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680 results for “exclusivity”
Summer Throughfall Precipitation Recorded at LTER Moisture Exclusion Treatment Plots: 1991-Present(weekly)
Standard rain cans were located at the three corners of the summer moisture exclosure plots and read weekly during the summer season starting in 1991.
Soil Moisture (TDR) Measurements at LTER Moisture Exclusion Treatment Plots: 1994-Present (weekly)
Soil volumetric water content measurments made with Campbell datalogger and Tektronix1502B cable Tester in control and summer rain exclusion treatment plots.
Soil Moisture (TDR), Temperature, and Precipitation Measurements at FP3A Moisture Exclusion Treatment Plots: 2002-Present
Soil moisture and temperature readings taken with Campbell datalogger and Tektronix1502B Cable tester within control plot and summer rain exclusion plot.
Logical model for mutually exclusive and co-occurring genetic alterations in bladder tumorigenesis
<p>Relationships between genetic alterations, such as co-occurrence or mutual exclusivity, are often observed in cancer, where their understanding may provide new insights into etiology and clinical management. In this study, we combined statistical analyses and computational modelling to explain patterns of genetic alterations seen in 178 patients with bladder tumours (either muscle-invasive or non-muscle-invasive). A statistical analysis on frequently altered genes identified pair associations including co-occurrence or mutual exclusivity. Focusing on genetic alterations of protein-coding genes involved in growth factor receptor signalling, cell cycle and apoptosis entry, we complemented this analysis with a literature search to focus on nine pairs of genetic alterations of our dataset, with subsequent verification in three other datasets available publically. To understand the reasons and contexts of these patterns of associations while accounting for the dynamics of associated signalling pathways, we built a logical model. This model was validated first on published mutant mice data, then used to study patterns and to draw conclusions on counter-intuitive observations, allowing one to formulate predictions about conditions where combining genetic alterations benefits tumorigenesis. For example, while CDKN2A homozygous deletions occur in a context of FGFR3 activating mutations, our model suggests that additional PIK3CA mutation or p21CIP deletion would greatly favour invasiveness. Further, the model sheds light on the temporal orders of gene alterations, for example, showing how mutual exclusivity of FGFR3 and TP53 mutations is interpretable if FGFR3 is mutated first. Overall, our work shows how to predict combinations of the major gene alterations leading to invasiveness.</p> <p> </p> <p>GINsim archive (zginml) with the model, its annotations and simulation parameters; the SBML file can be imported using any tool supporting the SBML qual format</p> <p>Warning: the zginml archive should be open using a recent GINsim version (>2.8)</p>
Dataset accompanying Riesch et al. 2020. Grazing by wild red deer maintains characteristic vegetation of semi-natural open habitats: Evidence from a 3-year exclusion experiment. Applied Vegetation Science
<p>This repository contains vegetation community data used by Riesch et al. 2020 in an article accepted in Applied Vegetation Science.</p> <p>Metadata are provided in the first excel worksheet. For further details please see the original article.</p>
Fast and furious: Early differences in growth rate drive short-term plant dominance and exclusion under eutrophication
<p>1. The reduction of plant diversity following eutrophication threatens many ecosystems worldwide. Yet, the mechanisms by which species are lost following nutrient enrichment are still not completely understood, nor are the details of when such mechanisms act during the growing season, which hampers understanding and the development of mitigation strategies.</p> <p>2. Using a common garden competition experiment, we found that early-season differences in growth rates among five perennial grass species measured in monoculture predicted short-term competitive dominance in pairwise combinations and that the proportion of variance explained was particularly greater under a fertilisation treatment.</p> <p>3. We also examined the role of early-season growth rate in determining the outcome of competition along an experimental nutrient gradient in an alpine meadow. Early differences in growth rate between species predicted short-term competitive dominance under both ambient and fertilized conditions and competitive exclusion under fertilized conditions.</p> <p>4. The results of these two studies suggests that plant species growing faster during the early stage of the growing season gain a competitive advantage over species that initially grow more slowly, and that this advantage is magnified under fertilisation. This finding is consistent with the theory of asymmetric competition for light in which fast-growing species can intercept incident light and hence outcompete and exclude slower-growing (and hence shorter) species. We predict that the current chronic nutrient inputs into many terrestrial ecosystems worldwide will reduce plant diversity and maintain a low biodiversity state by continuously favouring fast-growing species. Biodiversity management strategies should focus on controlling nutrient inputs and reducing the growth of fast-growing species early in the season.</p>
Size-selective exclusion of mammals and invertebrates differently affects grassland plant communities depending on vegetation type
<p>Human-caused loss of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, defaunation, is increasing, and potentially affects plant community structure of diverse grassland ecosystems worldwide. We experimentally simulated defaunation using size-selective fences to progressively exclude large-, medium- and small-sized mammals, and invertebrates from two subalpine vegetation types in the Swiss National Park (SNP): intensively grazed short-grass and moderately grazed tall-grass vegetation. We assessed plant community properties yearly from 2009 to 2013, and examined treatment effects on plant community structure in the two grassland types. In the short-grass vegetation, the exclusion of large mammals increased total plant biomass, while the exclusion of large and medium-sized mammals increased total, grass and forb biomass compared to when all animals had access. These increases became stronger when also invertebrates were excluded. The exclusion of all mammals and invertebrates increased biomass of grasses by 205%, forbs by 100% and total plant biomass by 118% compared to when all animals had access, hence enhancing relative biomass of grasses from 43.6% to 60%, changing plant species composition and lowering richness of forbs by 16%, the number of plant families by 13% and family-level Shannon diversity by 23%. In contrast to these significant community-level responses found in the short-grass vegetation, there was no evidence that the size-selective exclusion of animals altered the plant community structure of the tall-grass vegetation. The contrasting results were due to the difference in plant community composition prior to our experiment, which were related to differences in quantity and quality of forage and in grazing intensities of herbivores between the two grassland types. Synthesis. Our results showed that different-sized animals, in particular large mammals and invertebrates, contributed to maintain the plant community structure in the short-grass vegetation, highlighting the importance of multiple, functionally different animal groups for ecosystem functioning and stability. In contrast to the short-grass vegetation, we could not detect such a top-down control by animals in the tall-grass vegetation. Our results suggest that potential defaunation effects on grassland plant community structure depend on the degree of grazing pressure release and grassland vegetation type.</p>
SF3D - Violence, sexism, exclusion, fear
From the Sketchfab San Francisco Meetup that took place on Aug. 8, 2015. This was shot in Clarion Alley with my Canon EOS30D (17 photos). Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Machine Learning Classification Workflow and Datasets for Ionospheric VLF Data Exclusion
<p><span>This data includes the pre-processed dataset, along with a novel workflow that utilizes the PyCaret library and a post-processing workflow. The code and data serve educational purposes in the interdisciplinary field of machine learning and ionospheric physics science, as well as being useful to other researchers for diverse objectives. </span></p> <p><span><span>Acknowledgements:</span></span></p> <p><span><span>The WALDO database (<a href="https://waldo.world"><span>https://waldo.world</span></a>, accessed on October 1, 2023) provides VLF data. It is run collaboratively by the University of Colorado Denver and the Georgia Institute of Technology, utilizing data gathered from Stanford University and those two institutions. It has been made possible by numerous grants from the Department of Defense, NASA, and the NSF.<span> </span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
STORM Data: Transcriptionally active chromatin loops contain both 'active' and 'inactive' histone modifications that exhibit exclusivity at the level of nucleosome clusters
<p>The dataset underlying the SMLM STORM super-resolution images of 'Transcriptionally active chromatin loops contain both ‘active’ and ‘inactive’ histone modifications that exhibit exclusivity at the level of nucleosome clusters'. See Biorxiv paper for details on sample preparation: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.555774v1.full.pdf">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.555774v1.full.pdf</a>, Pyranose Oxidase STORM buffer on Elyra 7 Zeiss Microscope, processed with Zen Black. Samples are named according to which figures they occur in the above paper.</p>
Ecological consequences of large herbivore exclusion in an African savanna: 12 years of data from the UHURU experiment
<p>Diverse communities of large mammalian herbivores (LMH), once widespread, are now rare. LMH exert strong direct and indirect effects on community structure and ecosystem functions, and measuring these effects is important for testing ecological theory and for understanding past, current, and future environmental change. This in turn requires long-term experimental manipulations, owing to the slow and often nonlinear responses of populations and assemblages to LMH removal. Moreover, the effects of particular species or body-size classes within diverse LMH guilds are difficult to pinpoint, and the magnitude and even direction of these effects often depends on environmental context. Since 2008, we have maintained the Ungulate Herbivory Under Rainfall Uncertainty (UHURU) experiment, a series of size-selective LMH exclosures replicated across a rainfall/productivity gradient in a semi-arid Kenyan savanna. The goals of the UHURU experiment are to measure the effects of removing successively smaller size classes of LMH (mimicking the process of size-biased extirpation) and to establish how these effects are shaped by spatial and temporal variation in rainfall. The UHURU experiment comprises three LMH-exclusion treatments and an unfenced control, applied to 9 randomized blocks of contiguous 1-ha plots (n = 36). The fenced treatments are: "MEGA" (exclusion of megaherbivores, elephant and giraffe); "MESO" (exclusion of herbivores ≥40 kg); and "TOTAL" (exclusion of herbivores ≥5 kg). Each block is replicated three times at three sites across the 20-km rainfall gradient, which has fluctuated over the course of the experiment. The first five years of data were published previously (Ecological Archives E095-064) and have been used in numerous studies. Since that publication, we have (a) continued to collect data following the original protocols, (b) improved the taxonomic resolution and accuracy of plant and small-mammal identifications, and (c) begun collecting several new data sets. Here, we present updated and extended raw data from the first 12 years of the UHURU experiment (2008–2019). Data include daily rainfall data throughout the experiment; annual surveys of understory plant communities; annual censuses of woody-plant communities; annual measurements of individually tagged woody plants; monthly monitoring of flowering and fruiting phenology; every-other-month small-mammal mark-recapture data; and quarterly large-mammal dung surveys.</p>
Do natural enemies mediate conspecific negative distance- and density-dependence of trees? A meta-analysis of exclusion experiments
<p>Conspecific negative distance- and density-dependence is believed to be one of the most important mechanisms controlling forest community assembly and species diversity globally. Plant pathogens, and insect and mammalian herbivores, are the most common natural enemy types that have been implicated in this phenomenon, but their general effects at different plant life stages are still unclear. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of studies that involved robust manipulative experiments, using fungicides, insecticides, or exclosures, to assess the contributions of different natural enemy types to distance- and density-dependent effects at seed and seedling stages. We found that conspecific negative distance- and density-dependence was more common at the seedling stage. Only 30% of studies showed significant conspecific negative distance- and density-dependence. Among those studies, applying fungicides significantly reduced the effect of conspecific negative distance -dependent mortality. Excluding large mammals reduced the effect of conspecifics, but with only marginal significance (p < 0.1). Our study confirms that plant pathogens have a significant impact on distance -dependent mortality and suggests that the impacts of herbivores on seedlings have been understudied. At the seed stage, large and small mammals, respectively, appear to weaken and enhance negative conspecific distance-dependent mortality. Future research should identify specific agents of mortality, investigate the interactions among different enemy types, and assess how global change may affect natural enemies and thus influence the strength of conspecific distance- and density-dependence.</p>
Low-intensity cattle grazing is better than cattle exclusion to drive secondary savannas towards the features of native Cerrado vegetation
<p><span>Although livestock have been historically associated with land conversion and biodiversity loss, well-managed cattle grazing has been reported to contribute to conservation of open ecosystems. Knowing the balance between positive and negative effects of livestock (presence or exclusion) on different ecosystems is, therefore, crucial to support management decisions. </span><span>We conducted an experiment </span><span>in a secondary savanna with exotic grasses, used as pasture, to assess the effect of cattle presence in low density and cattle exclusion (in paired plots) on the trajectory of these ecosystems. Richness, composition and structure of the woody community, and exotic grass cover and biomass were compared between treatments in the beginning of the experiment and after seven years. At the end of the experiment, we also compared composition, richness, and density of the native ground layer. We verified that (a) cattle exclusion accelerates the undesirable woody encroachment, changes the species composition and leads to huge grass fuel accumulation, while (b) cattle grazing/browsing hinders changes in savanna structure and composition and reduces the exotic grass cover and biomass, thus favoring native herbaceous plants. By decreasing the grass biomass, cattle grazing also reduces the system flammability and, therefore, the risk and intensity of wildfires. Together, the positive effects of cattle presence and the negative effects of cattle exclusion lead to the conclusion that cattle should be maintained in these systems. Low-intensity cattle grazing limits woody and exotic grass invasion, improves native forb biodiversity, and help maintain </span><span>composition and structural features of secondary savannas of the Cerrado.</span></p>
Contents of soil organic matter fractions as affected by warming and rain exclusion at a semiarid Mediterranean site
<p>Data and metadata of total, free, intra-aggregate, and mineral-associated organic C and N contents of soils from a dryland ecosystem warming experiment established in Aranjuez, Central Spain.</p>
The effects of a half century of warming and fire exclusion on montane forests of the Klamath Mountains, California, USA
<p>These files are the raw data used in the manuscript "Effects of a half century of warming and fire exclusion on montane forests of the Klamath Mountains, California, USA"</p> <p>Manuscript authors: Erik S. Jules, Melissa H. DeSiervo, Matthew J. Reilly, Drew S. Bost, and Ramona J. Butz</p> <p>Climate warming and altered disturbance regimes are changing forest composition and structure worldwide. Given that species often exhibit individualistic responses to change, making predictions about the cumulative effects of multiple stressors across environmental gradients is challenging, especially in diverse communities. For example, warming temperatures are predicted to drive species upslope, while fire exclusion promotes expansion of species at lower elevations where fire was historically frequent.</p> <p>We resampled 148 vegetation plots to assess 46-years (1969 to 2015) of species and community-level response to warming and fire exclusion in a topographically complex landscape in the Klamath Mountains, California (USA), a diverse region that served as a climate refugia throughout the Holocene. We compared cover and assessed change in the elevational distributions of 12 conifer species at different life stages (i.e., seedlings, saplings, canopy).</p> <p>We observed consistent but non-significant shifts upward in elevation for eight species, and a significant shift upward for one species, all of which were far less than expectations based on recent warming. Six species declined in total cover and another five declined in at least one life stage, while the drought- and fire-intolerant <em>Abies concolor</em> increased by 30.7%. The largest declines were at lower elevations in drought-tolerant, early seral species (<em>Pinus lambertiana</em> and <em>Pinus ponderosa</em>) and at higher elevations for the shade-tolerant <em>Abies magnifica</em> var. <em>shastensis</em> and the regionally rare <em>Abies lasiocarpa</em>. Regionally rare (<em>Picea engelmannii</em>) and endemic (<em>Picea breweriana</em>) species had reductions in early life stages, portending future declines. Multivariate analyses revealed a high degree of inertia with a minor but significant shift in composition and a slight decrease in species turnover along the elevation gradient driven by expansion of <em>A. concolor</em>. Our results indicate that most species are declining, especially at lower- and mid-elevations where fire exclusion increased cover of shade-tolerant species and reduced recruitment for fire-adapted species. Collectively, declines in most species, insufficient upward movement to track warming, reductions in drought- and fire-tolerant early seral species, and an increase in a single, shade-tolerant species will leave these communities maladapted to projected climate scenarios and questions the potential for future climate refugia in this region.</p>
Original data for publications: Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structures of Two New Manganese Aceto EMIM Ionic Compounds with Chains of Mn2+ Ions Coordinated Exclusively by Acetate, and: Fe4(OAc)10[EMIM]2: Novel Iron-Based Acetate EMIM Ionic Compound
<p>Origianl data for publications (Part of University of Geneva only):</p> <p>Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structures of Two New Manganese Aceto EMIM Ionic Compounds with Chains of Mn2+ Ions Coordinated Exclusively by Acetate<br> Przemyslaw Dera, Edward Bruffey III, Gregory J. Finkelstein, Colleen Kelly, Angelina Gigante, Hans Hagemann, and Godwin Severa<br> ACS Omega 2020, 5, 25, 15592-15600</p> <p>Fe4(OAc)10[EMIM]2: Novel Iron-Based Acetate EMIM Ionic Compound<br> Godwin Severa, Edward Bruffey, Phuong Q. H. Nguyen, Angelina Gigante, Noemi Leick, Colleen Kelly, Gregory J. Finkelstein, Hans Hagemann, Thomas Gennett, Richard E. Rocheleau, and Przemyslaw Dera,<br> ACS Omega 2021, 6, 31907-31918.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Leaf traits predict water‐use eficiency in U.S. Pacific Northwest grasslands under rain exclusion treatment
<p>Does drought stress in temperate grasslands alter the relationship between plant structure and function? Here we report data from an experiment focusing on growth form and species traits that affect the critical functions of water‐ and nutrient‐use efficiency in prairie and pasture plant communities. A total of 139 individuals of 12 species (11 genera and four families) were sampled in replicated plots maintained for three years across a 520-km latitudinal gradient in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Rain exclusion did not alter the interspecific relationship between foliar traits and stoichiometry or intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE). Rain exclusion reduced iWUE in grasses, and effect was primarily species‐specific, although leaf morphology, life history strategy, and phylogenetic distance predicted iWUE for all 12 species when analyzed together. Variation in specific leaf area explained most of the variation in iWUE between different functional groups, with annual forbs and annual grasses at opposite ends of the resource‐use spectrum. Our findings are consistent with expected trait‐driven tradeoffs between productivity and resource‐use efficiency and provide insight into strategies for the sustainable use and conservation of temperate grasslands.</p>
Response of soil fungal communities and their co-occurrence patterns to grazing exclusion in different grassland types
<p>Overgrazing and climate change are the main causes of grassland degradation, and grazing exclusion is one of the most common measures for restoring degraded grasslands worldwide. Soil fungi can respond rapidly to environmental stresses, but the response of different grassland types to grazing control has not been uniformly determined. Three grassland types (temperate desert, temperate steppe grassland, and mountain meadow) that were closed for grazing exclusion for nine years were used to study the effects of grazing exclusion on soil nutrients as well as fungal community structure in the three grassland types. The results showed that (1) in the 0–5 cm soil layer, grazing exclusion significantly affected the soil water content of the three grassland types (<em>P</em><0.05), and the pH, total phosphorous (TP) and nitrogen-to-phosphorous ratio (N/P) changed significantly in all three grassland types (<em>P</em><0.05). Significant changes in soil nutrients in the 5–10 cm soil layer after grazing exclusion occurred in the mountain meadow grasslands (<em>P</em><0.05), but not in the temperate desert and temperate steppe grasslands. (2) For the different grassland types, Archaeorhizomycetes was most abundant in the montane meadows, and Dothideomycetes was most abundant in the temperate desert grasslands and was significantly more abundant than in the remaining two grassland types (<em>P</em><0.05). Grazing exclusion let to insignificant changes in the dominant soil fungal phyla and in α diversity but significant changes in the β diversity of soil fungi (<em>P</em><0.05). (3) Grazing exclusion areas have higher mean clustering coefficients and modularity classes than grazing areas. In particular, the highest modularity class is found in temperate steppe grassland grazing exclusion areas. (4) We also found that pH is the main driving factor affecting soil fungal community structure, that plant coverage is a key environmental factor affecting soil community composition, and that grazing exclusion indirectly affects soil fungal communities by affecting soil nutrients. The above results suggest that grazing exclusion may regulate microbial ecological processes by changing the soil fungal β diversity in the three grassland types. Grazing exclusion is not conducive to the recovery of soil nutrients in areas with mountain meadow but improves the stability of soil fungi in temperate steppe grassland. Therefore, the type of degraded grassland should be considered when formulating suitable restoration programmes when grazing exclusion measures are implemented. The results of this study provide new insights into the response of soil fungal communities to grazing exclusion, providing a theoretical basis for the management of degraded grassland restoration.</p>
Quality of free soil organic matter fraction as affected by warming and rain exclusion at a semiarid Mediterranean site
<p>Data and metadata of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of free organic matter fraction of soils from a dryland ecosystem warming experiment established in Aranjuez, Central Spain.</p>
Contents of soil organic matter fractions as affected by warming and rain exclusion at a semiarid Mediterranean site
<p>Data and metadata of total, free, intra-aggregate, and mineral-associated organic C and N contents of soils from a dryland ecosystem warming experiment established in Aranjuez, Central Spain.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.