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Fig. 13 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 13. Strict consensus cladogram from analysis of 37 morphological characters by Walsh and Suárez (2006), designed to test the relationships of Pygoscelis grandis.

Fig. 24 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 24. Scapulae of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: (A) the stem penguin Waimanu tuatahi (CM zfa34); (B) extant Eudyptes chrysolophus (AMNH 5974). Image A reprinted with permission from Slack et al. (2006). See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 6 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 6. Right carpometacarpus of MUSM 889 in (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, and (C) distal view. Scale bar 5 1cm. See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 17 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 17. Results of iterative analyses testing the effect of assigning character codings from isolated elements to species terminals. Strict consensus of 1920 MPTs of 4493 steps from the analysis applying codings from the Tonniornis mesetaensis holotype humerus to the Delphinornis gracilis terminal. In the results of the permutation for Delphinornis larseni (6390 trees of 4493 steps), the same strict consensus tree was recovered.

Fig. 25 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 25. Coracoids of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: (A) the stem penguin Archaeospheniscus lowei (OM GL407); (B) extant Aptenodytes forsteri (AMNH 3767). The bone is incomplete in A, causing the proximal end to appear less widened. Broken edges suggest that the coracoid fenestra was originally completely enclosed in A. Scale bars 5 1 cm. See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 16 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 16. Strict consensus of 480 MPTs of 4494 steps from the analysis including the type B humerus (IB/P/B-0382) as a separate terminal.

Fig. 23 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 23. Quadrates of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: (A) the stem penguin Icadyptes salasi (MUSM 897); (B) extant Spheniscus demersus (NSM 6294). See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 30 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 30. Tarsometatarsi of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: the stem penguins (A) Waimanu manneringi (CM zfa35), (B) Palaeeudyptes klekowskii (UCMP 321486), and (C) Anthropornis sp. (UCMP 321023), and (D) extant Spheniscus magellanicus (AMNH 24679). Scale bars 5 1 cm. See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 15 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 15. Results of iterative analyses testing the effect of assigning character codings from isolated elements to species terminals. Strict consensus of 1503 MPTs of 4494 steps from the analysis applying codings from IB/P/B-0382 (type B humerus) to the Marambiornis exilis terminal. An identical strict consensus topology resulted from the permutations adding the type B humerus codings to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal.

Fig. 12 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 12. Single most parsimonious tree from analysis of 44 morphological characters by Acosta Hospitaleche et al. (2007, 2008).

Fig. 21 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 21. Phylogeny of Sphenisciformes calibrated to the stratigraphic record. Ghost lineages (Norell, 1992) are minimized. Dotted lines extending the range of clade 7 are based on identification of fragmentary fossils of late Eocene age to this clade. We utilize age ranges for Spheniscus urbinai and Spheniscus megaramphus provided by Stucchi (2007). Most penguins from the La Meseta Formation occur in Telm 7 (34.2–36.1 Ma), but a few species have been reported from lower units (see Myrcha et al., 2002; Jadwiszczak, 2006a), accounting for the extended ranges of Delphinornis larseni, Anthropornis grandis, and Palaeeudyptes gunnari. A specimen from the Chilcatay Formation (see fig. 1) referred to Palaeospheniscus sp. by Acosta Hospitaleche and Stucchi (2005) is provisionally referred to Palaeospheniscus patagonicus (Ksepka, 2007), accounting for the longer range of this taxon. For taxa that are poorly constrained in age, the midpoint of possible ages is used (e.g., Marplesornis is placed at the late Miocene). Geographical locality for fossil taxa and breeding range of extant taxa are provided in parentheses following taxa names. Asterisks indicate taxa with extensive breeding ranges including oceanic islands (see Bertelli and Giannini [2005] for more data on these species). Abbreviations: AF, Africa; AN, Antarctica; AU, Australia; NZ, New Zealand and surrounding islands; SA, South America.

Fig. 19 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 19. Results of iterative analyses testing the effect of assigning character codings from isolated elements to species terminals. Strict consensus of 930 MPTs of 4493 steps from the analysis applying codings from the Tonniornis mesetaensis holotype humerus to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal. An identical strict consensus topology resulted from the permutations adding the Tonniornis mesetaensis humerus codings to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal.

Fig. 20 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 20. Strict consensus of 1400 MPTs of 4492 steps from the analysis including the Tonniornis mesetaensis and Tonniornis minimum holotype humeri as separate terminals.

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Fig. 7 in A New Interpretation of the Oldest Fossil Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Fig. 7. Left lateral habitus illustration of holotype worker of Cretotrigona prisca (illustration courtesy of D. A. Grimaldi, AMNH).

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Fig. 6 in A New Interpretation of the Oldest Fossil Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Fig. 6. Artist's reconstruction of Cretotrigona prisca as it might have appeared in flight (painting courtesy of Michael Rothman).

FIGURE 2 in Fossil Land Tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Dominican Republic, West Indies, with a Description of a New Species

FIGURE 2. Photos of Oleg's Bat Cave. A. Main cavern. B. Cave diver examining the MHD 1000 tortoise shell; C. tortoise shell in place before it was collected.

FIGURE 5 in Fossil Land Tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Dominican Republic, West Indies, with a Description of a New Species

FIGURE 5. Internal views of the plastron of Chelonoidis dominicensis (upper panels) showing: A. complete plastron; B. close-up of anterior plastral lobe; C. posterior plastral lobe. Comparative views of C. alburyorum (lower panels; specimen T4) showing D. complete plastron; E. close-up of anterior plastral lobe; F. posterior plastral lobe.

FIGURE 7 in Fossil Land Tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Dominican Republic, West Indies, with a Description of a New Species

FIGURE 7. Comparative views of the skulls of Chelonoidis dominicensis (left column) in A. dorsal view; C. lateral view; E. posterior view; and C. alburyorum (right column) B. dorsal view; D. lateral view; F. ventral posterior view. Separate scale bars represent 10 mm for each specimen.

FIGURE 1 in Fossil Land Tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Dominican Republic, West Indies, with a Description of a New Species

FIGURE 1. Map of the West Indies region and Hispaniola (modified from Velazco et al., 2013). Localities of Hispaniolan caves with tortoise fossils (inset) are: 1. Oleg's Bat Cave; 2. Bayaguana (Franz and Woods, 1983); 3. Barahona area (Turvey et al., 2017). Dotted line delineates the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic; the heavy dashed line indicates the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault. Other tortoise records, summarized in Franz and Franz (2009) and Steadman et al. (2017), are shown on the larger map. The Bahamas: 4. Abaco; 5. Moore's Island; 6. Andros; 7. New Providence; 8. Eleuthera; 9. San Salvador; 10. Crooked Island; 11. Acklins Island; 12. Mayaguana. Turks and Caicos Islands, British West Indies: 13. Middle Caicos; 14. Grand Turk. Greater Antilles: 15. Cuba; 16. Navassa Island; 17. Mona Island. Lesser Antilles: 18. Sombrero Island; 19. Anguilla; 20. Barbados.

FIGURE 4 in Fossil Land Tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Dominican Republic, West Indies, with a Description of a New Species

FIGURE 4. Outline showing scutes as a solid line; sulci as a double line on Chelonoidis dominicensis: A. carapace, dorsal; B. plastron, ventral; C. carapace, right lateral. Abbreviations followed by roman numerals indicate bone order in a series. Bones = black; scutes = red. Carapace bones: cos, costal; neu, neural; nuc, nuchal plate; per, peripheral; pyg, pygal; spy I, suprapygal I; spy II, suprapygal II. Plastron bones: epi, epiplastron; ent, entoplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xip, xiphiplastron. Carapace scutes: mar, marginal; ple, pleural; scd, supracaudal; ver, vertebral. Plastron scutes: abd, abdominal; ana, anal; axi, axillary; fem, femoral; gul, gular; hum, humeral; ing, inguinal; pec, pectoral.