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FIGURES 14 16 in Redescription, shell variability and geographic distribution of Plagiodontes dentatus (Wood, 1828) (Gastropoda: Orthalicidae: Odontostominae) from Uruguay and Argentina
FIGURES 14 16. SEM photographs of the apertural teeth in Plagiodontes spp. 14, P. dentatus; 15, P. multiplicatus (arrow indicates the presence of a denticle on the columellar tooth); 16, P. patagonicus.
Fig. 3 in Cephalic labial gland secretions of males as species recognition signals in bumblebees: are there really geographical variations in the secretions of the Bombus terrestris subspecies? (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus)
Fig. 3: Map with pie charts for the eight, probably 'active', compounds ('active' compounds = 100 %), illustrating the composition of labial gland secretions of B. terrestris.
Fig. 1 in Cephalic labial gland secretions of males as species recognition signals in bumblebees: are there really geographical variations in the secretions of the Bombus terrestris subspecies? (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus)
Fig. 1: Linear regression of the percentage of the total peak area of 2,3-dihydrofarnesol dodecanoate vs. 2,3-dihydrofarnesol for males of B. terrestris terrestris (Ter-07) aged 14 days (●) and 21 days (▲) old; see Table 2 for details.
Figure 10. Geographic location map for Pepsis cerberus, P in The Pepsis menechma Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Pepsinae) taxonomic and nomenclatural problem
Figure 10. Geographic location map for Pepsis cerberus, P. elegans, and P. novitia in the Nearctic Region (based on Brimley 1936; Hurd 1952; Krombein 1952; Johnston 2000; Bond and Opell 2002; Vardy 2005; Leavengood et al. 2011; Bond and Godwin 2013; Hamilton et al. 2016; Norden 2017; Godwin and Bond 2021; Durand, pers. comm.; BugGuide.net; flickr.com; iNaturalist.org; gbif.org; SCAN; and specimen records from 36 insect collections as listed in Materials and Methods). Black lines represent range limits of potential host spider genera. Solid black line represents geographic limit of Ummidia (Halonoproctidae) species (Godwin and Bond 2021). Dashed black line represents geographic limit of Aphonopelma (Theraphosidae) species (Hamilton et al. 2016). Dotted black line represents geographic limit of Eucteniza (Euctenizidae) species (Bond and Godwin 2013). Dash-dotted black line represents geographic limit of Entychides Simon (Euctenizidae) species (Bond and Opell 2002).
Figure 2 in Geographic variation in select species of the bat genus Platyrrhinus
Figure 2. Box plots of the centroid size by species/sex. (A) dorsal view of Platyrrhinus dorsalis, (B) ventral view of P. dorsalis, (C) dorsal view of P. umbratus, and (D) ventral view of P. umbratus. Sex: females = gray and males = light blue. Color box limits indicate the first (25%) and third (75%) quartile, the thick black line indicates the median centroid size, and open circles represent outliers.
Figure 1 in Geographic variation in select species of the bat genus Platyrrhinus
Figure 1. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of a Platyrrhinus cranium illustrating the landmarks used in geometric morphometric analyses.
Figure 5 in Geographic variation in select species of the bat genus Platyrrhinus
Figure 5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Platyrrhinus umbratus obtained from the (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the cranium. Specimens of each group is represented by a dot (nigellus: black; umbratus: blue).
Figure 4 in Geographic variation in select species of the bat genus Platyrrhinus
Figure 4. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Platyrrhinus dorsalis obtained from the (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the cranium. Specimens of each group is represented by a dot (chocoensis: gray; dorsalis: red).
Figure 3 in Geographic variation in select species of the bat genus Platyrrhinus
Figure 3. Box plots of the centroid size by groups, showing dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of Platyrrhinus dorsalis, and dorsal (C) and (D) ventral views of P. umbratus. Groups: chocoensis = gray, dorsalis = red, nigellus = black,and umbratus = blue. Color box limits indicate the first (25 %) and third (75 %) quartile,the thick black line indicates the median centroid size, and open circles represent outliers.
Data from: Fluctuation of ecological niches and geographic range shifts along chile pepper's domestication gradient
<p>Domestication is an ongoing well-described process. However, while many have stud- ied the changes domestication causes in plant genetics, few have explored its impact on the portion of the geographic landscape in which the plants exist. Therefore, the goal of this study was to understand how the process of domestication changed the geographic space suitable for chile pepper (<em>Capsicum annuum</em>) in its center of origin (domestication). <em>C. annuum</em> is a major crop species globally whose center of domes- tication, Mexico, has been well-studied. It provides a unique opportunity to explore the degree to which ranges of different domestication classes diverged and how these ranges might be altered by climate change. To this end, we created ecological niche models for four domestication classes (wild, semiwild, landrace, modern cultivar) based on present climate and future climate scenarios for 2050, 2070, and 2090. Considering present environment, we found substantial overlap in the geographic niches of all the domestication classes. Yet, environmental and geographic aspects of the current ranges did vary among classes. Wild and commercial varieties could grow in desert conditions, while landraces could not. With projections into the future, habitat was lost asymmetrically, with wild, semiwild, and landraces at greater risk of territorial declines than modern cultivars. Further, we identified areas where future suitability overlap between landraces and wilds is expected to be lost. While range expansion is widely associated with domestication, we found little support of a con- stant niche expansion (either in environmental or geographical space) throughout the domestication gradient in chile peppers in Mexico. Instead, particular domestication transitions resulted in loss, followed by capturing or recapturing environmental or geographic space. The differences in environmental characterization among domes- tication gradient classes and their future potential range shifts increase the need for conservation efforts to preserve landraces and semiwild genotypes</p>
Rapid diversification of gray mangroves (Avicennia marina) driven by geographic isolation and extreme environmental conditions in the Arabian Peninsula
<p><span>Biological systems occurring in ecologically heterogeneous and spatially discontinuous habitats provide an ideal opportunity to investigate the relative roles of neutral and selective factors in driving lineage diversification. The gray mangroves (<em>Avicennia marina</em>) of Arabia occur at the northern edge of the species' range and are subject to variable, often extreme, environmental conditions, as well as to historic large fluctuations in habitat availability and connectivity resulting from Quaternary glacial cycles. Here, we analyze fully sequenced genomes sampled from 20 locations across the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian/Arabian Gulf (PAG) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the species in the region and to identify adaptive mechanisms of lineage diversification. Population structure and phylogenetic analyses revealed marked genetic structure and highly supported clades among and within the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula. Demographic modeling showed times of divergence consistent with recent periods of geographic isolation and low marine connectivity during glaciations, revealing the presence of (cryptic) glacial refugia in the Red Sea and the PAG. Significant migration was detected within the Red Sea and the PAG, and across the Strait of Hormuz to the Arabian Sea, suggesting gene flow upon secondary contact among Arabian mangrove populations. Genetic‐environment association analyses revealed high levels of adaptive divergence and detected signs of multi-loci local adaptation driven by temperature extremes and hypersalinity. These results support a process of rapid diversification resulting from the combined effects of historical factors and ecological selection and reveal mangrove peripheral environments as relevant drivers of lineage diversity.</span></p>
Geographic distribution change and climatic niche change of Odonates in Great Britain
<p>Species are largely thought to maintain broadly static niches over time, an assumption underpinning much theoretical ecology including the implementation of ecological models to project species' current and future distributions. Here, we assess niche conservatism in odonates in Great Britain over the past six decades by simultaneously quantifying changes in species geographic distribution and evaluating temporal trends in species realised climatic niche.</p>
Data and R code used in: Plant geographic distribution influences chemical defenses in native and introduced Plantago lanceolata populations
<p>Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defense profiles has rarely been studied. Using <em>Plantago lanceolata</em> as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defense traits. <em>Plantago lanceolata </em>(ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide. We sampled seeds from nine native and ten introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a common garden experiment in a greenhouse, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore <em>Spodoptera littoralis</em>. We then measured size-related and resource-allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defense compounds in roots and shoots of <em>P. lanceolata</em>. When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase of chemical defense compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti-herbivore defense compounds of <em>P. lanceolata</em>,<em> </em>were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore-induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts. In general, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that <em>P. lanceolata</em> populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range but also in their introduced range.</p>
Figures 5–12 in Systematic, synonymic and geographic notes on Bembidion (Terminophanes) pulcherrimum (Motschulsky, 1850) and its closest relatives (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini)
Figures 5–12. Median lobe of aedeagus of: 5 – B. terminale terminale, specimen from Italy, Valle d'Aosta, Cogne (CTVR), left lateral view; 6 – B. terminale terminale, specimen from Italy, Valle d'Aosta, Cogne (CTVR), right lateral view; 7 – B. terminale kirgisorum specimen from Kirgizstan, Ofmek Pass (CTVR), left lateral view; 8 – B. terminale kirgisorum specimen from Kirgizstan, Ofmek Pass (CTVR), right lateral view; 9 – B. pulcherrimum specimen from Caucasus, Elbrus, Itkol (CTVR), left lateral view; 10 – B. pulcherrimum specimen from Caucasus, Elbrus, Itkol (CTVR), right lateral view; 11 – B. pulcherrimum specimen from Iran, Mazandaran, Nur County, Elburz mts., S. slope, E Baladeh (CTVR), left lateral view; 12 – B. pulcherrimum specimen from Iran, Mazandaran, Nur County, Elburz mts., S. slope, E Baladeh (CTVR), right lateral view. Fig. 13: Detail of "crested sclerite" of B. pulcherrimum, specimen from Iran, Mazandaran, Nur County, Elburz mts., S. slope, E Baladeh (CTVR), seen in right lateral view at higher magnification ratio.
Figure 14 in Systematic, synonymic and geographic notes on Bembidion (Terminophanes) pulcherrimum (Motschulsky, 1850) and its closest relatives (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini)
Figure 14. Distribution of B. pulcherrimum, based on the type locality (light green circle), other literature records (red circles) and new records (blue circles). Left sided red mark: Mount Bol ar Dağları (= "Bulghar-Maaden"); middle sided red mar: Mü üs River near Bahçesaray (= "Armen. Taurus Mo s", "Mi s"); right sided red mar s: Alaverdi and Tsapatagh (= Babajan).
Figures 1–4 in Systematic, synonymic and geographic notes on Bembidion (Terminophanes) pulcherrimum (Motschulsky, 1850) and its closest relatives (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini)
Figures 1–4. Habitus of 1 – B. terminale terminale, specimen from Italy, Valle d'Aosta, Cogne, m 1534, Torrente Valeille, 9-14/VII/90 Leg. De Martin (CTVR); 2 – B. terminale kirgisorum specimen from Kirgizstan, Talasski Reg., Ofmek Pass, 3300 m., 1.07.97. Dolin leg. (CTVR); 3 – B. pulcherrimum specimen from Caucasus, Elbrus, Itkol (CTVR); 4 – B. pulcherrimum specimen from Iran, Mazandaran, Nur County, Elburz mts., S. slope, E Baladeh (CTVR).
Data from: Geographic distribution of terpenoid chemotypes in Tanacetum vulgare mediates tansy aphid occurrence but not abundance
<p>Intraspecific variation of specialized metabolites in plants, such as terpenoids, are used to determine chemotypes. Tansy (<em>Tanacetum vulgare</em> L.) exhibits diverse terpenoid profiles that affect insect communities. However, it is not fully known whether patterns of their chemical composition and associated insects vary beyond the community scale. Here, we investigated the geographic distribution of mono- and sesquiterpenoid chemotypes in tansy leaves and their relationships with specific insect communities across Germany. We sampled tansy leaves from ten plants with and five plants without aphids in each of 26 sites along a north-south and west-east transect in Germany. Hexane-extracted metabolites from leaf tissues were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Plant morphological traits, aphid occurrence and abundance, and occurrence of ants were recorded locally. The effect of plant chemotype, plant morphological parameters, and abiotic site parameters such as soil types, temperature and precipitation on insect occurrences were analyzed. Plants clustered into four monoterpenoid and four sesquiterpenoid chemotype classes. Monoterpene classes differed in their latitudinal distribution, whereas sesquiterpenes were more evenly distributed across the transect. Aphid and ant occurrence was influenced by monoterpenoids. Plants of monoterpenoid class 1 were colonized by aphids and ants significantly more often than expected by chance, whereas in other classes there were no significant differences. Aphid abundance was affected by soil type, and average annual temperature positively correlated with the occurrence of ants. We found significant geographic patterns in the distribution of tansy chemodiversity and show that monoterpenoids affect aphid and ant occurrence, while the soil type can influence aphid abundance. We show that geographic variation in plant chemistry influences insect community assembly on tansy plants.</p>
Fig. 1 in Constant fluctuating asymmetry but not directional asymmetry along the geographic distribution of Drosophila antonietae (Diptera, Drosophilidae)
Fig. 1. Locations of the sampled populations of Drosophila antonietae. Serrana (21◦ 14Ɩ S, 47◦ 34Ɩ W), Itirapina (22◦16Ɩ S, 47◦48Ɩ W), Guarapuava (25◦17Ɩ S, 51◦53Ɩ W), Cantagalo (25◦25Ɩ S, 52◦04Ɩ W), Santiago (29◦ 23Ɩ S, 54◦44Ɩ W).
Figure 11 in New records and geographic range extension of Epilobocera capolongoi Pretzmann, 2000 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Epiloboceridae) in Cuba, with notes on its natural history and conservation
Figure 11. Adult female of Epilobocera capolongoi found carrying offspring in mountain rainforest on 5 October 2013, Pico San Juan Ecological Reserve, Cienfuegos province. Notice the very broad exopodite of the third maxilliped, which is a diagnostic character of this species. Photos by Ruben Marrero.
Figure 12 in New records and geographic range extension of Epilobocera capolongoi Pretzmann, 2000 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Epiloboceridae) in Cuba, with notes on its natural history and conservation
Figure 12. Female of Epilobocera cubensis poliorcetes found carrying offspring at night on 7 November 2018 on a mountain path about 700 m NW of Jarico ranger station, Lomas de Banao Ecological Reserve, Sancti Spíritus province. Photos by Aslam I. Castellón.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.