now including dispersion contributions) as well as additional NMR data (now including analytical data for isolated 1f, among other data).</p> <p>To some extent, this work builds on and borrows from our previous publications on spectral unmixing (https://doi.org/10.3390/mps2030060, https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202000204), continuous reaction monitoring (https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05356), and thermodynamic reaction control (https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.201901230, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3568858, https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202000901, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c02589).</p>
A. Fontana and L. Bellon, Dataset for Phys. Rev. E 107, 034118 (2023) : Linking fluctuation and dissipation in spatially extended out-of-equilibrium systems
<p>In this repository, you can find the data used for the salient plots in the article (10.1103/PhysRevE.107.034118), a script you can use to plot such data and a folder with some functions used in the script. All files are in MATLAB format. </p>
Equilibrium structure (BODDI)2(MgH)4_b
<p>Fully relaxed singlet ground state equilibrium structure of the tetranuclear magnesium hydride cluster <strong>(BODDI)<sub>2</sub>(MgH)<sub>4</sub>_b</strong> as obtained at the B3LYP/def2-SVP level of theory including D3 dispersion correction with Becke-Johnson damping. Implicit solvent effects (toluene) were described using a polarizable continuum model.</p>
Fig. 4 in Insights on the antiradical capacity and mechanism of phytocannabinoids: H-abstraction and electron transfer processes in physiological media and the influence of the acid-base equilibrium
Fig. 4. Gibbs free energies of the HOO• scavenging reaction of phytocannabinoids under physiological conditions.
Fig. 5 in Insights on the antiradical capacity and mechanism of phytocannabinoids: H-abstraction and electron transfer processes in physiological media and the influence of the acid-base equilibrium
Fig. 5. Localized TSs for fHAT mechanism of phytocannabinoids in the lipid-like environment. The Distances are in A.
Simulation dataset for "HORNET - A Power Density Quantifying Out of Thermodynamic Equilibrium Energy Conversion"
<p>Simulation dataset for reproducing figures used in the manuscript</p>
Assessment of equilibrium climate sensitivity of the Community Earth System Model version 2 through simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum
<p>Simulation data (TS, FSNT, and FLNT) and apap cloud feedback analysis for CESM2 LGM simulation</p> <p><strong>Simulation boundary condition files in 1-degree resolution: boundary_condition_files.zip</strong></p> <p><strong>Please cite: </strong></p> <p>Zhu, J., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Brady, E. C., Poulsen, C. J., Tierney, J. E., Lofverstrom, M., & DiNezio, P. (2021). Assessment of equilibrium climate sensitivity of the Community Earth System Model version 2 through simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, <em>n/a</em>(n/a), e2020GL091220. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091220</p>
Carbetocin Trial: Carbetocin Appropriate Rate Better Equilibrium Between Tonus (TOnus) and CIrculatioN
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02221531. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Impact of tDCS on Locomotion and Equilibrium in Hemiplegic Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02134158. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Cortical Reorganization Models for Motor Areas and Inter-hemispheric Equilibrium Post-stroke: a Pilot Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02664636. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Normative Reference Values of Equilibrium Coordination Test Among Children
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05159297. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
HFR A-equilibrium on Cardiovascular Stability
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01414842. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 5. Publications: 1.
Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Interrogate T Cell Receptor Non-Equilibrium Kinetics
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