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4,648 results for “frog”
How new communication behaviors evolve: Androgens as modifiers of neuromotor structure and function in foot-flagging frogs
<p>How diverse animal communication signals have arisen is a question that has fascinated many. <em>Xenopus</em> frogs have been a model system used for three decades to reveal insights into the neuroendocrine mechanisms and evolution of vocal diversity. Due to the ease of studying central nervous system control of the laryngeal muscles <em>in vitro</em>, <em>Xenopus</em> has helped us understand how variation in communication signals between sexes and between species is produced at the molecular, cellular, and systems levels. Yet, it is becoming easier to make similar advances in non-model organisms. Here, we summarize our research on a group of frog species that have evolved a novel hind limb signal known as 'foot flagging.' We have shown that the evolution of foot flagging in multiple species is accompanied by the evolution of higher androgen hormone sensitivity in the leg muscles and an increased density of spinal interneurons in the neuromotor system that controls the hind limb. Comparing this work to prior work in <em>Xenopus</em>, we highlight which patterns of hormone sensitivity and neural circuit properties are shared between <em>Xenopus</em> and foot-flagging frogs and which appear to be species-specific. Overall, we aim to illustrate the power of drawing inspiration from experiments in model organisms, in which the mechanistic details have been worked out, and then apply these ideas to a non-traditional model species to reveal new details, further complexities, and fresh hypotheses.</p>
Glass Frog Calls
<p>This dataset contains 5296 audio files in .WAV format, corresponding to calls of two glass frog species: <em>Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni</em> (Hf) and <em>Espadarana prosoblepon </em>(Ep), recorded under controlled laboratory conditions. We further increased the dataset size using noise injection-based data augmentation in one species (Ep), and artificially shifting call frequency in both species. The dataset contains four labelled classes: Hf (1250 calls), Hf-shifted (1250 calls), Ep (1398 calls) and Ep-shifted (1398 calls); each class is in a separate folder.</p> <p>Noise injected files, with white and pink noise, were generated using noise factors of 0.010 and 0.020, respectively, using the random and powerlaw_psd_gaussian functions from numpy (v1.26.4) and colorednoise (v2.2.0) Python libraries.</p> <p>Frequency shifting placed calls in upper or lower parts of spectrum, incorporating additional variability and was used to create two new classes. Hf call frequency was increased by a factor of +4 semitones (4/12), while Ep call frequency was decreased by the same factor (-4), using librosa (v0.10.2) in Python (effects.pitch_shift). Modified calls (‘Hf-shifted’ and ‘Ep-shifted’, respectively) more closely resemble the calls of the other species in terms of their frequency band.</p> <p>Derived audio files partially share file names: '1104-18211-ROI1_pN.WAV' is the 'pink noise' version of '1104-18211-ROI1.WAV', etc.</p> <p>The audio collection is accompanied by a data table (.csv) with no missing or null values, and consists of 4 columns: “File_name”; “Data_Augmentation”, whether the file had noise injection or not, and its type (white or pink); “Frequency_Shift”, whether the audio frequency was artificially shifted or not; and “Class”, which includes the respective labels. The dataset is suitable for machine learning tasks, audio signal processing and statistical analysis.</p>
Fig. 4 in Description of three new species of frog biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) from the Central Brazilian Amazon
Fig. 4. Microphotography of Corethrella cabocla. Feijó, Belchior, Marialva & Pessoa sp. nov. ♀, holotype (ILMD 0001 – 45). a. Legs. b. Tarsal claw with empodium. c. Abdomen. Scale bars: a = 100 μm; b = 10 μm; c = 100μm.
Fig. 8 in Description of three new species of frog biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) from the Central Brazilian Amazon
Fig. 8. Microphotography of Corethrella menini Feijó, Picelli, Ríos-Velásquez & Pessoa sp. nov. ♀, holotype (ILMD 0001 - 57). a. Thorax and legs. b. Tarsal claw with empodia. c. Abdomen. Scale bars: a–c = 500 μm; b = 10 μm.
Fig. 3 in Description of three new species of frog biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) from the Central Brazilian Amazon
Fig. 3. Microphotography of Corethrella cabocla Feijó, Belchior, Marialva & Pessoa sp. nov. ♀, holotype (ILMD 0001 -45). a. Habitus. b. Head. c. Head with coronal suture elongate. d. Clypeus. e. Wing. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b = 100 μm; c–d = 50 μm; e = 200 μm.
Fig. 2 in Description of three new species of frog biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) from the Central Brazilian Amazon
Fig. 2. Method of Corethrella collection. a. CDC light trap with a speaker attached playing looping of frog species songs from the 'sapoteca' frog library (https://ppbio.inpa.gov.br/sapoteca/paginainicial). b. Cage with dozens of Corethrella collected.
Fig. 6 in Description of three new species of frog biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) from the Central Brazilian Amazon
Fig. 6. Microphotography of Corethrella ielemdei Feijó, Ramires, Lima & Pessoa sp. nov. ♀, (ILMD 000 - 51). a. Legs. b. Tarsal claw with empodium. c. Wings. d. Abdomen. Scale bars: a = 100 μm; b = 10 μm; c–d = 500 μm.
Fig. 5 in Description of three new species of frog biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) from the Central Brazilian Amazon
Fig. 5. Microphotography of Corethrella ielemdei. Feijó, Ramires, Lima & Pessoa sp. nov., ♀, (ILMD 0001 – 51). a. Habitus. b. Head. c. Head with coronal suture elongate. d. Clypeus. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b = 100 μm; c– d = 50 μm.
Fig. 7 in Description of three new species of frog biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) from the Central Brazilian Amazon
Fig. 7. Microphotography of Corethrella menini Feijó, Picelli, Ríos-Velásquez & Pessoa sp. nov. ♀, holotype (ILMD 0001 - 57). a. Habitus. b. Head. c. Head with coronal suture elongate. d. Clypeus. e.Wing. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b = 100 μm; c–d = 50 μm; e = 500 μm.
Fig. 4 in Systematics of Sphagnum Frogs of the Genus Philoria (Anura: Myobatrachidae) in Eastern Australia, With the Description of Two New Species
Fig. 4. Photographs of living specimens of: (A,B) Philoria kundagungan—adult males, Koreelah State Forest (KOR); (C,D) P. pughi holotype, an adult male (AMS R152706), and an adult female (ABTC 25369) from Cedar Creek Trail, Washpool NP, NSW (WAS); (E,F) P. richmondensis—holotype, an adult male (AMS R152707), and an adult female (ABTC 25225) from Bungdoozle Road, Richmond Range NP, NSW (RR2).
Fig. 3 in Systematics of Sphagnum Frogs of the Genus Philoria (Anura: Myobatrachidae) in Eastern Australia, With the Description of Two New Species
Fig. 3. Waveforms (left) and spectrograms (right) of a single male advertisement call of (A) Philoria kundagungan from Mount Superbus (SUP); (B) P. loveridgei from Border Ranges NP (BOR); (C) P. pughi from Spirabo SF (SPI); (D) P. richmondensis from Dome Mountain (RR1); and (E) P. sphagnicolus from Calacoma Falls (DOR).
Fig. 1 in Systematics of Sphagnum Frogs of the Genus Philoria (Anura: Myobatrachidae) in Eastern Australia, With the Description of Two New Species
Fig. 1. Map of eastern Australia showing the collection localities for Philoria. Abbreviations refer to localities examined for genetic analyses, details of which are listed in the Appendix. Symbols: O P. kundagungan, • P. loveridgei, P. pughi, Δ P. richmondensis, Z P. sphagnicolus.
Fig. 2 in Systematics of Sphagnum Frogs of the Genus Philoria (Anura: Myobatrachidae) in Eastern Australia, With the Description of Two New Species
Fig. 2. (A) NJ tree of CSE distances among 19 OTUs of Philoria. Asterisk indicates support from split decomposi- tion analysis. (B) A maximum likelihood tree of the 26 ND4 sequences from 19 OTUs of Philoria. Numbers to the left of nodes indicate ML (upper) and MP (lower) bootstrap proportions (100 and 2000 pseudoreplicates respectively). See the Appendix for OTU abbreviations.
Fig. 5 in Systematics of Sphagnum Frogs of the Genus Philoria (Anura: Myobatrachidae) in Eastern Australia, With the Description of Two New Species
Fig. 5. Map showing distribution of Philoria in northern NSW and southeast Queensland based on museum vouchers. Symbols: O P. kundagungan, • P. loveridgei, P. pughi, Δ P. richmondensis, Z P. sphagnicolus, ^ species' identity not determined.
Fig. 6 in A new species of mossy frog (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Northeastern Vietnam
Fig. 6. Map showing distribution of Theloderma bicolor (Bourret, 1937) (blue circles) in Lao Cai and Lai Chau provinces, Vietnam and Jingdong and Luechun counties, Yunnan Province, China (west of the Red River) and the type locality (red circle) of Theloderma khoii sp. nov. in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam (north of the Red River).
Fig. 1 in A new species of mossy frog (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Northeastern Vietnam
Fig. 1. BI tree from a 920 bp sequence of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of Theloderma Tschudi, 1838 and outgroup species. Numbers above and below branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities (values ≥ 0.95 shown) and ML bootstrap values (values ≥ 70 shown), respectively; for GenBank accession numbers, see Table 1.
Fig. 5 in A new species of mossy frog (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Northeastern Vietnam
Fig. 5. Habitat of Theloderma khoii sp. nov. at the type locality in Quan Ba District, Ha Giang Province, Northern Vietnam.
Fig. 4. A, C, E in A new species of mossy frog (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Northeastern Vietnam
Fig. 4. A, C, E. Theloderma khoii sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (VNMN 012757). B, D, F. Theloderma bicolor (Bourret, 1937) (VNMN 010811). Dorsal (A–B) and ventral views (C–D) as well as lateral head (E–F).
Fig. 3 in A new species of mossy frog (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Northeastern Vietnam
Fig. 3. Theloderma khoii sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (VNMN 012757). Dorsal (left) and ventral view (right) during fixation.
FIG. 12 in Ontogenetic systematic characterisation of an endemic frog Rhacophorus malabaricus Jerdon, 1870 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Western Ghats, Kerala, India
FIG. 12. — Bayesian inference tree of selected species of Rhacophoridae Hoffman, 1932 (1858). For Rhacophorus malabaricus Jerdon, 1870, the sequences are newly generated (A, B), or from GenBank (C, D).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.