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221 results for “formalization”
Supplementary Material, Towards the LLM-Based Generation of Formal Specifications from Natural-Language Contracts: Early Experiments with Symboleo
<p>This repository contains all the files used in the experiments described in the paper "Towards the LLM-Based Generation of Formal Specifications from Natural-Language Contracts: Early Experiments with Symboleo", which appeared in "RAISE 2025: Requirements engineering for AI-powered SoftwarE", an ICSE 2025 workshop, Ottawa, May 3, 2025.</p>
Formal-Specification-to-Code Trace Links Recovery
<p>The experiment data and the code used in our experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed formal-specification-to-code trace links establishment method, and the other exsiting text-based trace links recovery methods, including Latent Semantic Indexing, Vector Space Model, Word2Vec embeddings, and LLM-based embeddings, are here. It originate from three projects. The first one is an open source VDM-SL specification of an AccountSys and its Java implementation. It comes from the book “Formal Software Development: From VDM to Java” written by Quentin Charatan and Aaron Kans. Both the VDM-SL formal specification and the Java implementation of the AccountSys were developed and provided by Prof. Aaron Kans from University of East London. It illustrates how to model bank accounts and transactions made on these as a series of deposits and withdrawals. Bank.java file implementing the GUI of the system in the source code is not used since it contains syntactical error and cannot build AST. The second project involves the SOFL specification and the Java implementation of an ATM system. The operations on current accounts of an ATM, such as deposit, withdraw, show balance, print out transaction records are specified by using SOFL formal language and implemented by using Java langauge. The third project involves an open source VDM-SL specification of a hotel system along with its C implementation. The specification describes a hotel management system where guests can check in, enter rooms, and manage cards associated with rooms and keys. The VDM-SL specification, created by Daniel Jackson and presented in his book “Software Abstractions: Logic, Language, and Analysis”. </p>
Adjustable Block Analysis: Actor-based Creation of Block Summaries for Scaling Formal Verification
<p>Software quality assurance becomes more and more popular in modern software development. Fixing bugs early, reduces the cost and increases the quality of the product. Since a great portion of time is needed for debugging, assisting techniques are integrated. Many techniques use formal verification as a basis. Although formal verification is applied with great success to many software development pipelines, the scalability is still a big challenge. In this work, we introduce the concept of the distributed CPAs (configurable program analyses). The core idea is to partition the control flow automaton (CFA) of a given input program in coherent blocks with one entry and one exit node. Workers analyze every block parallely and broadcast new information to every other worker. If a block contains an error location, the block is analyzed backwards from the error location. Whenever the analysis reaches the top of the block, we ask whether other blocks can prove the error location (un)reachable. For this, we can reuse the results of previous verification runs on other blocks. Our approach is easily extensible to support any existing configurable program analysis and additionally allows an easy integration of other concepts, e.g., fault localization. This work shows and explains the implementation of a framework for distributed CPAs in CPAchecker. Furthermore, we perform a thorough evaluation of the approach, showing that our implementation is sound and matches the results of the existing predicate analysis. However, the great amount of transferred data between workers slows down the verification process causing many out-of-memory errors and timeouts. Nonetheless, the evaluation reveals the current bottle-necks and points us to potentially useful and effective improvements.</p> <p>Thesis: https://www.sosy-lab.org/research/msc/2022.Kettl.Adjustable_Block_Analysis.pdf</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. P.c.campbelliThomas,1905—C&EMongoliaandChina(WNingxia,InnerMongolia,andNHebei). P. c. crepidatus Hollister, 1912 — SE Siberia (Altai Mts, Tuva, S Buryatia, and S Zabaykalsky Krai in Russia) and NW Mongolia. A not yet formally described form based on genetic data is present in SW Mongolia. in Cricetidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P.c.campbelliThomas,1905—C&EMongoliaandChina(WNingxia,InnerMongolia,andNHebei). P. c. crepidatus Hollister, 1912 — SE Siberia (Altai Mts, Tuva, S Buryatia, and S Zabaykalsky Krai in Russia) and NW Mongolia. A not yet formally described form based on genetic data is present in SW Mongolia.
Goal Structuring Notation for Formal Methods in the Safety Case
<p>A Goal Structuring Notation goal structure for arguing safety of an Automated Driving System by the use of formal methods.</p>
FIGURES 8–15 in Bucculatrix crataega sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae), a leaf miner on Crataegus, representing the first formally named species of the family from mainland China
FIGURES 8–15. Host plant, leaf mine and cocoon of Bucculatrix crataega sp. nov. 8, a leaf of Crataegus pinnatifida, with a white cocoon attached; 9, leaf mine under reflected light, SDNU.JN160801; 10, leaf mine under transmitted light, same mine as fig. 9; 11, egg; 12, feeding windows; 13, moulting cocoon; 14, cocoon; 15, cocoon with a pupal exuvia protruded.
The 2019 Comparison of Tools for the Analysis of Quantitative Formal Models: Results and Replication
<p>This archive contains detailed results from QComp 2019 as well as the necessary scripts and data to replicate them.</p> <p>Visit http://qcomp.org for more information for QComp.</p> <p>Overview of Contents</p> <p>- `qcomp.org/` contains the state of our website from the timepoint of the competition. This includes:<br> - All benchmark files, browsable at `qcomp.org/benchmarks/index.html`<br> - Detailed competition results in a human-readable format, browsable at `qcomp.org/competition/2019/results/index.html`<br> - `logs/` contains the raw logfiles and data gathered by our scripts<br> - `scripts/` contains scripts to replicate the whole competition<br> - `toolpackages/` contains a package for each participating tool which includes<br> - Instructions for obtaining and installing the tool<br> - a file `invocations.json` listing the commandlines used in QComp 2019<br> - a file `tool.py` providing functionalities to obtain the result from the tool output.</p>
FIGURE 11 in The first formal report of brachypterous stonefly of Leuctridae (Plecoptera) from China
FIGURE 11. Paraleuctra orientalis (Chu, 1928). A. male terminalia, dorsal view; B. male terminalia, ventral view; C. male terminalia, lateral view; D. female terminalia, ventral view. The small subtriangular cercal spine is indicated with arrowhead.
FIGURE 10 in The first formal report of brachypterous stonefly of Leuctridae (Plecoptera) from China
FIGURE 10. Paraleuctra orientalis (Chu, 1928). A. right forewing, dorsal view; B. right hindwing, dorsal view.
FIGURE 4 in The first formal report of brachypterous stonefly of Leuctridae (Plecoptera) from China
FIGURE 4. Paraleuctra cuihuashana sp. nov. A. male terminalia after NaOH treatment, dorsal view; B. drawing of male terminalia after NaOH treatment, dorsal view; C. male terminalia after NaOH treatment and removal of subgenital plate, ventral view; D. drawing of male terminalia after NaOH treatment, ventral view.
FIGURE 7 in The first formal report of brachypterous stonefly of Leuctridae (Plecoptera) from China
FIGURE 7. Paraleuctra cuihuashana sp. nov. A. female habitus, ventral view; B. female terminalia, ventral view.
FIGURE 12 in The first formal report of brachypterous stonefly of Leuctridae (Plecoptera) from China
FIGURE 12. Neighbor-joining tree of the three morphological types in this study. The three types are indicated with different colours. This tree recovered two distinct clades: Paraleuctra cuihuashana sp. nov. represented by A and B types; Paraleuctra orientalis represented by C type.
Moving-block System Requirements and 9 Formal Models
<p>The package includes a set of models for a railway moving-block system:</p> <p>(a) a PDF document named Moving-block Model and Requirements.pdf, which includes a UML model of a moving-block system together with a set of requirements for the system;</p> <p>(b) a set of 9 folders, each one associated to a formal or semi-formal development tool. Each folder contains one or more models of the moving-block system from (a), developed by means of the tool. </p> <p>The models were developed using the following tool versions. Other versions may still open and verify the models.</p> <ul> <li>Simulink (2017b)</li> <li>UMC (4.7)</li> <li>UPPAAL SMC (4.1.4) </li> <li>Atelier B (4.2.1)</li> <li>ProB (1.10.2018)</li> <li>NuSMV (2.6.0)</li> <li>SPIN (6.4.9)</li> <li>CADP (2019-a)</li> <li>FDR4 (4.2.3)</li> </ul>
Moving-block System Requirements and Formal Models
<p>The package includes a set of models for a railway moving-block system:</p> <p>(a) a PDF document named Moving-block Model and Requirements.pdf, which includes a UML model of a moving-block system together with a set of requirements for the system;</p> <p>(b) a set of 9 folders, each one associated to a formal or semi-formal development tool. Each folder contains one or more model of the moving-block system from (a), developed by means of the tool. </p> <p>The models were developed using the following tool versions. Other versions may still open and verify the models.</p> <ul> <li>Simulink (2017b)</li> <li>UMC (4.7)</li> <li>UPPAAL SMC (4.1.4) </li> <li>Atelier B (4.2.1)</li> <li>ProB (1.10.2018)</li> <li>NuSMV (2.6.0)</li> <li>SPIN (6.4.9)</li> <li>CADP (2019-a)</li> <li>FDR4 (4.2.3)</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Fig. 3 Clathrina clathrus. a in Integrative taxonomy of four Clathrina species of the Adriatic Sea, with the first formal description of Clathrina rubra Sarà, 1958
Fig. 3 Clathrina clathrus. a. Sponge in situ. Scale bar=5 mm. b. Regular triactines. The actines are cylindrical, undulated at their distal part and with rounded tips. Scale bar=50 μm
Fig. 4 in Integrative taxonomy of four Clathrina species of the Adriatic Sea, with the first formal description of Clathrina rubra Sarà, 1958
Fig. 4 Clathrina cf. hondurensis. a. Sponge in situ attached to the basal part of Cystoseira crinita thallus. Scale bar=1 cm. b. Triactine. Conical actine (arrow) with sharp tip (arrowhead). Scale bar=50 μm
Fig. 5 Clathrina rubra. a in Integrative taxonomy of four Clathrina species of the Adriatic Sea, with the first formal description of Clathrina rubra Sarà, 1958
Fig. 5 Clathrina rubra. a. Sponge in situ attached to the basal part of Cystoseira crinita thallus. Scale bar=1 cm. b. Regular triactine. Actine with cylindrical actine (arrow) and the typical wide, rounded tip (arrowhead). Scale bar=50 μm. c. Parasagittal triactine. Scale bar=50 μm
Fig. 1 in Integrative taxonomy of four Clathrina species of the Adriatic Sea, with the first formal description of Clathrina rubra Sarà, 1958
Fig. 1 Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree based on concatenated ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and partial 28S rDNA sequences. Bayesian posterior probabilities (when>0.80) are given above the branches and bootstrap values for maximum likelihood (ML) are given below the branches (when>70). Species obtained in this study are marked with bold
FIGURE 5. A–F in Formal recognition of six subordinate taxa within the South American bracken fern, Pteridium esculentum (P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum s.l. -Dennstaedtiaceae), based on morphology and geography
FIGURE 5. A–F. Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum var. paedomorficum: A. pinnae (Schwartsburd 3844), B. segment, abaxially (Schwartsburd 3844), C. segment, cross section, abaxial side up, showing sericeous veins, with with lax, arachnoid hairs, and glabrous laminar tissue between the veins (Schwartsburd 3844), D. segment, abaxially (Schwartsburd 3844), E. segment, cross section, abaxial side up, showing veins with setose hairs, and glabrous laminar tissue between the veins, F–H. Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum × P. esculentum subsp. campestre: F. pinnule (Fay 2413), G. segment, abaxially (Guedes 14217), H. segment, cross section, abaxial side up, showing strigose veins, with with stiff, acicular hairs, and laminar tissue between the veins with farinaceous appearance, fully covered by gnarled hairs (Guedes 14217). Drawn by R. Pinto.
FIGURE 4 in Formal recognition of six subordinate taxa within the South American bracken fern, Pteridium esculentum (P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum s.l. -Dennstaedtiaceae), based on morphology and geography
FIGURE 4. Distribution of Pteridium esculentum subsp. gryphus var. gryphus (blue circles) and P. esculentum subsp. gryphus var. harpianum (yellow circles) in South America.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.